First, the necessity of protecting mineral resources and developing mining circular economy
Since ancient times, mineral resources have been the material basis of human civilization and social progress. With the rapid development of modern social economy, the dependence on mineral resources is far greater than before. China is not only a resource producer, but also a resource consumer. The development of mineral resources provides 95% energy and 80% industrial raw materials for China's economic construction, and has become a strong cornerstone of socialist construction. With the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization and the improvement of people's living standards, the demand for mineral resources in economy and society is increasing day by day. As a big country in economy and resources, China consumes about 300 million tons of oil, 265,438+tons of coal, 400 million tons of steel, 65,438+tons of cement and more than 7 billion tons of various mineral products every year. Although we have imported some crude oil, iron ore, copper ore and alumina from abroad, most mineral resources are still based on domestic supply. In recent years, driven by rapid economic growth, the mining market has turned from cold to hot, and many new situations and problems have emerged in the development of mineral resources. First, the supply of some scarce minerals is in short supply, and the prices of some mineral products have risen rapidly. Second, various illegal activities in the development of mineral resources have been repeatedly banned, and problems such as unlicensed mining, cross-border mining, indiscriminate mining, waste of resources and environmental damage in some areas have become increasingly serious. In particular, the layout of some mines is unreasonable, there are too many small mines, and the scale and intensification of development are not high; The weak macro-management ability of mineral resources directly affects the guarantee ability of mineral resources to economic and social development. Third, there is a serious shortage of resources, and the comprehensive utilization rate, output rate and recovery rate of resources are seriously low; The growth mode of extensive economic has not changed, but the consumption of resources has increased rapidly, and its dependence on foreign resources and mineral products markets has obviously increased. The contradiction between the extensive exploitation of mineral resources and the relative shortage of recoverable resources is becoming more and more acute, and the "bottleneck" of the supply of important mineral resources is becoming increasingly prominent, which seriously affects the sustainable development of economy and society. Fourthly, the exploitation of mineral resources has brought serious negative impacts on the environment. For example, from 1949 to the end of 2000, all kinds of waste rocks produced by mines in China alone reached 1623 million tons, occupying and destroying 643,000 hectares of land; The mine has accumulated 5 billion tons of tailings, accounting for about 37,000 hectares of land. At present, mines discharge about 300 million tons of solid waste every year, with an average utilization rate of only 8.2%. In addition, a large number of mine wastewater and waste gas are discharged, and various secondary geological disasters occur frequently, which seriously damages the mine ecological environment. As far as gongyi city is concerned, according to incomplete statistics, the total mining area of the city is 172.879 square kilometers, of which tailings and slag pressure account for more than 4,000 mu, and the open-pit mining area is estimated to be more than 7,000 mu. Abandoned mines have excavated about 1.7 million mu of barren hills and wasteland, and the mining areas that need to be restored and treated in the occupied and excavated land are about 1.5 million mu. It can be seen that the rapid development of China's economy has paid a huge price for resources and environment. In the past, the practice of "fast water flow" and laissez-faire mining can no longer meet the requirements of mineral resources management under the new form. The grim situation, painful lessons, how to develop mining economy, has reached the time when we have to re-choose the development path, and circular economy has become an inevitable model of mining economy development.
Second, strengthening the protection of mineral resources is an effective measure to promote the development of mining circular economy.
