Section 1 "Ren Ying War" and Peasant Uprising in Shancheng

First, the decline of the shogunate

Muromachi shogunate was a joint regime of Daming lords established on the basis of guarding the balance of power of Daming from the beginning, and this feature became more and more obvious in the later period.

As mentioned earlier, during the reign of the sixth generation general Ashikaga, the shogunate only succeeded in quelling the "eternal chaos" with the help of a powerful guardian force (A.D. 1439). The orthodox church's policy of restraining powerful nations later led to the Cargill rebellion (A.D. 144 1) and his own murder.

After the Yijiao, the shogunate completely lost its vitality because of the continuous attack of the peasant uprising in Gyeonggi area. By the time the eighth generation general Yoshimasa (1435- 1490) ruled, even the public order in Kyoto could not be maintained. Usury merchants in Kyoto, such as Tsukura, had to organize themselves, hire ronin and buy guardians and local attendants to defend themselves. Unable to cope with the uprising, the shogunate had to issue 13 "German decrees" during the 24 years under the rule of the Italian government. Even so, the just government still pursues pleasure wholeheartedly, and his wife, Naoko Hino, and his minions practice evil politics. If the shogunate can't get the annual tribute, it will directly collect "money" or "special money" from the people, or set up checkpoints at the exit of Kyoto 7 to collect "tariffs". In this way, the people will resist more strongly and shogunate politics will go to a dead end. Some powerful names try to control the shogunate by taking advantage of its weakness. Hosokawa Katsumoto (1430- 1473) and Yamana Sozen (1404- 1473), one of the four great politicians, are the most promising ones to control the shogunate, but the two sides are evenly matched. Guarding celebrities is also very nervous in their respective countries, because not only a single spark can start a prairie fire peasant uprising, but also the growing "China" forces with the help of peasant uprising seriously threaten their rule. Since the Northern and Southern Dynasties, these people, known as "China people" and "nationalities", are all samurai lords in the countryside. In order to protect their rights as lords, they ruled out the system of dividing up the annual tribute layer by layer under the manor system, completely controlled the farmers who provided the land rent in kind in their own hands, developed their own power and opposed the defenders. Unlike outsiders like Guardian Daming, they either have a long history of development lords or have lived in Kamakura since then. In order to strengthen their economic strength, they devoted themselves to reclaiming farmland, preparing waterways, emphasizing disaster countermeasures, building markets, making their territory the center of economic activities in the region, and strictly controlling farmers in their economic circle. [Note 1] In order to resist the intervention of guardian names and their agents, neighboring Chinese lords often unite to form new samurai groups. During the civil strife in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there were many such consortia, and various names were used (Bai Yi faction, Hongqi faction, Hua Yi faction, Yu Yi faction, Eryu Party, Hengshan Party, Songpu Party, etc. ). Later, Wei Ming finally incorporated many China lords into his family ministers with the backing of the shogunate, so as to exercise power in neighboring countries and form a Wei Ming system. But the foundation is not firm; The hostile forces in China are always lurking, gathering and brewing an "earthquake". With the rise of the peasant movement, China people's anti-guardian activities became public again. However, at this time.

They rarely appear in the form of individual riots, but always in the form of individual participation in peasant uprisings or in the form of joint uprisings with peasants.

Second, the "Ren Ying War" and the emergence of the Warring States Period.

Faced with the threat of peasant uprisings that China people often take part in, Wei surname and his family gradually split into two factions and fought against each other. Should we continue to use the manor system in protecting the country's rule, or should we use the China Lord who has become a central force in the countryside and denied the manor system? Generally speaking, this is the key issue in the struggle between the two factions. And this kind of struggle is often manifested as the struggle for the successor of the guardian. In the 1940s-1950s, civil strife in Kogasawara, Gaokeng, Kaga, Spool and Qishan, the capital-rich countries, was representative. These internal conflicts are no longer limited to domestic disputes, but have developed into major disputes involving neighboring countries. The struggle between the national stars soon spread to the shogunate. At that time, there was a battle for the position of general within the shogunate. Was it given to Yoshimasa's adopted son Yoshimasa or Yoshimasa's wife, Tomoko Hino, who just gave birth? Starting from this, Mingshan Zongquan and Hosokawa Katsumoto were divided into two factions. Coupled with the internal disputes between Tunshan and Xibo, the "Ren Ying Rebellion" began (A.D. 1467, the first year of Ren Ying). More than two-thirds of Japan's guardian names are divided into two factions, all of which participated in this war. 250,000 troops fought all over the country with Kyoto as the main battlefield, which lasted 1 1 year. At this time, there were frequent peasant uprisings in famous countries, and rebellion incidents of Chinese ministers occurred frequently, so the defenders had to hurry back to China. Hosokawa Morihiro and Yamami basically ended the war with the final score in the 9th year of civilization (AD 1477).

