2. The relationship between the basic spirit of China traditional culture and reform and innovation. China's traditional culture is profound and has a long history. As early as more than 2,000 years ago, Confucianism, represented by Confucius and Mencius, Taoism, represented by Laozi and Zhuangzi, and many other schools that played an important role in China's ideological history, especially Confucianism, represented by Confucius, can be said to be one of the sources of human civilization, especially eastern civilization. It not only had a great influence in the historical process, but also still plays a role today. From the ideological connotation, the basic spirit of traditional culture, which plays a decisive role in the formation and development of the Chinese nation, is generally manifested in four aspects, namely, the concept of harmony between man and nature, the concept of people-oriented, the concept of being vigorous and promising, and the concept of emphasizing harmony. As the source of national wisdom and the carrier of cultural inheritance, these traditional cultures are not only the internal driving force of historical development. It is also a valuable resource for us to build Socialism with Chinese characteristics culture. As an ideological and cultural system that has played an important role in the history of China for a long time, and as an official ideology for more than 2,000 years, traditional culture still has a profound influence on the deep social life and people's ideology. Therefore, in the process of building Socialism with Chinese characteristics culture, we should always attach importance to refining and absorbing all outstanding spiritual wealth created by people at all times and at all times. It includes not only the contents worthy of reference in traditional Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, but also all outstanding cultural achievements introduced from abroad. On this basis, we should build a socialist ideological and cultural system that not only maintains the excellent national tradition, but also suits the characteristics of contemporary society. Without the promotion of culture and the inheritance and development of national spirit, it is impossible to realize socialist modernization. In the cultural renaissance, an indispensable lesson is to deeply study the excellent cultural heritage of China. We should not only carry forward and cultivate the national spirit, but also carry forward and innovate the history and culture. Whether we can learn and be good at synthesizing Chinese and western cultures in the process of inheriting and innovating history and culture will directly affect the development direction of advanced culture in contemporary China. Under the new situation of reform, opening up and modernization, we should make a comprehensive and scientific analysis of traditional culture, instead of adopting the attitude of national nihilism. The correct attitude is to inherit critically, innovate in inheritance and focus on creative transformation. The soil on which the traditional culture with Confucianism as the mainstream depends is a semi-natural and semi-educated society with family as the root and agriculture as the foundation, and maintaining the characteristics of "farming and reading". This socio-economic and cultural structure no longer exists in most parts of China. People's lifestyles and cultural customs related to this have also undergone profound changes. The change of social structure has also brought about the progress of ideas and the promotion of national spirit, which has developed into a great national spirit of unity, peace-loving, hardworking and brave, and self-improvement with patriotism as the core. This is the most solid and reliable guarantee for our country and nation to stand on its own feet in the world forever. Judging from the current situation in China, it should be fully affirmed. The establishment of the socialist market economic system is a profound change, which not only opens up a broad field of productivity development, creates new conditions for economic development and social progress, adds new vitality and promotes the development of productivity, but also promotes the formation of new moral concepts in the ideological field, greatly enhancing people's sense of competition, efficiency and enterprising spirit. In the face of the mutual agitation of various ideologies and cultures in today's world, we should take carrying forward traditional culture and cultivating national spirit as an important task in the construction of spiritual civilization, correctly combine them and bring them into the whole process of national education, so that all the people can always maintain a high spirit.
3. The relationship between the development of China's literary history and politics, economy and culture can be as long as three or four hundred words. The development of literature has its own laws, but at the same time it is restricted by political, economic and other social factors. Lu Kanru and Feng put forward "literary standard" and "historical standard" in the Discussion on the Staging of China Literature History: "No one denies that literature has its own development process and laws, so the staging of literature history should first be based on the evolution of literature itself, which is no problem." At the same time, they pointed out that "the phenomenon of literary history only obeys the law of literary development itself." It is anti-science to try to regard the development of literature as an isolated thing. " [1] The names of China's modern literary history, such as Anti-Japanese War Literature, Cultural Revolution Literature and New Period Literature, obviously have political traces; However, this complaint does not only come from the study of the history of modern literature in China. U. Weisstein also complained: "The name of the most important literary movement in the past century rarely comes from literature itself." [2] Not only that, but the latent stages in the history of modern literature in China even directly reflect the planning of political ideology. * * * The Theory of New Democracy once laid an explanatory structure for the history of modern literature in China. At the beginning of the "new period", the explanatory structure of the established literary history has been obviously challenged. From "literature returning to itself" to "literature history returning to literature", the torrent of "rewriting literature history" finally formed. Hong Zicheng said: "When it comes to China literature in the 20th century, we will first encounter' new literature',' modern literature' and' something can't be done'. You can have a look at it on the right side of the rhetorical question. Everything is here.
