The birth of this country

The history of France is a collection of bits and pieces of people for a long time. Many unique features of France are the embodiment of its culture. For two thousand years, the dynasty and its civilization left traces on this land, and finally formed modern France today.

prehistoric age/times

About 1 million years ago, people who migrated from Eurasia came to the last border-the Atlantic Ocean. Settled down from then on. From 40000 to 8000 BC, the Sabine first appeared here. Many archaeological remains prove that human civilization existed in prehistory in this land of France.

Gaul period

From about 0/200 BC to 800 BC, the Celts left their hometown in Silesia and began to invade this area between the Rhine River and the Atlantic Ocean. At that time, 90 different tribes lived on this land and were called Gaul. Gauls established their civilization on the basis of agriculture and highly developed handicrafts. They invented harvesters, barrels, carriages and iron swords.

Soon the Roman Empire also noticed this land. Julius in 50 BC? Julius Caesar came here and conquered this area. The long-term rule of Gaul and Rome civilization with Lyon as its capital formed the original blueprint of France today. It was during this period that France began to take shape, many big cities had begun to take shape, and road networks began to appear.

Frankish kingdom

Since the 5th century, Hans, Vandals, Alaman, Visgoths and Ostro have come from the East.

Goths and Franks invaded the area successively, and Gaul-Romans joined forces with Franks to resist the invasion. Their base is located in the area near Paris, where heaven is called ile-de-france, and this force gradually conquered the whole country.

The rule of Metam and Caroline in the Frankish dynasty lasted from the fifth century to the tenth century. During this period, Gaul-Roman culture and Germanic culture gradually merged.

Kingdom of France

During the reign of Charles the Great from 768 to 8 14, many schools were established to promote cultural prosperity, and many scholars gathered around him. His country is divided into counties, and the sheriff (secular regime) and the bishop (religious authority) are under the same jurisdiction. Miss was responsible for enforcing imperial laws.

987, Hugo Ile-de-france Lord Cape was crowned king, and the land of Franks (called France) became the Kingdom of France. The newly established French dynasty wanted to extend the suzerainty to the whole ruling area.

From 1 1 century to15th century, there were 18 kings who constantly exerted authority on feudal lords, and their kingdoms continued to expand (Brittany and Burgundy were annexed) and seized some British territories, such as aquitaine and Normandy. The outstanding characteristics of these centuries are the upsurge of religious enthusiasm and the great development of culture, economy and cities. During this period, the bourgeoisie began to appear, and they formed a new class in society. Cities have also become administrative units.

1226 to 1270 King Louis Xi, who ruled France, attached great importance to justice and personally presided over the trial under an oak tree in Vinson. He built many hospitals and churches in his life, participated in two Crusades and became a model among kings. He was later called St. Louis.

From16th century to18th century, ten kings devoted themselves to strengthening the state power and its administration. In the battle against the invasion of enemies from the east and south, they gradually established the natural borders of the country. At the same time, three politicians deserve special mention:

-Henry IV ended the religious war between Catholicism and Puritans at home and drove the Spanish invaders out of the country. In this way, he consolidated the unity of the country. In addition, he also tried to improve the unfortunate situation of poor French farmers.

Li Sailiu, Prime Minister of Louis XIII. He led France to resist Austrian military intervention and strengthened sovereignty by weakening the power of nobles and Puritans. He also ordered the establishment of the Sorbonne University and contributed to the establishment of the French Academy.

-Colby, First Minister of Louis XIV. He tried to unify the national legal system and promote innovation by establishing large manufacturing and international trading companies. He pinned his hopes on the French colonies in Canada and Louisiana.

Several historic changes

1789 Great Revolution

The National Assembly of 1789 became the Constitutional Assembly. Feudal power was abolished, a declaration of human rights was promulgated and a parliamentary monarchy was established.

1792, due to the interference of foreign forces, the monarch fled and other events, the monarchy was abolished and the first Republic was declared. From then until 1795, revolutionaries including robespierre fought against counter-revolutionary forces abroad (Prussia, Austria, Britain and Spain) and at home (Wang Dai). In political life, revolutionaries adopted the principles put forward by Montesquieu and Rousseau (separation of powers and people's sovereignty).

From 1799 to 1804, Napoléon Bonaparte, the first ruling general, led the French government. During his reign, he established a powerful centralized bourgeois state and established a modern administrative system and code (the civil code is still valid). The government has also established a high school education system and reformed university education.

