Anji Bridge in Zhao County, located 45 kilometers southeast of Shijiazhuang, the provincial capital, is the oldest stone arch bridge with open shoulders, which is famous at home and abroad for its superb scientific and artistic value.
Anji Bridge, located on the river south of Zhaoxian County, was called Zhaozhou in ancient times, also called Zhao Zhouqiao, because the bridge was made of stone, also called Dashiqiao. 196 1 was listed as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units in the State Council. 199 1 year, American Society of Civil Engineers selected Anji Bridge as a milestone in international historical civil engineering 12.
Anji Bridge was built from the 15th year of Huang Kai in Sui Dynasty to the first year of Daye (AD 595-605) and supervised by craftsman Li Chun, with a history of 1400 years. This bridge is strong and magnificent. The total length is 64.4 meters and the vault is 9 meters wide. The design of the bridge completely conforms to scientific principles, and the construction technology is unique. Zhang, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, said in the inscription of Dashiqiao in Zhaozhou: "It is made strangely, and people don't know what it is." Overall, it is a single arch bridge. The arch was 37.02 meters long and was the longest stone arch in the world at that time. Bridge opening is not an ordinary semicircle, but like a bow. The bridge deck is flat and wide, and it becomes a "flat arch", which gives consideration to land and water traffic and is convenient for vehicles and horses to run. This stone arch consists of 28 arch rings, each of which can stand independently to form a whole, which is convenient for independent construction and maintenance. Such a long-span flat arch has great horizontal thrust on the abutment and is difficult to construct. However, the abutment is a shallow and small ordinary rectangle with a thickness of only 1.549 m, which is made of five rows of stones. Its foundation is sub-clay, and its bearing capacity is small. It is rare in the world to build such a small abutment and such a large-span stone arch bridge on such a foundation.
There are two small arches on the shoulders at both ends of the bridge arch. These arches reduce the weight of the bridge, and at the same time play a role in reducing the impulse of running water and accelerating the flow of flood. The design is very scientific and reasonable. At that time, the use of this open-shouldered arch was the first time in the history of bridge construction in the world, which was a pioneering work.
2. Anping Bridge
Anping Bridge is 2070 meters long. On the sea between Anhai Town in Jinjiang County and Shuitou Town in Nan 'an County, Fujian Province, there is a famous Liang Shi Bridge called Anping Bridge, which is the longest Liang Shi Bridge in China at present. Because this bridge is about 5 Li Long long, it is also called Wuli Bridge.
Anping Bridge was built in the Southern Song Dynasty more than 800 years ago. At that time, the bay near Anhai Town was an important port for China's foreign trade, and the trade with Shuitou Town opposite was very frequent, so it was inconvenient to transport goods by ship. People decided to build a bridge between the two towns. Construction of the bridge began in the eighth year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 138), and was officially completed in the twenty-second year of Shaoxing (1 152) four years later.
Anping Bridge is not only the longest Liang Shi Bridge in China, but also the longest Liang Shi Bridge in the world. According to the investigation of 1957, the bridge is 2070 meters long and 3-3.8 meters wide, with 3 14 piers. In the early 1980s, the ancient bridge, a national cultural relic protection unit, was extensively repaired. At present, the length of the bridge is 225 1 m, which is several hundred meters longer than the main bridge of Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge across the Yangtze River. In order to beautify the bridge and provide people with rest, five pavilions were built on the bridge, which were called Shui Xin Pavilion (Qiaotou Pavilion), Zhongting Pavilion, Palace Pavilion, Rain Pavilion and Louting Pavilion from east to west. On the Shui Xin Pavilion, there is a 1 antithetical couplet. The first part is "There is a Buddha in the world" and the second part is "There is no bridge in the world that grows this bridge", which embodies the greatest feature of Anping Bridge. Among the five pavilions, the Zhong Ting Pavilion is the largest, with a width of 10 meter, surrounded by 13 rebuilt stone tablets. In front of the pavilion, there are two stone sculptures of warriors in the Song Dynasty, with long swords in their hands and simple shapes. The bridge pavilion at the western end also has inscriptions rebuilt in the Qing Dynasty. At the eastern end of the bridge, 250 meters away, there is 1 6-corner 5-story wooden white tower. The date of construction is similar to that of the bridge. At the same time, due to the influence of flash floods, typhoons and earthquakes for many years, the original railing columns on the bridge have been seriously damaged.