4. The relationship between China culture and history. The most basic concept of culture is a nation's way of life and concept. The relationship between culture and history lies in the continuous and reasonable development and full perfection of national culture in the long river of history. History is tortuous, and national culture will go through one process or another. As long as our core values are still there, culture will last forever and will be sublimated.
The relationship between culture and history is actually that there is a constant thing in the history of a changing nation-state. The ideological basis of becoming a nation is culture, and our traditional culture should be inherited from the mainstream consciousness, and we should not give up our culture because of misunderstanding; The historical development mileage will give us some inspiration and reference, so that we can better understand our own culture.
5. Summarize the relationship between China's excellent traditional culture and national development. Traditional culture and modernization are two links formed in the process of historical development, which are interrelated and contradictory. Traditional culture is the accumulation of yesterday's cultural creation activities, and it is a cultural achievement that can influence future generations. Modernization is the goal of the current historical process. There are both differences and inevitable connections between them. It is biased to adopt a nationalist or nihilistic attitude towards traditional culture.
Traditional culture is a civilized achievement created and accumulated by a nation in historical practice. It is either manifested in material carriers, such as buildings, sculptures, production tools, household appliances, etc. Or expressed in words; Or manifested as abstract personality, ability, national mentality, way of thinking, lifestyle and value standards; Or it is manifested in the accumulation and storage of various knowledge and information. In short, traditional culture is a cultural accumulation accumulated and passed down in the historical process, and it is constantly developing and changing in the process of circulation. People's creative activities today will accumulate in tomorrow's long history, form new cultural relics at the same time, and influence future civilization with their own historical existence. Just as the remains of stone tools gave birth to bronze culture and then to iron culture, this gradual inheritance, which is mutually causal, is a historical objective existence that is independent of human subjective will.
Traditional culture cannot be erased. Human culture cannot develop without inheritance. Each of us lives and grows up in a specific traditional culture. Everyone is influenced by the cultural tradition of his own nation, and people's way of life and way of thinking are influenced by traditional culture. The acquired knowledge and ability, as well as the way of thinking and working, will also be branded with traditional culture. In today's world, there have been examples of a good combination of traditional culture and modernization, which shows that traditional culture and modernization are not diametrically opposed. Japan, Singapore and South Korea are more modern than us, but they respect traditional culture more than us. Japan has made amazing progress in transforming Confucianism into cooperative group consciousness. As we all know, human history is constantly developing. Tradition only reflects the past. Once it becomes a tradition, it will solidify, deviate from the growing new life, and sometimes have serious conflicts with the new life. So tradition has great inertia. No matter how long, rich, brilliant and nostalgic traditional culture is, it will often become a heavy burden for national progress. Tradition is the reflection of the old life, not the light radiated by the new era. We should have a sober understanding of this, respect traditional culture and get rid of inertia constraints. To deny traditional culture is to deny history.