The war made Kyoto almost a ruin. During the war, Yizheng gave the position of general to his son Shang Yi and retired to Dongshan Villa, where he built a luxurious "Silver Pavilion" for fun. The new general has no authority, and his power cannot command a mountain city. The weakening of the general's power further promoted the decline of the manor owner; Officials, nobles, monks and other old ruling classes lost their sources of income, and many people had to go to the countryside to beg under the banner of local fame. When we return to the name of the guardian of neighboring countries, its dominant position may be replaced by the guardian generation and powerful ministers, or it has been replaced. The new name-the name of the Warring States was replaced by the so-called "Shaq Shang" turmoil. Japanese history entered the end of Muromachi from the "Ren Ying Rebellion", that is, the Warring States Period.

Third, the joint uprising of farmers and people in Shancheng County.

Although the "Ren Ying Rebellion" has passed, the dispute between the two factions within the Daishan family, which became the fuse of this chaos, has not ended. In Shancheng, Yamato and Hanoi, the struggle between Daishan Yi and Daishan Mayor continues. 1480, peasant uprisings occurred in Danbo, Shancheng, Yamato and Bomo at the same time, and the two people's uprisings in Kyoto in the second half of this year were particularly fierce. This year, the shogunate set up checkpoints at seven entrances to Kyoto, which caused great anger among farmers, transport workers and craftsmen centered on "borrowing horses" in Beijing suburbs. They won the abolition of the new checkpoint in one fell swoop through the uprising, and in 14 (A.D. 1482), they attacked the "wine house" and "earth warehouse", and the battlefields of Lushan and Shandong armies moved to the area centered on the south of Shancheng County, which led to the destruction of agricultural production routes in this area and increased the burden on residents. 17 (A.D. 1485), in July, Yamato farmers launched an uprising, demanding "good governance" from the manor owners in the name of "Yamato country (average person, etc.). That is, to ask for exemption from the unpaid part of the annual tribute, saying that if the requirements are not met, all farming will be abandoned in the coming year. Since the end of July, similar uprisings have broken out in Jinjiang, Shancheng and Kyoto. These uprisings were all attended by China people (samurai lords in the countryside).

In this increasingly fierce struggle situation, at the end of the same year, a more powerful joint uprising broke out between farmers in the south of Shancheng County and the people of China. 65438+February 1, where "people aged 60 to 15 held a big rally, and domestic natives (farmers) also held a big rally, and each made a resolution to ask (the two armies of Lushan) to retreat" [Note 2] After the resolution of the people and farmers was issued, the two armies of Lushan, six days later, 36 representatives of China people proposed to govern Nanshan.

1. Neither party is allowed to enter the mountain city country;

2. Society (Temple Society, Public Leadership) should be recognized and done by Temple Society and Society (Public Leadership), as before;

3. There is no new level. [Note 3]

On February 24th, 65438+, the representative of China made the following supplementary provisions to the second item above: "The offices of these offices must be directly controlled by this office, especially people from Yamato and other countries are not allowed to enter the country as agents (Nanshan City); Zhuang people must not delay the annual tribute because of temple fairs and business names. " [Note 4]

Civilization 18 (A.D. 1486) 13 February 13, the National People's Congress was held in the Byodoin Temple. The congress approved three major policies, and decided that the representative body composed of these 36 members was the highest decision-making body, and the delegates took turns to handle government affairs on a monthly basis ("representing the country and the month"). This new regime, known as "the mountain city of Biguo", takes half of the annual tribute received by the Institute as the source of political funds, thus exercising its guardian power.