Anping Bridge is made entirely of granite mined in southern Fujian. Between every two piers, 6-7 large stone slabs are laid. The board is 8- 1 1 m in length, 0.6- 1 m in width and 0.5- 1 m in thickness. Each board weighs about 3 tons, and the maximum board weight is 25 tons. This project is very huge. The piers of Anping Bridge are very distinctive. Designers chose different pier forms at different locations. The main port with steep and wide water depth adopts ship piers with sharp ends to reduce the resistance of flowing water. In the harbor channel with rapid water flow, shoe-shaped pier, upstream side tip and downstream side are adopted, which is beneficial to drainage. Rectangular piers are used in places with large shallow water flow to increase the stability of the bridge. Generally, the pier spacing is 6 ~ 8m, and the longest pier is11m.
After the completion of Anping Bridge, it played an important role in promoting China's ancient foreign trade. For more than 800 years, due to sediment deposition, the beach near the shore has become land and farmland. 1962, when Comrade Guo Moruo visited Anping Bridge, he wrote poems to express people's feelings:
3. Jinshui Bridge
China's World Heritage. There is an artificial river in front of Taihe Gate, which looks like a bow back, called Neijinshui River. There are five parallel stone bridges on the river, called Neijinshui Bridge (the artificial river in front of Tiananmen Square is called Waijinshui River, and the five stone bridges are called Waijinshui Bridge). Neijinshui River is introduced into the Forbidden City from the moat in the northwest corner of the Forbidden City. It twists and turns to the south, east and south, hidden or present, wide or narrow, and communicates with the moat outside the southeast corner of the Forbidden City, with a total length of more than 2,000 meters. The river section in front of the Ethereum is the widest, the most regular and the most gorgeous. The bottom and banks of the river are all made of white stone, and there are white marble columns and fences on both sides of the river.
The longest and widest Jinshui Bridge among the five bridges is the main bridge. In the past, only the emperor could pass. The left and right four bridges are passenger bridges, which can be used by royalty and officials.
The five stone bridges are all white marble, and Yunlong patterns are engraved on the doorposts and railings. They are beautifully shaped and exquisitely carved, just like carved Kethleen, lying on the blue waves and surrounded by red walls and yellow tiles of surrounding high-rise buildings, which is even more elegant and beautiful.
4. Lugou Bridge
Located outside Guang 'anmen, Fengtai District, about 20 kilometers away from the city center. The bridge is named after crossing Lugou River (now Yongding River).
Lugou Bridge ranks first among the three famous ancient bridges in China and is a national key cultural relic protection unit. The other two are Zhao Zhouqiao in Hebei and Luoyang Bridge in Quanzhou.
History: Lugou Bridge was built in the 29th year of Jin Dading (1 189), with a history of more than 800 years.
Lugou Ferry, which was crossed by the bridge, was the only passage in and out of Beijing at that time. The original temporary traffic facilities such as pontoon bridges and wooden bridges can no longer adapt to the traffic conditions in the capital. So a durable stone bridge-Lugou Bridge, formerly known as Guangli Bridge, was built.
Construction: Lugou Bridge is a large stone bridge, 1 1 arch, with a total length of 266.5 meters and a deck width of 9.3 meters. The bridge is made of huge white stones. The pier is built in the shape of a boat, and there is a diversion tip named "Dragon Sword" in front to resist the rapids. This bridge is advanced in architectural design and well-made.
The architectural decoration of Lugou Bridge is also unique. The bridge fence consists of 2,865,438+0 sentry posts nearly one and a half meters high connected with the fence board. At the top of each sentry, there is a big lion and a little lion, with different images, either hidden or exposed. Therefore, there is a folk saying that there are countless lions in Lugouqiao. According to the investigation of the archaeological team, there are 485 large and small stone lions in * *.