To develop mining circular economy, we must strengthen the protection of mineral resources. First of all, under the background of fully implementing Scientific Outlook on Development, building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society and vigorously developing circular economy. Full implementation of the State Council Document No.28, further deepening the rectification and standardization of mineral resources development order. Mobilize the enthusiasm of local people's governments at all levels and relevant departments to participate in and manage the mining industry, crack down on illegal mining activities, and vigorously promote resource integration. Make the development order of mineral resources enter a benign operation track, realize the fundamental improvement of the development order of mineral resources, and push China's mining economy out of a new path with high scientific and technological content, good economic benefits, high resource utilization rate, less environmental pollution, safety and security, full play of human resources advantages and comprehensive utilization of mineral resources. Secondly, we should grasp six keys: First, make full use of resources and save resources. While developing, we should use various methods to save resources, especially non-renewable resources such as mineral resources. For a province like our province, its own industry has developed rapidly, and industries such as coal, alumina and steel have become pillar industries. Resources development should pay attention to integration and economical utilization, economically reduce costs, energy consumption and pollution emissions, and promote the overall development level of enterprises. With the improvement of mining technology, the scope of resource utilization in China is constantly expanding. Resources such as ultra-low grade bauxite, coal gangue and magnetite are gradually and effectively utilized, which will play a positive role in developing mining circular economy. Second, combine local conditions and make full use of local resources to develop industry. With the present situation of resources in our city, we will actively develop deep processing industries such as refractories, aluminum, electricity and cement with coal, bauxite and limestone as the industrial chain, and increase the added value of products. Third, establish the supervision responsibility system for mineral resources development, strengthen rectification and standardization, and realize the rational development and sustainable utilization of mineral resources. Further strengthen supervision over the development of mineral resources. Give full play to the role of law enforcement and supervision teams and mineral inspectors, and implement regulatory responsibilities. Strengthen the supervision function of the land and resources management departments of cities and counties, strengthen the supervision power, and maintain the normal order of mineral resources exploration and exploitation. Comprehensively carry out dynamic supervision and management of mine reserves. Strictly check the implementation of the plan for the development and utilization of mineral resources and effectively improve the level of development and utilization of mineral resources. At the same time, take measures to vigorously promote. Regard rectifying the mining order as the central task at present and in the future. Adhere to the mechanism of unified leadership of the government and joint law enforcement by relevant departments, strengthen the supervision of mineral resources development order, establish and improve a long-term mechanism for maintaining mining order, explore and improve institutional measures, and increase accountability to ensure the stable, healthy and sustainable development of mining order. Fourth, improve the system to ensure the parallel protection and development of mineral resources. Improve the management system of mineral resources development such as the examination and approval of exploration rights and mining rights, effectively standardize the management of mining rights, standardize the system of resource transfer, and strictly enter the market of mineral products; Improve the mineral resources reserve system and strengthen exploration and macro-control; Promote the reform of mineral resources tax and fee system and improve the benefit distribution mechanism; Establish a guarantee mechanism for mine ecological restoration; Revise and improve laws and regulations on mineral resources. Fifth, adjust and optimize the structure of mineral resources development. Strictly implement the minimum mining scale requirements and access conditions determined by the mineral resources planning. Integrate all kinds of mines according to the principles of standardization and intensification, and encourage and guide mining enterprises to realize large-scale mining. Strengthen the transformation of small mines, improve the concentration of mineral resources development and enhance the competitiveness of mining enterprises. Strengthen the development of superior minerals and optimize the structure of energy development and utilization. The total amount of important minerals is controlled. Encourage mining enterprises to rely on scientific and technological progress to improve the level of resource utilization and mine environmental protection. The sixth is to promote the rational distribution of mineral resources development and utilization. According to the endowment conditions of mineral resources and the needs of local economic development, we will promote the exploration, development and utilization of superior resources. While implementing resource integration and reducing small mines, we will actively promote the development of advantageous mineral resources such as scale and industrialization. Strengthen the investigation and evaluation, exploration, development and utilization of mineral resources, and promote the construction of mineral resources replacement areas and mining economic zones. In accordance with the requirements of adjusting measures to local conditions, large-scale mining and intensive utilization, scientifically delimit all kinds of mineral resources planning areas, improve the planning and zoning management system, coordinate the layout of resource exploration, development and utilization and the relationship between various stakeholders, rationally delimit project blocks, scientifically set mining rights, and promote the rational layout and optimal allocation of resource development. Third, establish a unified and coordinated mineral resources planning system. Scientifically compile the second round of mineral resources planning, establish and improve a unified and coordinated mineral resources planning system, promote special planning and regional planning of mineral resources in a planned way, and conduct examination and approval, supervision and management of mineral resources exploration and development activities in strict accordance with the planning. Strictly implement the planning review system, establish and improve the planning implementation mechanism, scientifically formulate the annual planning implementation plan, and strengthen the supervision and inspection of planning implementation. Strengthen the standardization and institutionalization of planning work and promote the management of planning qualification. Strengthen the coordination between the overall planning of mineral resources and the planning of related industries. By taking the above measures, the rational distribution, effective protection and comprehensive utilization of mineral resources will be fundamentally promoted, and the circular development of mining economy will be realized.
