This paper describes in detail the discussion between Cao Gui and Duke Zhuang of Lu about whether the war can be fought before the war, and finally draws the conclusion that "World War I can be fought", but the story of the war in Long Shao is very short. Therefore, the discussion (debate) before the war is described in detail, and the war is briefly written.
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"Cao Gui Debate" Teaching Plan (2)
Nine-year compulsory education multimedia teaching support system Chinese Volume 6 People's Education Society
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Teaching objectives:
1. Understanding Cao Gui's strategic thought-understanding whether the people support and command the war correctly are the two major factors that determine the outcome of the war.
2. Focus on the writing characteristics of the central learning text, highlight the key points and be detailed properly.
3. Understand the usage of "knowledge" and "qi".
Teaching time:
2 class hours
first kind
Teaching content:
Solve the problem, understand the content structure of the text and analyze the first paragraph.
Teaching steps:
1. Import new lesson:
There have been countless wars in the history of China, many of which are brilliant examples of defeating many with few and defeating the strong with the weak. For example, in the Three Kingdoms, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao in the battle of Guandu; In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Battle of Red Cliffs, Sun and Liu were defeated; Xie An, Xie Shi, Xie Xuan and others made the million-strong army commanded by Fu Jian, the former Qin Dynasty in the north, feel "nothing happens, and everything is at stake", which left a deep thought for people, and the battle of Qilu with a long spoon in the Spring and Autumn Period was especially praised by comrades. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out in the article "Strategic Issues of Revolutionary War in China" that the Battle of the Long Spoon is a famous example in the history of China War. Today, we will talk about the Battle of the Long Spoon by studying the text "Cao Gui Debate". Through research, we can understand the reason why the weak country Lu defeated the powerful country Qi in the battle of the long spoon, what is its strategic thinking and what enlightenment it has given us.
Step 2 solve the problem:
Students read Note 1, and the teacher makes the following supplement.
(1) Zuo Zhuan is a chronological history book that records the politics, economy, military affairs and culture of the vassal states in the Spring and Autumn Period. According to legend, it was compiled by Zuo Qiuming, a historian of Lu, according to The Spring and Autumn Annals, a history of Lu written by Confucius. Because the chronicle of Chunqiu is too simple and close to the chronology of major events, it is difficult for ordinary people to understand, while the narrative of Zuozhuan is more detailed, reflecting the historical features at that time to a certain extent, and making a detailed annotation for Chunqiu, so later generations also call Zuozhuan Chunqiu. Zuo Zhuan has preserved important historical materials and has certain historical value. At the same time, he is good at tailoring, clear narrative and vivid description of characters, which has certain literary value and has a great influence on the development of later prose.
This text tells the story of ancient war stories. The war took place in the early Spring and Autumn Period. The warring parties were the powerful Qi State and the weak Lu State. The place of the battle was Lu's gourd ladle, so it is called the gourd ladle battle in history. The cause of this war was that when the law was impermanent, his younger brother and Gong Zijiu fled to Ju and Lu for refuge respectively. Later, Qi Xianggong was killed by Gongsun Zan's ignorance, and Xiao Bai, the son of Juan, returned to Qi to seize the throne first, and was called Qi Huangong. Later, Lu sent omiya back to Qi for a long time to compete for the throne. As a result, he was defeated by Qi Huangong, and Qi Huangong forced Duke Zhuang of Lu to kill Gong Zijiu. In the tenth year of Duke Zhuang of Lu (684 BC), he used the excuse that Lu had helped Gongsun Jiu compete with him for the throne of Qi. Soldiers were deployed to attack Lu, and the two armies fought against Lu. As a result, the weak Lu defeated the invading powerful Qi State.
The title of the text is "Cao Gui Debate". Cao Gui was a slave owner and nobleman. For the benefit of Lu, he took the initiative to plan for Duke Zhuang of Lu. He also personally went to the battlefield, assisted Duke Zhuang of Lu in directing operations, and played an important role in defeating the State of Qi. However, the central word in the title of the text is "On", so it can be seen that what matters in the text is Cao Gui's view on the war, which shows Cao Gui's strategic thinking, rather than focusing on the narrative of Shaolong Campaign.
