1. Cultural relics: buildings, sculptures and paintings with outstanding and universal value, components or structures with archaeological significance, inscriptions, caves, settlements and various cultural relics from the perspective of history, art or science;
2. Buildings: From a historical, artistic or scientific point of view, they have outstanding and universal value because of their architectural form, identity and position in the landscape.
3. Sites: man-made projects or masterpieces of man and nature and archaeological sites with outstanding and universal value from the perspective of history, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology.
Main problems in the protection of historical and cultural heritage
1, I don't know, and I have a weak sense of protection.
In urban construction, it is often heard that "these things are destroyed and need to be protected!" Tear it down. Forget it.
They (including some leading cadres) think that protecting ancient blocks and buildings means protecting "backwardness".
"This also protects, and that also protects. How can it develop?" This statement puts protection and development in opposition.
In fact, we have not too much historical and cultural heritage, but too little.
According to the statistics of 1994, there are 1500 museums in China with a total collection of just over 8 million pieces.
It is said that the United States has no history (only more than 200 years), but the history museum of this short-lived country has170,000 cultural relics, which is more than twice the total collection of China Museum.
China's national cultural relics protection units are only one-tenth that of India.
2. The family background of historical and cultural heritages is unclear, and many historical and cultural heritages sleep underground.
In the process of rapid urbanization, it is not clear that historical and cultural heritage is involved. Many precious historical and cultural heritages have not been investigated and registered at all, let alone published by cultural protection units.
In the face of old city reconstruction and urban construction, there is no specific basis. In the debate between "preservation" and "demolition", we have to watch it being demolished.
3. "Constructive destruction" is shocking! With the acceleration of urbanization, the degree of destruction of historical and cultural heritage is worrying: Xiangfan Song City Wall was razed to the ground overnight; The historic buildings around Zunyi conference site were demolished; Fujian Sanfangqixiang exists in name only; 0.8 square kilometers of Dinghai ancient city was demolished, leaving only 0. 13 square kilometers.
In the transformation of the old city, large-scale demolition and large-scale construction have caused many historical traditional blocks and historical buildings to be destroyed.
4. One-sided pursuit of tourism economic benefits has led to serious damage to historical and cultural heritage.
First, in order to cater to the tourism boom, we did not hesitate to demolish traditional historical blocks and build antique buildings such as Chengde Street, Kaifeng Street and Peixian Street in Qing Dynasty, which reduced many valuable historical blocks to "fake antiques".
Unauthorized changes to the management system of historical and cultural heritage have led to the occurrence of events such as "Three Holes" and "Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the First Qin Dynasty", and it is difficult to guarantee the effective protection of historical and cultural heritage.
5. The lag of protection planning has seriously affected the effective protection of historical and cultural heritage.
Since 1982, China has successively announced three batches of 99 state-level historical and cultural cities, and nearly 100 provincial-level historical and cultural cities have also been announced in various provinces.
It is a common phenomenon that the protection planning of historical and cultural cities lags behind.
About 90% of the national key cultural relics protection units have not compiled protection plans.
6. The lack of protection funds directly affects the development of historical and cultural heritage protection.
Many historical and cultural heritages are in a state of natural extinction, and there is no special historical and cultural heritage protection fund. Especially in poor areas, there are only one or two cultural relics professional cadres, and it is difficult to guarantee their daily expenses, let alone special funds for the protection of historical and cultural heritage.
7, the protection of intangible historical and cultural heritage has not attracted attention.
At present, China only pays attention to the protection of tangible historical and cultural heritage, while intangible historical and cultural heritage is not included in the scope of protection.
The Cultural Relics Law also does not mention the protection of intangible culture.
With the acceleration of urbanization and the impact of modern civilization on traditional culture, intangible cultural heritage is rapidly dying out, so it is urgent to rescue intangible historical and cultural heritage.
Countermeasures for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Heritage
1, strengthen publicity and raise awareness.
While continuing to vigorously publicize the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics and the Regulations on the Protection of Famous Historical and Cultural Cities in Zhejiang Province, we should also publicize the value, connotation and local culture of outstanding historical and cultural heritage.
It is necessary to publicize it not only to the broad masses of the people, but also to leaders at all levels and departments, so that the awareness of protecting historical and cultural heritage will spread to thousands of households and be deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and the whole society will be mobilized to participate in the protection of historical and cultural heritage.
2. Find out the family property and protect it according to law.
To do a good job in the protection of historical and cultural heritage in the process of urbanization, we must first know what historical and cultural heritage is and where it is distributed, so as to effectively protect it.
In 200 1 year, Zhejiang province carried out a general survey of historical and cultural heritage, which included ancient towns, villages and blocks, and found a large number of valuable historical and cultural heritage.