Fourth, the nature of the regime of "building a country in a mountain city (a general country)"

Many of the 36 delegates are former local tyrants of various manors. [Note 5] At first, the reason why the people of China United with the peasants was nothing more than to drive away the defenders with the help of the peasants and replace the defenders and the manor owners to rule the peasants. However, they can't completely ignore the basic requirements of farmers, which is reflected in the second and third items of the policy. In particular, direct control of the territory of this institution is the urgent hope of the people, who are subjected to excessive demands from representative officials. As a supplementary clause, the latter part shows the purpose of China people unabashedly: to refuse people from other countries to serve as agents of the manor here is to restore their official status; In this case, the manor owner's rule has long existed in name only, stipulating that farmers must pay tribute to temple fairs and institutes every year. In fact, it is to ensure that these China people plunder farmers in a legal form. Since then, people who have mastered the political power have increasingly turned the political power established by relying on farmers' strength into a tool for ruling farmers. In February of the first year of Ming Ying (A.D. 1492), the shogunate appointed Yi Shi Zhenzong as the national defense of Shancheng, which triggered internal opposition among Chinese people. The anti-guardian faction entered the city of Inaba, but Xuan was defeated by the guardian army, and the Nanshan autonomous government, which lasted for eight years, ended. Although this autonomous government collapsed because it was separated from the peasants, its establishment was indeed the product of the peasant struggle, which marked that the peasant anti-feudal struggle entered a new stage, that is, the peasant war period with the goal of seizing political power.

The second quarter has always been the peasant war.

First, the prosperity of Zongzong

The so-called peasant war ("one-to-one fight") is, in general, an anti-feudal armed uprising launched by the peasants as a whole, including the followers of Hong Anji Pure Land Sect, who were led by monks and China people, with the goal of seizing local political power. It happened in the period and region where Hong Anji's order developed greatly.

In terms of time, the development of the Sect was from the turmoil in the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the late Muromachi period. Geographically, it is mainly in the vicinity of Jiang, Hokuriku (Kaga, Yue Zhong, Nengdeng, Qian Yue), East China Sea (Sanhe, Zhangwei, Minong), Feichan and China (Anyi, sowing and grinding, preparing for the future, preparing for the future) at the junction of Vietnam, China and Minong. Most of these areas belong to the advanced and intermediate areas of social and economic development. The development period has always been the period of the formation and development of Bicun in these areas. It can be said that it is based on the farmers in Bicun. [Note 6] For a long time, Buddhism was mainly reflected in the development of its main schools, Hong 'anji Sect and Bei Hongzhi Sect. These schools were formed after the death of their relatives, and they adopted new missionary methods to meet people's spiritual needs. The Northern Koji School preaches that once a person's name is recorded in the name book, he can "die in bliss", and advocates that chanting Buddha can cure diseases, get rid of poverty and obtain secular happiness. Therefore, Beixing School and other schools are welcomed by people who are eager for secular happiness and spread widely. On the contrary, the Honganji Sect, which thinks it owns the ancestral temple and pretends to be orthodox, has developed slowly. It was not until the eighth generation protector Lian Ru (A.D. 14 15- A.D. 1499) adopted the above preaching and personally publicized it. Many monks who had been living in various factions returned to Hong 'an Jizong, and Hong 'an Jizong achieved rapid development in the above places, so it was time to rebel with benevolence.

Second, the grassroots organizations of Hong Anji order.

The development of Hong 'anji cult created the necessary conditions for monks and believers to launch armed uprisings. The basic organization of the Order is "speaking". A temple has at least one "talk", four or five "talks" and cross-county "talks". Each "speaker" has followers ranging from dozens to hundreds. The lotus-like organization "speaking" is to strengthen the religious life of believers and strengthen their confidence in Amitabha's original wish. However, "speaking" gradually lost its original nature, became a place for believers to gather and vent their dissatisfaction with society, and then became a fighting organization for believers to fight against the feudal ruling class for secular happiness.