3. The teacher demonstrates reading the text and pays attention to the pronunciation of the following words:
What's wrong with you? (jiàn) (bǐ) Don't you dare to specialize in (fú) Xiaohui is not compiled (bà n) Jade (bó) Xiao Xin is not blessed (fú) You can ride with it (chéng). (zhé) Shi (shi) lost the flag.
4. Students refer to notes and read the text silently, which requires:
(1) Further correct new words or words that are easy to mispronounce and understand the meaning of sentences.
(2) In paragraph ***3 of the text, what order are the materials organized? What did you write in detail and briefly?
In paragraph 1 of the text, Cao Gui and Lu Zhuanggong discussed whether the war can be fought and why the enemy can be defeated. This is political preparation before the war. In the second paragraph, Cao Gui assisted Duke Zhuang of Lu in commanding the Lu army to defeat the Qi army and won the war. In the third paragraph, after defeating the Qi army, Cao Gui summed up the experience for Duke Zhuang of Lu. It can be seen that the text is organized in the order of pre-war preparation, war progress and post-war summary.
This paper describes in detail the discussion between Cao Gui and Duke Zhuang of Lu about whether the war can be fought before the war, and finally draws the conclusion that "World War I can be fought", but the story of the war in Long Shao is very short. Therefore, the discussion (debate) before the war is described in detail, and the war is briefly written.
5. Analyze paragraph 1 of the text.
(1) Teachers or students read the text by themselves, refer to the notes to understand the meaning, and pay attention to understand the meaning of the words added below:
Qi Shi: The army. Is insight: so, just. Food and clothing: things used for health. Xiaohui is not embarrassed: Sean Xiaohui. Must be affectionate: the truth. So is loyalty: a class, a class. World War I: Right, right. With ... First, auxiliary words, strengthen the tone.
(2) This passage first explains the time, nature and situation of the Battle of the Long Spoon, and then writes the conditions for Cao Gui to invite Lu Zhuanggong to plan the battle, and then specifically writes the discussion between Cao Gui and Lu Zhuanggong. The following questions can be discussed:
A. What kind of war was the Battle of Long Spoon, and what was Lu's situation at that time?
The Battle of Long Spoon is an unjust war of aggression under the pretext that Lu helped Gong Zijiu to become king on his own, in an attempt to annex Lu and expand his territory. For Lu, this is a just war to resist aggression and defend the country. This can be reflected from the sentence "Qi attacked me", which means that Qi used the excuse of crusade to achieve the purpose of annexing others and expanding itself. The situation at that time was very unfavorable to Lu, not only because Lu was weak, but also because the ruler Lu Zhuanggong was short-sighted and prepared to fight, but he didn't know why. Because Lu was in danger, he stepped forward and took the initiative to "debate" with Lu Zhuanggong.
B. What role does the villagers' dissuasion play in demonstrating Cao Gui's ideological quality?
Cao Gui's concern for state affairs and his profound insight into the situation at that time were reflected in the dissuasion of fellow villagers. Especially worried about Lu Zhuanggong's political ability and political preparation before the war. This shows Cao Gui's patriotic enthusiasm. At the same time, this episode also made the story turbulent from the beginning.
C. From the conversation between Cao Gui and Duke Zhuang of Lu, we can see what Duke Zhuang of Lu thinks the conditions for facing the Qi army are, and how did Cao Gui know? What kind of military viewpoint does this reflect?
When the Qi army attacked, Duke Zhuang of Lu thought that the conditions that could be met were: people should not only have food and clothing, but also be honest with God and be sincere in everything. Cao Gui denied the first two conditions, thinking that "food and clothing divide people" only benefited from some trusted ministers. This is a small kindness, which has not spread to the people, and the people will not fight with you. Being honest with God is only a small contribution. You can't win God's trust, and God won't bless you. Cao Gui affirmed the third condition, arguing that only when the monarch did his duty to the people and won the support of the people could he use this condition to resist the invasion of Qi. Cao Gui's analysis of political preparation before the war shows that he fully realized the power of the people. For those in power, whether the war can be fought or won is the most important thing. Cao Gui's understanding is commendable, which shows his correct strategic thinking.