Lugou Xiaoyue-one of the eight scenic spots in Yanjing. Lugou Xiaoyue is one of the eight scenic spots in Yanjing, which began in the Jin Dynasty.
At the eastern end of the bridge, there is a tablet pavilion. The tablet was written by Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty, with the front of it being "Lugou Xiaoyue" and the back being poems of Lugouqiao.
July 7th Incident:1On July 7th, 937, the Japanese invaders entrenched in the west bank of Yongding River forcibly crossed Lugou Bridge to search in Wanping Ancient City on the pretext that a soldier was missing, which was rejected by the 29th Route Army of the Kuomintang. So the Japanese invaders attacked Qiaodong on a large scale, which was the "July 7 Incident" that shocked China and foreign countries.
5. Luoyang Bridge is also called Wan 'an Bridge.
In the northeast suburb of Luoyang City, where Luoyang River flows into the sea. From the fifth year of the Northern Song Dynasty to the fourth year of Jiayou (1053- 1056), Cai Xiang, the secretariat of Quanzhou, presided over the construction. This bridge is a world-famous giant stone bridge in Shilianggang and a national key cultural relic protection unit.
Luoyang Bridge is 1200m long and 5m wide, with 46 piers, 500 columns, 28 stone lions, 7 stone pavilions and 5 stone pagodas. Grand laws and regulations and excellent technology. The bridge is built at the intersection of the river and the sea, and the water is wide and the waves are urgent. The ancestors regarded mat foundation and oysters as a pioneering work in the history of bridge-building in China and even the world. Luoyang Bridge has been rebuilt twice in history. First, it was rebuilt by Li Junyu, a monk from He Mingde's Zhongxian County, and added three feet. One is 1932, Cai Tingkai is rebuilt and reinforced concrete pavement is laid. The existing bridge is 834m long and 7m wide, and the pier is 31m. Shi Ting II, one is Zhong Ting; One is the pavilion of "Quannan Buddhism". There is Zhonghui Temple in the south of the bridge, which was built to commemorate Cai Xiang's achievements in bridge building. In the north of the bridge, there is Zhao Hui Temple, dedicated to the sea god who protected the bridge, and there is also a real-life temple dedicated to monk Yibo who devoted himself to building the bridge. When the bridge is completed, people worship it with its real statue.
6. Guangji Bridge
In the east of Chaozhou, Guangji Bridge is one of the famous ancient bridges in China. It was built in the sixth year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1 170) and took 57 years to complete. The total length is 515m, and it is divided into two sections: pier 0/8 in the east and pier 65438 in the west. The width of the middle section is about 100 meter. Due to the rapid flow of water, it is impossible to bridge, so we can only take a ferry.
In the tenth year of Xuande in Ming Dynasty (1435), it was rebuilt and five piers were added, which was called Guangji Bridge. During the period of Zheng De, another wharf was built, with a total of 24 docks. The pier is made of granite blocks, which is a precious heritage in Chinese bridge architecture. The middle section 18 shuttle boat is connected to form a pontoon bridge, which can be opened and closed. When large ships and rafts pass, you can untie the boats in the pontoon and let the ships and rafts pass. Then put the floating boat back in its place. This is the earliest stone bridge with movable switch in China and the world.
This bridge was overhauled five times in the Ming Dynasty, and there are 24 "watchtowers" (destroyed) with different shapes on the piers. In the first year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1723), two iron oxen were placed on the stone piers at both ends of the pontoon bridge, and the words "Town Bridge for Water" were engraved on their backs, but they no longer exist. 1958 due to traffic needs, the shuttle boat was dismantled and changed to a through bridge. 1980 heavy cast iron Niu Yi, put it on the bridge. As the folk proverb says, "If you don't reach the tide, you will go in vain." It is a waste of time to go to the bridge. "
7. Jiangdong Bridge
Jiangdong Bridge, formerly known as Hudu Bridge, was built in the Song Shaoxi period (1 190). It is a 15 span beam stone bridge, with a length of 1000m, a width of 6.6m and a height of 30m. It is one of the top ten famous bridges in ancient China. Jiangdong Bridge, Quanzhou Luoyang Bridge, Jinjiang Anping Bridge and Fuzhou Longjiang Bridge are collectively called "Four Stone Bridges in Fujian". This construction technology plays an important role in the history of bridges in China and even in the world. In particular, the longest beam stone on the bridge is 26.6 meters, the width is 1.6 meters, and the heaviest beam stone is nearly 200 tons. How to mine, transport and erect under the condition of relatively backward ancient science and technology is still a mystery. 200 1, the bridge is listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit.