Napoleon empire

Napoleon was crowned emperor in 1804, and he tried to build a huge European empire during the reign of 18 15. During the period of 10, the French army constantly competed with some powerful alliances on the European continent. For a time, France's territory expanded rapidly. Only when it reached 18 15 did its boundary return to the state of 1789.

The heavy casualties of the French army in the Russian campaign led to Napoleon's collapse and exile. He later ruled France again, but after only a hundred days, he abdicated again because of the failure of the Battle of Waterloo.

Monarchical restoration

The two kings, from 18 15 to 1830, wanted to maintain some progressive measures during the Great Revolution and restore the Napoleon Empire under the old monarchy. The French colonial empire continued to expand in North Africa.

Louis Philippe, the last king of France, was awarded the title of "King of France". From 1830 to 1848, the trade and commercial bourgeoisie appeared, the industrial revolution began, and the socialist and federalist movements began to rise. The economic crisis and social unrest eventually led to the revolution of France 1848 and the collapse of the monarchy.

The Second Republic and the Second Empire

Universal suffrage, freedom of the press and fear of the working class uprising gave Napoleon I's nephew Louis? Napoleon? Bonaparte has a chance to become the president of France. After a period of autocratic presidential rule, louis napoleon became emperor by referendum and coup, known as Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte. His government advocates radical economic reform policies and implements a large number of important economic plans aimed at rebuilding the national capital. The second Reich is characterized by industrial expansion. Just when the government changed to parliamentary system, the Franco-German war broke out (1870). The failure of France in Sudan led to the demise of the Second Empire.

The third * * * Republic

187 1 year, the Republic of China was founded and the national defense government was established. France was defeated, and France ceded Alsace and Lorraine in the peace treaty with Germany. In the same year, the famous Paris commune uprising took place, but it was brutally suppressed.

* * * The parliamentary system of government in the Republic of China established a series of important laws on public freedom from 187 1 to 19 14, which proved its value. Prime Minister Jules Fari (in office from 186 to 1885) had a great influence on the establishment of freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and freedom of the press, and he also made great contributions to the establishment of the non-church free and compulsory primary education system.

French colonies in Asia and Africa continued to expand, but at the same time social unrest and disputes between religion and schools (separation of church and state) shook social rule.

The first world war (1914-1918) caused France to lose one tenth of its labor force. 19171February is the turning point of the war, George? Kerry Duhamel Du Monceau led the French and allied forces to victory, and Germany was defeated. Arthas and Lorraine returned to France.

Shortly after the post-war reconstruction, France, like other countries in the world, was severely hit by the 1929 crisis. Extensive strikes and left-wing alliances brought France the People's Front government of 1936, which stipulated the obligation to establish basic social laws in the national plan.

Around France, Nazism, Italian Fascism and Spanish Civil War all indicate that the Second World War is coming.

With the end of the famous so-called "strange war", France declared an armistice in 1940, and France became a German-occupied area. The French economy is in an unstable state. The whole country is divided into two parts: on the one hand, the Vichy government, which cooperates with the occupying power, and on the other hand, the London-based "Free France" government in exile and the resistance movement. After five years of war, France was liberated by the allied forces in 1944.

The fourth * * * Republic

1940 June 18 Charles? After his radio address, Charles de Gaulle was recognized as the leader and symbol of the French resistance movement. He served as the head of government from 1944 to 1946, and established the French social security system, giving women the right to vote. However, because the parliamentary system failed to provide a clear political direction, the government was reorganized and the Fourth Republic was passively shaken. From 1945 to 1958, France has been busy rebuilding its country and developing its economy. Sharp decolonization problems (Indo-zhina and Algerian wars) mean the end of weak administrative power.

The fifth * * * Republic

1958, Charles? General de Gaulle returns to the stage of history. He designed and established the Fifth Republic system to strengthen administrative power. That is, the presidential system of universal suffrage was established. France has since entered a period of modernization and sustained economic growth. 1968 the student movement and social unrest in may reflected the anxiety of the younger generation, the lack of social order and the excessive concentration of state power, so general de gaulle was forced to resign. However, the right-wing government is still in power. George? Pompidou served as president until 1974. His successor Valery? Giscard? Destin served for seven years, but in 198 1, he was selected by Fran? ois, the first left-wing president of the Fifth Republic. Mitterrand lost. Mitterrand 1988 was re-elected. But on the whole, French politics in this period was characterized by the left-wing and right-wing governments taking turns to govern.

A unified European market began to be established.