Third, the development of mining circular economy is an inevitable requirement to maximize the benefits of mineral resources.
Circular economy is the requirement of building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society and sustainable development, and it is also the general requirement of the development of all walks of life in the whole society. This is of great significance for protecting resources, ensuring development and safeguarding the rights and interests of national mineral resources. As the basic industry of national economy, mineral resources have the advantage of developing circular economy under the current situation. Looking back on the serious waste of resources and extreme deterioration of the environment caused by the high exploitation, low utilization and high emission of traditional mining economy in China, and drawing on the experience of advanced countries in the world, China mining industry urgently needs reform and has a strong desire to develop circular economy and get rid of inefficient, high consumption and heavy pollution management; At the same time, China's associated minerals, solid waste discharged from production, pit water, wastewater, waste gas, land destroyed by mining and ecological environment all have considerable economic value and great potential for improving resource utilization efficiency; In addition, the deteriorating mine environment in China urgently needs to be significantly improved through the implementation of circular economy. Obviously, through the implementation of circular economy, every step of the mining industry chain will increase the added value brought by the processing and transformation of mineral resources, and correspondingly reduce the discharge of "three wastes", thus generating remarkable economic, social and environmental benefits for mining enterprises and society, which has far-reaching significance and positive effects on the sustainable development of China's economy.
Mineral resources are the foundation of national economy, and the effective way of mining circular economy is the effective comprehensive utilization of mineral resources. The mineral resources mentioned here include not only primary minerals, but also low-grade minerals, half-life minerals, tailings, slag, wastewater and other secondary resources and environmental resources of various mines. Using these resources, we must do the following:
The first is the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources. In the process of exploitation and utilization of mineral resources, it is the fundamental difference between the development of traditional mining industry and the development of circular mining economy whether to adhere to the combination of source control and post-treatment or only pay attention to post-treatment. A remarkable feature of mineral resources in China is that there are many associated mineral resources and few single dominant minerals. It is precisely because of this feature that its comprehensive utilization value is great. Therefore, at present, for mining enterprises, the leading aspect of implementing mining circular economy is to comprehensively utilize resources from the source of mineral resources development. That is to say, as far as possible, we should adopt advanced production technology, production technology and equipment, adopt advanced management methods and measures, follow the principle of combining source control with post-treatment, and actively carry out clean production, recycling and efficient recycling of tailings, slag and wastewater, so that China's mining industry can truly enter the track of circular economy.
The second is the comprehensive recovery of secondary resources in mines. On the one hand, due to the extensive development of China's mining industry for many years and the backwardness of technology, technology, equipment and management, a large number of associated mineral resources have not been reasonably recycled, and the comprehensive recovery and utilization rate of minerals in China has been at a low level in the world. According to expert analysis, the average comprehensive recovery rate of metal mineral resources in China is less than 50%, and the comprehensive utilization rate is only 20%, which is far from advanced countries. It has become an indisputable fact that valuable resources enter mine solid wastes such as waste rocks and tailings, which not only wastes a lot of resources, but also occupies land, destroys the environment and even causes secondary geological disasters. Therefore, the comprehensive recovery and utilization of secondary resources in mines must be placed in the important position of implementing circular economy in mines. Solving these long-standing problems is not only the need of economic development, but also the need of society and environment. On the other hand, with the reduction or exhaustion of mineral resources in the world, the contradiction between rapid economic development and resource shortage is also increasing. With the development of economy and the progress of science and technology, the source of materials for industrial and agricultural production will also shift from mines and forests to various wastes. Therefore, the comprehensive development and recycling of all kinds of waste rocks (including coal gangue), tailings, pit water, production wastewater or waste liquid, waste gas, land occupation, disturbance or destruction of the ecological environment and other secondary resources will be an important aspect of implementing the mining circular economy and sustainable economic development strategy, with broad prospects.
