1, different in nature: horizontal is the comparison of two or more similar things. Vertical refers to the comparison of a thing's history, present situation and even future.

2. Different functions: horizontal: it enables people to observe the relationship between similar things and phenomena, understand their differences and influences, and thus reveal more general laws in a larger scope. Vertical: By comparing some things in different historical stages, we can understand the laws of their own movements, see the stages and trends of their development, better understand the past and grasp the future, and prevent the division of history.

3. Different meanings: horizontally: by comparing various related things at the same level, we can understand the scale, quantity, advantages and disadvantages of similar things, thus playing a reference role in decision-making. Vertical: compare the forms of the same thing in different periods, so as to understand the development and change process of things and reveal the development law of things.