(3) Paragraph 1 of the text explains the time, nature and situation of both sides of the war, focusing on Cao Gui's exposition on political preparation before the war: win the trust of the people.
6. Practice and thinking after class:
(1) point out the ancient and modern meanings of the words added in the following sentences:
A. the strange stone attacked me.
B. sacrifice jade and silk, dare to add.
C. Small prisons, although not inspected, are definitely emotional.
D. this may be a war.
Refer to your notes and preview the second and third paragraphs of the text.
③ Back paragraph 1.
Second lesson
Teaching content:
Analyze the second and third paragraphs of the text, understand the writing characteristics of the text around the center, carefully cut and meticulous.
Teaching steps:
(1) Recite paragraph 1 of the text collectively, briefly review paragraph 1 and introduce new lessons.
Paragraph 1 of the text focuses on Cao Gui's exposition on political preparation before the war, negates the view that Lu Zhuanggong can win the war by "distributing food and clothing to people" and "treating God with sincerity", and affirms Lu Zhuanggong's practice of "treating a small prison with affection", believing that this is to win the trust of the people and can rely on this condition to resist the invasion of Qi. He also said that he was willing to assist Lu Zhuanggong in commanding the battle. Therefore, this article is about the argument before the war and Cao's command in the war.
(2) Analyze the second paragraph of the text.
1. After the teachers or students read the text together, refer to the notes to understand the meaning of the text and pay attention to the meaning of the words added below.
Strive for a long spoon: Yes. Three drums of Qi people: beating gongs and drums. The public will flock to it: it refers to the Qi army. Look: They mean the Qi army. Look at it: they mean the Qi army.
2. This article tells the story that Cao Gui commanded the army of Lu to defeat the army of Qi. It's short, but the key points are prominent and the characters are vivid. During the analysis, the following questions can be discussed:
(1) How to counter the invasion of the Qi army? What aspects of Cao Gui's conducting art are written in the text, and what kind of conducting ability does he show?
A. Choose a position that is beneficial for the Lu army to turn into a counter-offensive, let the enemy go deep into the territory of Lu, and let the Lu army stand ready.
B choose the opportunity to pursue vigorously, and adopt the operational policy of "when the other side is tired and I am profitable".
C. The time to pursue the enemy was when the Qi army was "wandering and struggling". On the basis of observing the situation, we seized the fighter plane to pursue the enemy and won the war.
(2) What's the difference between Cao Gui and Duke Zhuang of Lu, two men who command the army to fight?
Duke Zhuang of Lu was reckless and ignorant, and once again showed "contempt for eating meat." At the beginning of the battle, he would beat gongs and drums and forget that he was a weak brigade. As soon as the Qi army retreated, he ordered the pursuit, unaware of luring the enemy into ambush. Cao Gui, on the other hand, knows himself and himself, attaches importance to investigation and study, and is decisive, cautious and careful in "beating drums" and "divide and rule". He can correctly capture fighters and defeat powerful enemies, which shows his outstanding command ability.
3. The third paragraph describes the process that Cao Gui helped Duke Zhuang of Lu to command the Lu army to defeat the Qi army, and describes the three stages of the Lu army's defense, counterattack and pursuit in the Battle of Long Spoon, which shows Cao Gui's superb command ability.
(3) Analyze paragraph 3 of the text.
1. After teachers or students read the text together, refer to the notes to understand the meaning of the text and pay attention to the meaning of the words added below:
Ask the public why: it refers to defeating the Qi army. Do your best: beat the drums. Down again: low. Third, exhaust: exhausted. Fear of concealment: the word "Yu" exists. So, one by one: pursuit.
2. This passage was written by Cao Gui when summing up lujun's victory over Qi Jun after the war. It is very concise, closely related to the "debate", and captures the words "pass the parcel" and "divide and rule" in the second paragraph, which fully shows Cao Gui's foresight and intelligence. During the analysis, the following questions can be discussed:
(1) How does the text describe the transition from the previous war to this paragraph summarizing the experience of defeating the Qi army?