6. Briefly describe the development history of China culture. Open Baidu Library members for a minimum of 0.27 yuan/day, and you can view all the contents in the library >
Original publisher: First Peak Doctor
China e799 BEE5BAA631333433623736 Cultural Development Reviewing the history of China, it has accumulated splendid Chinese culture for 5,000 years. China culture has always been a wonderful flower in the world culture, reflecting the glory of history and showing the elegance of the nation. Among the world civilizations, Chinese civilization, as the only ancient civilization that has not died out in the long history, has always been inseparable from the soul of China culture. This kind of Chinese culture, which is placed in the soul of the nation, has accumulated continuously in history and become profound. With the development of history, China culture has different cultural carriers at each stage, and each cultural carrier embodies different social customs and a long historical road. In ancient China, ancient myths and folklore developed from oral culture are indirect records of China culture, showing the development track of ancient civilization in China, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a direct record of the origin and development of ancient characters in China. The appearance of writing is not only the embodiment of cultural progress, but also the leap of civilization. China's ancient culture is dominated by religious worship and primitive art, and there is no highly unified form, which reflects the emotional consciousness of our ancestors and the active knowledge of nature. Since the Xia Dynasty, the slave society in the history of China has moved from freedom to unity, marking the beginning of civilized society and the integration of various tribal cultures, among which Huaxia culture is the representative. Since the Yin, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties, the characteristics of China culture began to take shape. At that time, the rules of pictographic characters, comprehensible characters and pictophonetic characters appeared, which marked the maturity of China characters (1). With the appearance of characters and some ancient books and bronzes, it marks the gradual formation of China's substantive culture. The Spring and Autumn Period is the axis of ancient culture in China. Experienced the era of rites and music culture in Zhou Dynasty, under the historical background of national turmoil and hegemony, various political schools and cultural opinions appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period.
7. What is the relationship between incense culture and the development of China's history and culture? Gentlemen have four generations of elegance-fighting incense, tasting tea, arranging flowers and hanging pictures, among which the mastery of incense is the first talent. China literati love incense, they are all participants and promoters in the development of incense culture since ancient times, and they play an important role in the historical and cultural development in different periods. China's cultural and artistic works have inexhaustible profound connotations, which can even be called "the characteristics of China culture".
From about the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was very popular for literati to use incense. Study with incense as your friend, be alone with incense as your companion, dress with incense, and be warmed by incense; There is fragrance in the court, which sets off solemnity; Under the pine pavilion, show elegance with fragrance; Tune the strings and caress the piano, incense a wick, help its heart and guide its rhyme; Tea, calligraphy and painting friends are all fragrant! In addition to incense, incense medicine has many wonderful uses in literati's life, such as: placing (or smoking) rue herbs in books to avoid insects; Use musk, cloves, etc. Into the ink, there is "fragrant ink"; Using agarwood bark as paper, there is "scented paper" (honey scented paper, scented paper skin); Make tea with borneol and musk, and there will be "fragrant tea" and so on. Scholars have written their love for incense into poems and various academic works, and countless people have gone down in history. In some prosperous historical periods, people's descriptions of incense also pinned their support on the political situation at that time, and incense invisibly became an important symbol to record the history and culture of each stage!
8. The second grade history test paper 1000 to 3000 words. China has been a multi-ethnic country since ancient times. The Han nationality and other nationalities are members of our motherland's big family. Some ethnic groups have a very long history, such as the Qiang nationality in the northwest and the Miao nationality in the south, which appeared at the same time as the formation of the Han nationality.
Today, Su Shen, the Manchu ancestor of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and Donghu, the Mongolian ancestor of the Shang Dynasty, were both powerful and established political power. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Huns in the north were very powerful and confronted the Qin and Han empires across the Great Wall.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, more countries were established by ethnic minorities, and many countries also entered the Central Plains. During the Song Dynasty, Liao established by Qidan, Jin established by Jurchen nationality and Xia established by Tangut ruled most of China.
During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the national jurisdiction established by ethnic minorities was wider, and the Yuan Dynasty established by Mongols unified China and became the largest feudal dynasty in the history of China. The Qing Dynasty, which was founded by the Manchu Dynasty, was the largest country in East Asia at that time.
Due to the continuous development of all ethnic groups, a unified multi-ethnic country has gradually formed, and ethnic minorities have made great contributions in the process of creating our great motherland. The ethnic group that established the first unified centralized feudal state in China was the Canrong ethnic group, which was always discriminated by the Chinese ethnic group. Under the influence of the advanced economy and culture in the Central Plains, Shang Yang became a powerful country in the Warring States period through the reform, which completed the task of unifying the six countries and promoted the development of China's history.
During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Northern Wei Dynasty established by Xianbei people gradually became stronger after the reunification of the North, which promoted the economic development of the North and the great integration of people of all ethnic groups and laid the foundation for the reunification of the Sui Dynasty. Later, the Yuan Dynasty established by Mongols and the Qing Dynasty established by Manchu not only occupied the Central Plains, but also unified the whole country.