In Hokuriku, since Lotus came to this organization in person in the third year of civilization (A.D. 147 1), the Hong Anji cult has developed rapidly, toppling the old Buddhist sects and other sects in a short time, and attracting the majority of Buddhist believers to join the church. [Note 7] Peasants who think they are the sons of Amitabha, firmly believe in the power of Buddha, and get the support of religious organizations have greatly emancipated their minds and started to take active actions without scruple. They denied the gods and buddhas worshipped by the feudal ruling class, despised the local power to guard and build martial arts schools, and refused to pay tribute and take corvee. At the beginning, China people also tried to suppress the resistance of peasant believers by force. However, when they realized the strength of the organized peasant believers, in order to maintain their position in the village and realize their ambition to replace the name of the guardian, they changed from repression to utilization and joined the Hong 'anji cult one after another.

Third, Kaga's "Kingdom"

As a result of the above situation, a combination of farmers, monks and China believers has been formed. In Jiahezhou, these believers skillfully took advantage of the civil strife in the Guardian's Home in the late 1970s and constantly expanded themselves. At this time, Lian Ru, who also preached in Hokuriku, issued a series of commandments, asking believers to abide by the rules, not to disobey the dharma and property, not to refuse the annual tribute, and not to despise the Buddha, and also played the banner of "law is fundamental" [Note 8], in an attempt to bind believers' hands and feet with these commandments; However, the believers refused to listen, ignored the authority of the guard post, launched an uprising everywhere, refused to pay tribute during the year, occupied the manor, and even "drove away important state posts", "vilified Buddhism, destroyed Buddhist scriptures, and knocked on Buddhist pavilions", resulting in a "Buddha-free world" and Kaga becoming a "country without owners". For this revolutionary situation, the ruling class exclaimed that "the sun and the moon have fallen" and falsely accused the peasant revolutionary actions of being "lawless and unheard of by the previous generation" [Note 9]. The decisive battle period finally came and I enjoyed it for two years (A.D. 1488). On the one hand, the Kaga Rebel Army issued a campaign against believers from all countries, Vietnam, China and Vietnam who have the ability to climb, on the other hand, it surrounded the Acropolis with100000 to 200000 troops. Rebel reinforcements blocked the passage between Vietnam and China to Kaga, making it impossible for the shogunate and guards of the two countries to come to the rescue. On June 9, the besiegers conquered the city, and Fu Keng, the garrison commander, personally killed them. Rebels immediately took over California in the name of defending Liv Kentaigao (cousin of political relatives).

China believers immediately took the land that originally guarded China people as their own, and the annual tribute burden of farmers' believers was also reduced. A passage in the "General Notes" reflects the happy mood after the victory of the peasant uprising: "It is difficult for the Wu family to do things in the fields, and the abbot has always been able to do whatever he wants." [Note 10] Since then, the State of Kaga has been jointly governed by powerful representatives of China believers and small and medium-sized famous monks. Representatives of China people rely on their fighting organizations "groups" ("harmony"), while representatives of temple abbots rely on organizations with many farmers' followers to "speak". Because the Talk played a powerful role, China Group monopolized all political power and failed in its attempt to rule the peasants [Note 1 1]. After more than 90 years, Kaga has basically become a "people owned by the state" [Note 12].

Fourth, the Rocky Mountain War.