1 99365438+February1,the EU was born on the basis of European economy.

Jacques? Chirac was elected President of the Republic of China.

1995 May, Jacques? Chirac was elected President of the Republic of China. The National Assembly was dissolved. Early elections were held on May 25th and June 1 day. Local elections were held in March. The result of this election has produced the coexistence of the left and the right.

Modern country.

In the past thirty years, France has established a stable system. 1958 The Constitution of the Fifth Republic established by referendum during the presidency of General Charles de Gaulle ensured the good operation of the political system. France is a unified, democratic and secular socialist republic. Its citizens are equal before the law regardless of their origin, race or religious belief. Modern French democracy is the legacy of 1789 French Revolution. Its principle is based on 179 1 Declaration on Human and Civil Rights, which has become the introduction part of the Constitution today.

The inscription in France is "freedom, equality and fraternity".

The French flag is a tricolor flag composed of blue, white and red vertical bars.

The national anthem of France is the Marseillaise.

France's National Day is July 14, and 1789 was the day when the Bastille was captured.

National system

administrative power

President People's Republic of China (PRC) is the head of state, elected by universal suffrage for a term of seven years. The president promulgates laws and has the right to introduce bills and call for a referendum. He also has the right to announce the dissolution of the National Assembly after talks with the Prime Minister, the Speaker of the National Assembly and the Speaker of the Senate.

The President appoints the Prime Minister and appoints members of the government nominated by the Prime Minister.

The government should answer the questions of the National Assembly.

legislative power

Parliament consists of two houses: the National Assembly, which is elected by universal suffrage every five years; The term of office of members of the Senate is nine years, and one-third of the seats are reelected every three years.

Parliament voted to decide whether to pass laws, ratify international treaties and exercise the right to amend the Constitution granted by President People's Republic of China (PRC).

judicial power

The judiciary is independent of the executive and legislative powers.

473 courts of first instance and 186 courts of first instance are responsible for law enforcement. There are 35 courts of appeal. The Court of Final Appeal is responsible for judging whether the law has been correctly implemented. Criminal offences are tried by a felony court composed of judges and juries.

In the field of administrative justice, there are administrative courts and the highest administrative court of the country. The audit court is responsible for auditing public expenditure.

Other organizations stipulated by the Constitution.

-Constitutional Committee: Members of the Committee are appointed by President People's Republic of China (PRC), the Speaker of the National Assembly and the Speaker of the Senate respectively. The function of the Constitutional Council is to supervise elections and review the constitutionality of laws.

Economic and Social Committee: Its members are representatives of different social strata (trade unions, businessmen, various associations) or people with specific qualifications designated by the government. When bills, decrees or related plans are of an economic and social nature, the opinions of the Economic and Social Committee shall be sought.

Supreme administrative court: the highest administrative authority. The government must consult with it before drafting bills and implementing decrees.

Supreme Council of Magistrates: It is composed of magistrates and persons with specific qualifications. Chairman and Vice-Chairman of the Committee are respectively Chairman People's Republic of China (PRC) and Minister of Justice. It appoints and nominates senior judicial officials and is responsible for the disciplinary action of judicial officials.

-* * * Judicial Court of the Republic of China: Formerly the High Court, it consists of fifteen judges, who are either members of the National Assembly (65,438+02 are members of the National Assembly) or magistrates (3). The court is responsible for hearing the official acts of government members who are considered as crimes. Any individual who thinks that he has been injured by a crime or illegal act of a member of the government can file a lawsuit with the Special Appeal Board.

administration management

Pergana

France is divided into 2 1 region and Corsica. The region is governed by a regional committee, whose chairman and members are elected by universal suffrage. province

There are 96 provinces in mainland France, in addition to four overseas provinces: GuaTrop, Martinique, Reunion and French Guiana in South America. The overseas territories include Polynesia, New Catalonia, Mayotte, Saint Pierre and Macron, Wallis and Futuna Islands, and Tel? Attlee, Coglan, crowther and Sao Paulo.

The province is governed by the General Committee, and its chairman and members are elected by universal suffrage. The governor is the representative sent by the central government to local governments. Provinces are divided into districts (including 339 overseas provinces), communities (3995) and cities (36560).

municipal authorities

Municipal management is the responsibility of the mayor with the assistance of the Municipal Committee, whose members are elected by universal suffrage.

Competitive economic system

1945— 196 1

Although France was a victorious country in the Second World War, it faced enormous economic difficulties at the end of the war: the population was only 40 million (the same as 1900), and the total industrial output value was only half of that before the war. Raw materials are extremely scarce and inflation is unprecedented.