On the basis of the general survey, according to the value of historical and cultural heritage, different levels of historical and cultural protection areas, cultural relics protection units and cultural relics protection points are announced.
3. Correctly handle the relationship between protection and construction and take the road of sustainable development.
Some leaders simply understand high-rise buildings as urban modernization, demolishing and building in the old city reconstruction, and paying no attention to the protection of historical and cultural heritage, which is the main reason for the destruction and demolition of historical and cultural heritage.
"People are emotional animals. They need to appreciate their own history in the environment, look for memories of life and touch the traces of the past. A city without history and tradition is a desert, and people with feelings can't stand it.
(Ruan) Protecting historical and cultural heritage is also protecting spiritual feelings.
We can learn from the successful experience of "protecting ancient cities and building new cities" abroad, protect valuable traditional streets and ancient villages as a whole, and then develop new areas to avoid "constructive destruction" in the process of urbanization.
Improve the environment of protected traditional blocks, maintain the original appearance of the facade, update indoor supporting facilities, improve people's quality of life and meet people's demand for modern quality of life.
4. Under the premise of good protection, make rational use of historical and cultural heritage.
It is a fact that the purpose of historical and cultural heritage protection is to play its role. The problem is how to use it.
Historical and cultural heritage is a special non-renewable resource. If tourism development only pays attention to economic benefits and ignores protection, it is undoubtedly "killing the goose that lays the golden eggs" and "fishing with exhausted resources".
"History cannot be reproduced, and cultural relics cannot be regenerated.
"When the historical and cultural heritage is destroyed, the historical information it contains is lost.
The principle of "effective protection, rational utilization and strengthening management" of cultural relics is also applicable to the protection of all historical and cultural heritage, and can only develop continuously under the premise of effective protection.
One-sided pursuit of tourism economic benefits, unreasonable development and excessive utilization have been shown in some historical and cultural cities and historical and cultural reserves. In the protected area, some historical buildings that they think are worthless have been demolished, and so-called antique buildings and tourist facilities have been built, which has greatly destroyed the historical and cultural heritage.
Historical and cultural heritage is not a "cash cow", blindly pursuing tourism income and its return, destroying historical and cultural heritage, will become a sinner of history! We should learn from the "Three Holes" incident, straighten out the management system according to the "Cultural Relics Law" and other laws and regulations, and make rational use of historical and cultural heritage on the premise of good protection.
5. Prepare the safeguard plan as soon as possible, so that there are rules to follow.
Historical and cultural heritage protection planning has a serious scientific basis and is the product of repeated argumentation of multidisciplinary comprehensive research. It is a supplement and refinement to the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics and other laws and regulations. At the same time, it is also a regulation that regulates the protection of historical and cultural heritage in the place where historical and cultural heritage is located. It can avoid interference from different aspects, especially blind behavior at the leadership level, and improve the efficiency of historical and cultural heritage protection.
While doing a good job in the special protection planning of historical and cultural cities and historical and cultural protection areas, we should also pay close attention to the preparation of special protection plans for historical and cultural heritage such as cultural relics protection units and protection points at all levels. Only by bringing them into the overall planning of cities or villages and towns, with the "umbrella", can we have rules to follow and protect them according to law.
6. Raise funds for the protection of historical and cultural heritage through multiple channels.
First, it is mainly state investment.
Second, widely mobilize the whole society to participate in the protection, maintenance, repair, exhibition and scientific research of historical and cultural heritage, attract domestic and foreign enterprises, groups and individuals to donate and sponsor, and establish a historical and cultural heritage protection fund.
7. While strengthening the protection of tangible historical and cultural heritage, we should attach great importance to the protection investigation of intangible historical and cultural heritage.
Intangible historical and cultural heritage, because it is intangible and intangible, attached to the human body. Once a person dies, this intangible culture will also die.
Man is the carrier of intangible historical and cultural heritage, and intangible culture can only be inherited and developed by someone.
To protect intangible historical and cultural heritage, we must first protect intangible cultural holders (old artists, etc.). ) and encourage them to "learn from each other", train successors and inherit excellent historical and cultural heritage.
Secondly, it is necessary to conduct extensive investigations, excavate and rescue outstanding historical and cultural heritage, invite people who specialize in this field to perform live performances, and protect them through high-tech means such as video recording and audio recording.
For example, excellent dramas and music with Lishui local characteristics, such as "Chuzhou Random Bomb", "Songyang Gaoqiang" and "Suichang Shi Lian Fan Shi", are the "master and apprentice" of the She nationality.
Third, under the background of globalization, we must expand the collection function of museums and vigorously collect and protect intangible historical and cultural heritage.