Encouraged by the victory of Kaga's believers' uprising, believers from countries such as Nengden, Vietnam, China and Vietnam revolted in succession. Although they didn't win, they kept fighting for 90 years. The uprising of believers is not limited to the Hokuriku. In the year of Missile and Civilization 17 (A.D. 1485), the local central temple Zhaolian Temple rebelled against the powerful warrior Neidao clan. Although the uprising failed, Neidao had to compromise with Zongzong. /kloc-in the 6th century, the kindling of the uprising spread to Hanoi, Hequan, Shejin, Guinei, Sanhe and other countries. In the 7th year of civilization (A.D. 1475), Lian Ru, who came back from Hokuriku, built Hong 'anji Temple in Kyoto Mountain, taking this temple as the mountain to govern all Japanese disciples. Hong 'anji was well-organized, and collected "zhina money" from disciples all over the country to enrich their finances. Nominally, it is a donation and a "grace". /kloc-In the 1930s of 0/6, the tenth generation of dharma owners moved Benshan to Iwamoto Temple (in Osaka), and then continuously expanded the temple area, allowing new businessmen to move into the temple town, actively developing industry and commerce, and strengthening defensive measures. Hong Anji cult has become a powerful religious kingdom, and its existence is intolerable by the famous Warring States in hegemony. In the sixth year of Lu Yong (A.D. 1563), disciples of Sanhe held an uprising against Tokugawa Ieyasu's abuse. The fighting lasted for six months, which was a heavy blow to Tokugawa Ieyasu. This is considered to be the most serious crisis in his life. Hong Anji's legalists in previous dynasties have always opposed the apostles' uprising and courted the feudal lords. However, in the first year of Yuan Gui (A.D. 1570), Oda strolled to force the Hong Anji cult to fight a decisive battle, endangering the existence of this religious kingdom. The 1 1 generation mage appeared as Guangzuo (A.D. 1543- A.D. 1592) and mobilized all disciples to fight for the defense of the temple. The apostles persisted in the "Stone Mountain War" in 10 under difficult conditions (1570- 1580). In the eighth year of Tianzheng (A.D. 1580), the forces of the apostles disappeared. Then, uprisings were suppressed one after another in various places, including Kaga countries.

This peasant war, which spread over half of Japan and lasted for a hundred years, is by far the most glorious page in the history of Japanese peasants' anti-feudal struggle. Although it failed in the end, it hit the manor system and let more farmers get rid of multi-layer exploitation and become self-employed It also weakened the separatist forces of Daming and created important conditions for Japan's political unity and economic development.

In the third quarter, the Warring States is a leading country.

First, the emergence of the name of the Warring States

After half a century of Ren Ying's rebellion, the names of Wei declined one after another, and some Wei generations, Wei Chen and local people took their place, forming a new name-the name of the Warring States, establishing the rule of various countries, and continuing to admit that the manor system was replaced by the name of the Warring States, which fundamentally denied the manor system. This historic political change is the result of the productivity and economic development of the whole society. Early muromachi agriculture has been gradually intensified, and fertilization has become more and more important. In addition to manure, human excrement, urine and gray manure, there is an increasing demand for compressed green manure. The amount of this fertilizer is very large, about 300 tubes are put into each reaction (183), and the grass and buds used only need to be obtained from Shan Ye, but due to the existence of manor system, the grass and buds in Shan Ye are not fully utilized. Japan's agriculture is mainly planted with rice, and its development needs large-scale irrigation system more and more. But under the small-scale and decentralized manor system, it is impossible to build such a large-scale water conservancy project. Therefore, it is necessary to break the manor system and establish a strong unitary control system within a country; At the same time, the expansion of the division of labor between agriculture and handicrafts, and the occurrence and development of commodity circulation within a country are also factors that produce this need.

This historical task objectively falls on the famous soldiers of the Warring States. As mentioned above, the predecessors of the Warring States names are mostly defenders, defenders and fellow villagers. The so-called "condescending" ideological trend of strength almost swept the whole country after the "Renyi Rebellion". For example, Hosokawa Morihiro was brought to the fourth generation of Hosokawa Qingyuan (A.D. 15 14- A.D. 1563), and the real power was transferred to Miyoshi Nagayoshi (A.D. 1523- A.D./). /kloc-at the end of 0/5, Shiba clan was taken over by asakura, the retainer, and Zhitian, the leader. Hanoi, the stronghold of Daishan family, was also occupied by Hao San. After Vietnam, in the fourth year of Yongzheng (A.D. 1507), Defending Daiwei attacked Houguo and defended Shangsufangneng (? 1507), forcing him to commit suicide. In Anyi, Yongzheng killed Takeda Fanyuan on 12 (A.D.15 1497- A.D. 157 1). In MINO, Saitō Dō san (1494- 1556), a businessman who was originally a mountain city, seized real power from the rustic guardian, and so on.