The first three economic plans are to rebuild basic industries, promote production and prepare for international economic competition.

1962- 1975

During this period, under the supervision of the state, the economy has achieved amazing sustainable development and reached the expected plan. During this period, France's economic growth rate set an unprecedented record (the annual growth rate reached 5-6%), which brought full employment, improved living standards, consumption growth and rapid wage growth.

The next economic plan will focus on regional economic development, investment policy and social organization (reforming social insurance system and establishing universal pension).

Since 1976

Three consecutive oil crises (197, 1979, 1980) and persistent world economic turmoil have made France emphasize economic restructuring and modernization in the past two decades, resulting in a high unemployment rate (more than three million jobs have been lost in the past two decades).

Tightening government expenditure and emphasizing reducing energy consumption and developing competitive industries, research and vocational training have given France new vitality, enabling it to face the challenges of international competition, European integration and next year.

A highly diversified economic system

The French economy covers all important economic sectors: agriculture (the third largest exporter in the world and the first largest exporter in Europe), industry (the fourth largest exporter in the world and the second largest exporter in Europe) and fisheries (the fourth largest catch in Europe).

France's export trade ranks fifth in the world, and five French enterprises rank among the top 100 in the world.

agriculture

French agriculture is a modern mechanized and high-productivity production department. France's agricultural production area accounts for nearly one-third of the total area of the EU, and agricultural products account for 23% of the EU's output, half of which are livestock products (meat, milk and cheese), and the rest are cereals, sugar and processing industries.

industry

French industry includes not only a large number of traditional industrial sectors (steel, metallurgy, machinery, automobile and textile industries) that are being reorganized and automated, but also some emerging and developing technology industries (food processing, precision chemistry, aerospace industry and new materials).

French industrial production mainly depends on imported raw materials and energy, except electricity. 25% of electricity comes from domestic nuclear power plants.

service industry

The service sector (for collective and individual consumers) is playing an increasingly important role in the national economy.

Major service sectors, such as transportation, electronic communication, postal services, electricity and water, are equipped with advanced technologies in this field (micro-phones, high-speed trains and subway systems enjoy international reputation). France's tourism ranks first in Europe, which is of great significance to maintaining the balance of payments. In fact, France ranks second in the world after the United States in this "intangible export industry".

How does France view itself?

In terms of area, population and gross national product, China is not a "superpower". But France still occupies a very important position. Due to the vigorous development of high-tech enterprises, she is one of the important economic powers in the world, ranking fourth or fifth in the world in terms of exports. She is one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council with veto power and one of the permanent members of the International Monetary Fund. UNESCO is located in Paris.

From other angles, France also has a decisive influence:

-One of the Latin countries (by the year 2000, one sixth of the people in the world will be of Latin descent).

-One of the French-speaking countries. The French-speaking population in the world is10.05 billion. French has been used in some parts of America and Africa for hundreds of years.

-One of the European countries. France has good political, trade and cultural exchanges with many countries in Central and Eastern Europe. 1990- 199 1 After the political changes in the Soviet Union, these countries became stronger and stronger. More importantly, the future of France is closely linked to the fate of other 15 member countries of the Western European Union. With the establishment of the European Council and the European Parliament (elected by universal suffrage), the French people actively participated in European political life.

Appendix 1: French economic data

Gross domestic product: 7.8 billion yen, 66,543.8 billion francs.

Per capita GDP: 134656 francs

Exports: 65.438 billion francs+886 million francs

Industrial enterprises:196,600.

Agriculture/food enterprises: 72,000

GDP growth rate: 2.3% (to 1996)

Total growth value 1996: agriculture 5.5%; Industry and energy 25.2%; Service industry 56.4%

Currently employed population: 25.59 million.

Appendix 2: Characteristics of France

Although France is geographically and ethnically diverse, this country still has strong cohesion and strong cultural personality. The French people have a strong sense of identity with their historical and cultural individuality.

The basic idea of modern France is to defend human rights and freedom, democracy and unity. These ideas have been widely recognized.

Appendix 3: Foreigners in France

In the past forty years, foreign immigrants have made great contributions to the population growth and economic prosperity of France. However, due to the current economic crisis, the immigration tide has been officially stopped. There are now less than four million foreigners in France (6.5% of the total population since 1995). The proportion of foreigners has remained basically unchanged since 1990.

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