Today's provincial system in China began in the Yuan Dynasty, and today's territory of China was basically determined in the early Qing Dynasty. Economically, ethnic minorities have also played a very important role in the development of the border areas of the motherland.
Dongyi people develop coastal areas, Miao and Yao people develop the Yangtze River, Pearl River and Minjiang River basins, Tibetans develop the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Yi and Southwest ethnic groups develop the southwest region, Donghu people develop the northeast region, Xiongnu, Xianbei, Turkic and Mongols successively develop the Mongolian region, Uighur and Northwest ethnic groups develop the northwest region, and Gaoshan ethnic groups develop the island of Taiwan Province Province. It is the people of all ethnic groups in the border areas who have developed the border economy and established close economic exchanges with the Central Plains that have made the multi-ethnic countries form a unified and inseparable economic whole.
All ethnic groups have made great contributions to safeguarding the motherland's reunification, national unity and territorial integrity. For example, during the Qing Dynasty, the people of all ethnic groups in Northeast China resisted the invasion of Northeast China by Russia, and the people of all ethnic groups in Northwest China supported the Qing army to counter the struggle of the big and small Zhuo brothers to split the motherland. In modern times, there are more examples of people of all ethnic groups uniting against imperialist aggression.
Of course, the development of all ethnic groups in the historical process is unbalanced, both advanced and backward, and their roles are not the same. Among them, a large number of fast-growing ethnic groups have played a greater role in the historical development of our motherland. For example, the Han nationality has played a great role in politics, economy, ideology and culture. This is an objective fact, no doubt.
However, this does not mean that the development history of the Chinese nation is the development history of the Han nationality. China, a unified country, was founded not by one nation, but by all ethnic groups, including those that existed in history and have now disappeared.
A history of the development of the Chinese nation must include the history of the development of all ethnic groups. Without the history of ethnic minorities, it cannot be called the history of the Chinese nation. In history teaching, we should neither exaggerate nor shrink the role and position of ethnic minorities in historical development, but tell them realistically.
Second, to tell the story of ethnic relations in history, we should analyze it with contradictory views. In the history of China, there was a period of unity in which all ethnic groups lived in harmony and developed peacefully, and a period of division in which all ethnic groups were opposed and fought. There are both regimes established by the Han nationality and ethnic minorities; There are wars within the Han nationality, between the Han nationality and ethnic minorities, and between ethnic minorities; There are both foreign invasion and fighting against foreign invasion.
Historically, multi-ethnic China has been united and divided. How should we treat the unity and division of multi-ethnic countries in history? From the viewpoint of dialectical materialism, it is not difficult to see that in a multi-ethnic country like China, when the identity of contradictions is the main position, all ethnic groups get along well, influence each other and develop peacefully, and the country presents a unified state, such as the unification of Qin and Han Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties and so on.
When contradictions and struggles dominate, all ethnic groups will confront each other, or even war will break out, and the country will be in a state of war or division, such as the separation of the three countries, the division of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and the formation of a state of five dynasties and ten countries. At the same time, contradictory parties can also transform each other. For example, in the wars between Song and Xixia, Liao and Jin, the ruling classes of both sides mobilized almost all the manpower and material resources of their respective sides. However, after the war, there was a situation of peaceful coexistence among all ethnic groups, especially among people of all ethnic groups.
Although the national war has caused havoc to the people of all ethnic groups, millions of people have died and the economy and culture have been destroyed, war is also an important way for all ethnic groups to get close to each other. After every war in history, a large number of people from conquered nationalities were forced to move to the settlement of another nationality, and all ethnic groups lived in a wrong place and merged with each other.
Ethnic wars often occurred in the Sixteen Countries of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and it was during this period that great ethnic integration was formed. If Mongolians and Manchus do not enter the Central Plains, there will be no more elements integrated into the Han nationality.
As for the examples of economic and cultural exchanges caused by war, it is even more common in history. This objectively promoted the formation and consolidation of a unified multi-ethnic country in China.
Hatred, slaughter and war among ethnic groups in history are only one aspect of ethnic relations. On the other hand, people of all ethnic groups have lived in harmony in history.