In this way, by the middle of16th century, the names of the Warring States were mainly Ida's, Chinobu Uesugi (Moon Hou), Takeda Shingen (Jiafei), Imagawa Yoshimoto (Hejun), Tokugawa Ieyasu (Sanhe), Nobunaga (Zhang Wei), Xincang (Qian Yue) and Kinki in Saitō Dō san (MINO). Geographically, these Warring States famous soldiers can be divided into two categories: The first category is the names of advanced areas and intermediate areas with relatively developed social economy, such as Feng Jingen, Donghai, Hokuriku and China. During the Warring States period, they became famous by overthrowing their own monarchs, that is, guarding their names and powerful people in rural areas. The second category is the names of backward areas such as Kanto, Northeast China and Kyushu. Most of these people changed from Wei surname to Warring States name.

Second, the Warring States dominated by the Daming system

Celebrities abolished all kinds of traditional land ownership relations in China. They confiscated the manor land and forced it to be owned by the village warriors by force and political means. Then, some of them are reserved as directly administered areas ("Material Institute" and "Imperial Tibet 9"), which are managed by officials on their behalf, the rest are sent to their own temples, and most of the rest are distributed to their own ministers in the name of knowing places (fiefs). A retainer who has acquired knowledge must absolutely obey his Lord and undertake military service and other obligations.

Daming exercised strict control over the retainers, often sent spies to monitor their actions, and formulated many rules for their actions in his own national law-Divide the Country (Wall Book, Family Law and Measurement Law). For example; It is forbidden for the keeper to deal with knowledge and behavior at will; And knowledge and action can only be inherited by one son; This is to prevent the retainer from weakening its economy. Ministers are prohibited from attacking each other to prevent infighting; Asking a daughter to get married requires not only the consent of her father and brother, but also the approval of the Lord, making her a tool for marriage between big names, and so on. Violation of these regulations will be severely punished, even torture.

It can be seen that the famous soldiers of the Warring States completely got rid of the shackles of the shogunate, created their own neighboring countries by force, obtained the highest land ownership in neighboring countries, and implemented their own unified laws in neighboring countries as absolute rulers. In other words, the warring States generals have truly independent lords' rights based on force. Although Wei Ming once embarked on the road of privatization in neighboring countries, due to the restrictions of the shogunate, he failed to obtain completely independent lords' rights.

This is the fundamental difference between the system of governing the country by name and the system of protecting the country by name in the Warring States period.

Third, the military system and the peasant policy.

Because these famous soldiers in the Warring States rose in the struggle for the sphere of influence when the peasant uprising was in full swing, the ruling group was in constant civil strife and the feudal order could not be maintained, they all adopted the policy of "enriching Qiang Bing" with centralized rule as the content to expand the economic and military strength of the divided countries in order to suppress the peasant resistance, stabilize the feudal order and defeat their opponents in the competition for hegemony.

The above-mentioned strict control of retainers was the need of centralized rule of Daming during the Warring States Period, and it was also a part of implementing the "Qiang Bing" policy and measures. As a result of this measure, various famous generals often maintained a huge retainer group with strict hierarchy and strong feudal master-slave relationship. According to their own experience, family officials can be divided into three types: the same name (the same family), the generation spectrum [note 14] and the foreign auspicious [note 15]. There are various ranks under the retainer, such as Langdang, Zhongpin, Xiaopian, and Foot Light (Infantry) collected from farmers in wartime. In the military establishment, family doctors are divided into several groups according to weapons, and each group has a "group leader", which belongs to "military pursuit". Through the fictional father-son relationship of "seeing off relatives" (adoptive father) and "seeing off children" (adopted son), the relationship between "regiment leader" and subordinate soldiers is strengthened. At first, these priests lived in their own places of knowledge and action. /kloc-After the mid-6th century, with the expansion of the war scale, the adoption of gunpowder weapons and the development from single riding to group fighting, the need for long-term centralized training of the army arose, and the courtiers moved to famous cities. "Zuguang" was eventually incorporated into the standing army, included in the end of the courtiers' regiment, and began to be separated from agricultural production, that is, "separation of soldiers and farmers." This process was later completed by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

Because of the powerful retainer group, the famous family strengthened the power of ruling farmers and strengthened the feudal dictatorship. In the treatment of farmers, celebrities also implement various compulsory policies: in order to bind farmers to the land for them to find, they are deprived of their freedom to migrate and deal with farmland. In order to prevent farmers from armed resistance and ensure the collection of annual tax, they confiscated farmers' weapons and turned farmers' autonomous organizations into grass-roots ruling tools, that is, they organized "five-person groups" (five households as a group) in rural areas and implemented an environmental protection system of paying annual tax within the group. Another important measure to ensure the agricultural labor force and increase the annual tax income is self-improvement.