The prestigious Jiangdong Bridge in Zhangzhou City is scheduled to start maintenance at the end of this year, with a total investment of about 6,543,800 yuan.
8. Longjiang Bridge
Haikou Town in Fuqing was founded in the third year of Song Zhenghe (A.D.113) and completed in the sixth year of Song Xuanhe (A.D. 1 124), which lasted for ten years. The east and west of the bridge is a beam-type stone slab bridge with a total length of 476 meters and a width of 4.6 meters. There are 40 holes and 39 piers. The bridge is firmly tied with large stones with a length of10m and a width of 0.8m.. There are also a pair of sturdy stone pagodas at the bridge head, which are more than five meters high and well preserved. Haikou Longjiang Bridge, Longhai Jiangdong Bridge, Quanzhou Luoyang Bridge and Jinjiang Anping Bridge are also called the four ancient bridges in Fujian Province. 196 1 is listed as a cultural relic protection project of the provincial people's government.
9. Seventeen-span bridge
This 17 span bridge is located on the broad Kunming Lake, with a length of150m and a width of 8m. Named after the 17 bridge hole, it is the largest stone bridge in the park. It is connected to Nanhu Island in the west and a corridor similar to a pavilion in the east, flying between Dongdi and Nanhu Island. It is not only the only access to Nanhu Island, but also an important scenic spot in the lake area.
The beautiful 17 span bridge divides the water surface of Kunming Lake into different levels, giving you a panoramic view of thousands of acres of blue waves. With the participation of this bridge, the loneliness in the open space disappeared without a trace. These are all ingenious strokes of landscape designers.
On the railings on both sides of the stone bridge, 544 stone lions of different sizes and shapes are carved. It is 59 more than Lugou Bridge with the largest number of stone lions in Beijing. Have fun watching the grotesque stone lions.
"Gallery Pavilion" is located on the south side of the east bridge head of the Seventeen-hole Bridge, and it is the largest pavilion among the existing ancient pavilions in China. Therefore, the pavilion is an octagonal double-eaved building, so it is also called "Bafang Pavilion".
The plaques on the 17-hole bridge were all written by Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty. The southern end of the bridge is engraved with the words "Repair Ling Bo", describing the 17-hole bridge as a rainbow, flying above the blue waves of Kunming Lake. The northern end of the bridge has the words "Ji Ling Yanyue", and the 17-hole bridge is hailed as a beast in the water, lying in the water for half a month. Another couplet at the northern end of the bridge reads: "The rainbow lies on the bank of Liang Shi, the long wind keeps blowing, the waves return to the green pulp, and the moon shines." On an elegant and quiet night, it is more pleasant to enjoy the scenery of this bridge.
10, broken bridge
Located at the eastern end of Bai Causeway. Of all the bridges in the West Lake, she is the most famous. It is said that a broken bridge was built as early as the Tang Dynasty, and the word "broken bridge" is found in Zhang Hu's poem "On Hangzhou Gushan Temple". There is a quip in Amin Wang Keyu's "Talking about Picking Vegetables in Xizi Lake": "The victory of the West Lake, Yang Lake is not as good as Yin Lake, Yin Lake is not as good as Moon Lake, and Moon Lake is not as good as Snow Lake ... How many people in the world can really lead the landscape!" Hangzhou, located in the south of the Yangtze River, has a short snow period every year, especially in heavy snow days. Once the silver makeup is wrapped, it will create a snow lake that is very different from the usual time and scenery.