The Qi army was driven away and the war was won, but Duke Zhuang of Lu didn't know how the war was won. On the one hand, it once again proves that "carnivores are contemptuous", on the other hand, it is also reasonable to ask the public their reasons, because Cao Gui's two "impossible" actions in the last paragraph stopped the blind command of Duke Zhuang of Lu, defeated the Qi army twice "feasible" and drove the Qi army out of Lu. As far as Duke Zhuang of Lu is concerned, it is natural to ask. This question naturally leads to Cao Gui's summary of the war and further "debate", which also makes the text naturally transition from describing the war to summarizing the experience of winning the war.
(2) Judging from Cao Gui's experience in summing up the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, why only discuss how to choose the timing of counter-offensive and how to choose the timing of pursuit? Do you think his summary is comprehensive?
Cao Gui's summary of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War is aimed at questioning Duke Zhuang of Lu. Zhuang Gong's doubt is that in the war, he ordered two pre-emptive counterattacks to pursue the enemy, but both were stopped by Cao Gui. So Cao Gui gave a targeted explanation to Duke Zhuang of Lu and summarized the experience of winning the battle. In this way, the content of the text develops in harmony. Of course, Cao Gui's summary is not comprehensive enough. In the battle of the long spoon, the reason why Lu was able to win more with less and win the strong with weakness was that Lu launched a just war against aggression, in addition to the two aspects summarized. Duke Zhuang of Lu won the trust of the people, won the support of the people, chose the battle site that was conducive to Lu's counterattack, and adopted strategies and tactics to lead the enemy deeper.
3. The third paragraph describes Cao Gui's summary of the reasons for the victory of the war, which is the continuation of the "debate" in paragraph 1, and further shows Cao Gui's foresight and wisdom.
4. Students read the text together, summarize the content of the text and summarize the central idea.
This paper narrates Cao Gui's exposition on war and the historical facts of commanding Changshao Campaign, and shows that only by winning the trust of the people and correctly grasping the fighters can we win the war.
The title of the text is "Cao Gui Debate", but the content of the text is a comprehensive description of a historical event, and the description is very brief. How do words portray characters and express the center with short content?
1. Close to the center and carefully cut with proper details.
The center of the title of the text is "Debate", and the content of the text is tailored around this center, taking Cao Gui's actions and remarks related to "Debate" and omitting the causes of war, material preparation, fierce battle scenes and congratulations after victory that have nothing to do with "Debate". In paragraph ***3 of the text, Cao Gui's pre-war political preparations and post-war experience are described in detail, and the course of the war is briefly described. When sketching out the course of the war, only two links, namely "beating drums" and "marching by divisions", were highlighted, which on the one hand showed Cao Gui's outstanding military talents, and on the other hand paved the way for summarizing the defeated experience below. In this way, readers can not only understand the whole picture of the Battle of Changshao, but also highlight Cao Gui's strategic thought, let Cao Gui's strategic thought guide the war, and prove Cao Gui's operational theory with war examples.
2. Express the characters with short dialogues and comparative methods.
In order to highlight the correctness of Cao Gui's strategic thought, this paper compares the recklessness and ignorance of Lu Zhuanggong with the foresight and wisdom of Cao Gui, which makes Cao Gui's characters more vivid. Duke Zhuang of Lu left a word of "contempt" everywhere in the article. He put the victory of the war on a small favor to buy people's hearts and protect the gods. At the beginning of the war, we should beat drums to attack; As soon as Qi Jun retired, he wanted to pursue blindly. The war was won, but I don't know why. Cao Gui, on the other hand, can see the strength of the people and know the great significance of the people's will to winning the war; Be able to correctly use the strategic policy of leading the enemy deeper, avoiding his spirit, and fighting when the enemy is tired; There is also a style of attaching importance to investigation and study, being cautious and not making blind decisions. And all this, the text is expressed through a short conversation between Cao Gui and Lu Zhuanggong. In this way, through comparison, we can see an image of Cao Gui. When Kan Kan speaks and directs actions in the debate, he is calm and decisive.