/kloc-In the first half of the 6th century, some famous soldiers began to carry out "land inspection". "Field inspection" means to investigate and register the cultivated land area, quality grade, rice yield and farmers who cultivate land in different countries by village, determine the annual tribute collection according to the grade standard, and implement the annual tribute payment according to the principle of one place and one household. In essence, this is a measure to strengthen the plunder of farmers, but at the same time, because of this, farmers have a direct relationship with the famous lords in the direct jurisdiction and the "endowed lords" in the fiefs [note 16], which abolished the intermediate exploitation at different levels and objectively benefited the development of agricultural production.

Section IV Economy and Culture in the Late Muromachi Period

I agriculture, mining and handicrafts

Under the guidance of the policy of enriching the people, celebrities are vigorously developing production. They encourage farmers to explore new fields and devote themselves to the construction of large-scale water conservancy projects and the preparation of irrigation systems. The basic elimination of manor system and the simplification of complicated land ownership relations make it possible for sub-countries to regulate water conservancy on a large scale in a planned way. Takeda Shingen organized manpower to build the Kewuchuan Dam (Xinxuan Dam) and Vietnam assisted China in harnessing the Eternal River, which are very famous. With the development of Xintian and water conservancy, many fragile low-lying areas have become high-yield paddy fields, and the cultivated land area has greatly increased. [Note 17] Manure and human manure are obtained.

The utility model has wider application, and can also mow grass and accumulate fertilizer in large quantities. In addition to rice-wheat rotation, dry land crops also implement wheat-soybean rotation and wheat-wheat rotation. Subsequently, the output per unit area continued to increase. In advanced areas, the rice yield per crop (992 square meters) is as high as 3 stones. The cash crop production in the previous period has spread all over the country. Large-scale vegetable production has also begun in the suburbs of the city to meet the needs of the city. Tea used to be grown only in Uji area, but now it is grown in Yamato, Danbo, Iga, Yi Shi, Suruga, Musashi and other countries. Due to the progress of agricultural technology, cotton planting has also begun, spreading rapidly from the Three Rivers to all parts of the country, increasing the sources of people's clothing raw materials. The cultivation of new crops such as tobacco, sugarcane and sweet potato has also been widely developed.

Mines are very important for obtaining money and raw materials for weapons, so celebrities are also very keen on developing mines. At that time, mining and smelting technology had been significantly improved. Copper mine changed from open pit mining to tunnel mining. Since 1930s, advanced China soot blowing method has been used in silver smelting. Gold is not only extracted from placer gold, but also from ore, and the output is greatly increased. Aoyu's gold mine is Ma's silver mine, but Ma's, Beiqian's, Beizhong's and Misa's copper mines, especially the famous Garfield gold mine run by Zhong, Ni Zi and Mao Li, are all famous. The development of these three mineral deposits created conditions for the later coin casting. In addition, the development of mercury in Yi Shi and sulfur in the South China Sea is also very important. Mercury, sulfur, gold and copper are all important exports to China.

Due to the increase of domestic demand and trade with Ming, the development of handicraft industry is also amazing. The development of cotton production led to the emergence of cotton textile industry and handicraft industry. The popularization of tea planting has led to the expansion of porcelain production. A new production center has appeared in Kyoto, producing high-grade spun silk products. The production of advanced textiles in Xicheng District (West Array) of Kyoto is famous all over the country. In the metal industry, based on the requirements of famous products and the needs of trade with the Ming Dynasty, the manufacture of swords was very developed, and the production of guns began with the introduction of guns, but the production of agricultural tools, handicraft tools and daily necessities is still of great significance. Due to the increasing demand for agricultural tools, in various places.

Towns and villages have produced full-time forging and casting craftsmen. These craftsmen got rid of the shackles of the manor owners, owned their own workshops and tools, or accepted social orders and charged processing fees, or produced goods for sale in the market.

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