The third is the industrialization of comprehensive resource recovery. To implement mining circular economy, whether it is the comprehensive recovery and utilization of primary mineral resources or secondary resources, we must follow the circular principle of biological communities, establish a circular industrial chain, and comprehensively apply the "3R" principle for industrial production. There is no doubt about the industrialization of comprehensive recycling of mineral resources, but people still have doubts about the industrialization of comprehensive recycling of secondary resources in mines. In the long run, all wastes, including secondary resources in mines, will eventually become the source of industrial materials, and its comprehensive recovery will also take the road of industrialization. At present, the industrialization of comprehensive recovery of secondary resources in mines is not only necessary, but also feasible. For example, the industrial chain of coal, electricity and aluminum in gongyi city develops circularly. Every year, the raw coal produced by coal mines is directly supplied to power plants for power generation, and the power produced by power plants is directly supplied to alumina plants, while the fly ash produced by power plants is supplied to new wall brick factories to produce baking-free bricks. In order to solve the problem of reusing coal gangue discharged from coal mines, in 2003, the city invested 65.438+0.5 billion yuan to build a 2× 25,000 kW coal gangue power plant, which used coal gangue as a low calorific value fuel to generate electricity, opening the way for gongyi city's economic development and resource recycling. At present, the city is exploring the implementation of comprehensive utilization of resources.
Four, the development of mining circular economy problems and measures to be solved.
Green industry is a technical platform to support circular economy. China's mining industry has made great contributions to socialism, but the experience and lessons are also profound and painful. In particular, it is necessary to spend huge sums of money to control the geological environment of mines and reluctantly embark on the old road of "destroying first and then controlling". To develop circular economy, we must first strengthen the improvement of ecological geological environment in mining areas. No matter at home or abroad, there are two areas of mine environmental management: one is the environmental management of abandoned mines and old mines, which is usually undertaken by the state or the government; Second, the environmental protection and restoration of existing production mines require mines to implement the concept of circular economy from beginning to end in their business activities, adhere to the principle of "whoever destroys it will treat it", implement green mine projects, build and develop mine parks, and fundamentally solve the mine environmental problems in China. Take gongyi city as an example: From 2004 to now, in view of the present situation of ground subsidence, vegetation and land destruction caused by mining, gongyi city municipal government has spent more than 2 million yuan to treat some abandoned mining areas, subsidence pits and brick kiln factories in bauxite areas, and has successively restored vegetation of 6.94.5 mu, cultivated land 1.289 mu and planted seedlings 1.3 million, thus improving the situation. On the other hand, according to the requirements of national mine geological environment control, we actively apply for geological environment and disaster control projects. Since 2004, three subsidence area treatment projects have been declared successively, and the provincial financial special funds of 66,543,800 yuan have been won. We have successively treated the mined-out subsidence area and abandoned mine pit of Dayugou Mining Bureau, Xinzhong Mining Group and Chinalco Xiaoguan Mine. At present, the area of subsidence area has been treated and the recovery situation is smooth. At the same time, it also actively declared the establishment of geological relics protection zones, expanded the area of forbidden mining areas, reduced the number of small mines and greatly improved the ecological geological environment of mining areas. Secondly, we should strengthen the concept of resource conservation and intensive utilization. In this regard, the first step is to strengthen publicity and education on basic national conditions, ethnic policies and building a resource-saving society. In planning, planning and product design, we should implement the concept of saving and intensive, and guide the whole society to save land, minerals and other resources in production, use and consumption. Change the growth mode at the expense of extensive use of resources, and gradually form a resource utilization model that is coordinated with a conservation-oriented society. The second is to improve the laws, regulations and policies on resource conservation and intensive utilization. Accelerate the formulation of laws and regulations on the economical and intensive utilization of mineral resources. Focusing on the comprehensive development, recovery and utilization of all kinds of waste rocks (including coal gangue), tailings, pit water, production wastewater or waste liquid, waste gas, land occupation, disturbance or destruction of the ecological environment and other secondary resources, this paper studies and puts forward policies and measures for saving and intensive utilization of mineral resources. Revise tax collection standards in a timely manner, and encourage enterprises to develop idle resources such as tailings and hard-to-use reserves, lean ore, hard-to-select metallurgical ore and associated polymetallic ore through measures such as taxation, financial support, price adjustment and technology popularization. The third is to establish an evaluation system for resource conservation and intensive utilization. Gradually incorporate resource conservation and comprehensive development and utilization indicators into government performance evaluation. Study, formulate and improve the policy of saving and intensive utilization of mineral resources, and fully implement the policy requirements of building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society and developing a circular economy. Establish and improve the standards, evaluation systems and assessment standards for comprehensive utilization of mineral resources. Explore the establishment of a declaration and identification system for comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, and promptly formulate technical specifications for tailings utilization in mining enterprises. Improve the statistics and bulletin system for comprehensive development and utilization of mineral resources, and improve the statistical system for resource conservation and intensive utilization. Third, promote comprehensive exploration, evaluation, development and utilization of mineral resources. First, reasonably select and comprehensively use various technical and economic means to comprehensively evaluate the comprehensive economic value of major minerals, primary minerals and associated minerals, and fully identify all kinds of minerals that can be used in industry. Promote the comprehensive development and comprehensive utilization of mineral resources to develop in depth, and maximize the exploitation, extraction and recovery of mineral resources within the scope of technical conditions and economic rationality. Focus on strengthening the comprehensive utilization of low-grade, refractory, associated and scarce minerals. The second is to strengthen the investigation and evaluation of tailings resources and realize the systematization, matching and engineering of comprehensive utilization technology. Increase the application of mine tailings in ecological environment restoration and mine reclamation and backfilling. Accelerate the development of new technologies and industrial experiments, and promote the selection and smelting of lean ore resources and the development and application of new products. Formulate preferential policies and explore the establishment of a new investment and financing system and a new management mechanism for the utilization of tailings and lean ore resources. The third is to develop comprehensive utilization technology of mineral resources. Actively support and guide mining enterprises to research, develop, introduce and apply modern mining, dressing and smelting technologies. Develop technical and economic evaluation and informatization of key mineral resources, promote the rational and comprehensive utilization of low-grade minerals, associated minerals and nonmetallic minerals, and study technologies such as extraction of complex and refractory precious metals, comprehensive utilization of rare polymetallic associated minerals, comprehensive utilization of rare metal minerals, new mineral processing equipment and resource utilization of mine tailings. Improve the comprehensive recovery rate of mineral resources dressing and smelting, reduce resource waste, revitalize a number of idle resource reserves and increase the supply of mineral raw materials. Fourth, carry out pilot projects for recycling mineral resources. First, use various means and mass media to strengthen the social propaganda of circular economy, improve the people's understanding of circular economy, improve the understanding of the significance of protecting and beautifying the environment, achieve zero and low emissions, and raise the public's awareness of participation. The second is to promote the development of mining circular economy by legislation, draw lessons from foreign experience and examples, and formulate management policies and reward and punishment policies to promote the development of mining circular economy in China. Third, establish circular economy demonstration parks in key mines and mining cities, and explore effective modes of resource conservation and recycling. Focus on the demonstration of national scarce minerals and comprehensive utilization and protection projects of coal and coalbed methane resources. We will build a number of scientific and technological innovation bases for comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and popularize advanced experience and technology for comprehensive utilization of mineral resources. Promote mining enterprises and mines to do what they can, improve the level of technical management and production management, increase the intensity of independent innovation, gradually realize the full and rational utilization of resources and zero emission, and finally realize the circular development of mining economy.
In short, in the new historical period, it is necessary and feasible to strengthen the protection of mineral resources and promote the development of mining circular economy. Carrying out this work is imminent and has a long way to go. However, we are confident and determined to do a good job in the development of mining circular economy. It is believed that in the near future, we will be able to achieve this great cause, which will benefit the present and the future, and realize the clean production, recycling and sustainable development of mineral resources.