The word Zhuo Ru,No. Ren Gong, is not the owner of the icehouse. Guangdong Xinhui people. Liang Qichao received traditional education at home since childhood, and he was a scholar in 1884 (Guangxu decade). 1885 He entered Xuehaitang, Guangzhou, studied exegetics, and gradually abandoned stereotyped writing. 1889 zhongju. 1890 tried it in Beijing, but it didn't work. On the way back to Guangdong, I passed by Shanghai, and saw an Introduction to World Geography, A Brief Introduction to Ying Huan and the translation of western books by Shanghai Machinery Bureau, which was an eye-opener. In the same year, I met Kang Youwei and admired him, so I voted for him. 189 1 studied in wanmu thatched cottage, accepted Kang Youwei's thoughts and theories, and embarked on the road of improvement and reform.
1in the spring of 895, he went to Beijing again to take the exam, when the Qing government and Japan signed the treaty of shimonoseki, which humiliated their rights and country, and caused public outrage. Liang Qichao assisted Kang Youwei in launching a joint petition "bus petition" in Beijing, demanding that the Qing court reject peace, move the capital and implement political reform. Liang Qichao was very active in the Reform Movement. He was in charge of the World Bulletin in Beijing (later renamed Chinese and Foreign News) and the Current Affairs Newspaper in Shanghai, and went to Macao to organize the "Zhixin Newspaper", which played a great role in encouraging public opinion and promoting reform. Many of his political comments are impassioned and fluent, and his writing is often emotional, which has a great influence on society. From 65438 to 0897, at the invitation of Chen Baozhen, the governor of Hunan Province, he became the chief teacher of Wu Shi School in Changsha, publicizing Hunan's political reform ideas and cultivating political reform talents. 1898 returned to Beijing and actively participated in the "Hundred Days Reform". On July 3rd (May15th), summoned by Emperor Guangxu, he was ordered to attend the general meeting of political reform, awarded six titles, and was responsible for handling the affairs of Shi Jing University Translation Press. In September, when the coup took place, Liang Qichao fled Beijing and went to Japan, and once had contact with the revolutionaries headed by Sun Yat-sen. With the development of the situation, his political views changed from time to time. From "royalists" to "new democrats", from "enlightened autocracy" to supporting constitutionalism, the basic position of reformism has never changed. During his stay in Japan, he founded Qing Yi Bao and Xinmin Cong Bao successively, advocating reform and opposing revolution. At the same time, it also introduced a large number of western social and political theories, which had a great influence among intellectuals at that time. From 1905 to 1907, the debate between reformists and revolutionaries reached a climax. At this time, the bourgeois democratic revolution has gradually replaced the reformist reform and become the mainstream of social thoughts in China. As the leader of the reformists, Liang Qichao was opposed by the revolutionaries.
1906, the Qing government announced that it was preparing to imitate constitutionalism. Liang Qichao immediately expressed his support, wrote articles, introduced western constitutionalism, and publicized constitutionalism. 1907 10, Jiang Zhi and others set up a "political news agency" in Tokyo and sent people back to China to directly participate in constitutional activities. Because the Qing government did not implement constitutionalism sincerely, Liang Qichao's activities were not tolerated by the Qing rulers, but were hated, and the political news agency was dissolved because of the ban.
After the outbreak of Wuchang Uprising, he once advocated "harmony between the virtual monarch and the Qing government" in an attempt to make the revolutionaries compromise with the Qing government. In the early years of the Republic of China, he supported Yuan Shikai, made suggestions for Yuan, and accepted Yuan's intention to merge the Democratic Party with the * * * and the Party and the United Party, rebuild the Progressive Party, and compete with the Kuomintang for political power. 19 13, the "talent cabinet" of the progressive party was established, and Liang Qichao became the chief justice. However, due to the increasingly exposed ambition of Yuan Shikai's autocratic system, Liang Qichao's persuasion was ineffective, so he opposed Yuan's claim to be emperor and clashed with him. 19 15 published the article "The so-called national sports problem" in August, slamming Yuan for attempting to restore the monarchy, conspiring with Cai E and planning to use force against Yuan. 19 15 At the end of the year, a war to defend the country broke out in Yunnan. 19 16, Liang Qichao went to Guangdong and Guangxi, successively served as the general staff of the headquarters of Guangdong and Guangxi, the deputy army and political commissar of the military affairs office, actively participated in the struggle against Yuan, and made important contributions to the rise and development of the national protection movement.
After Yuan Shikai's death, Duan gradually became the real power figure of Beiyang government. Liang Qichao believed that "defending the country and defending the country" was successful, so he advocated dissolving the military affairs hospital and attaching it to Duan. He recruited some politicians, set up a constitutional research institute, and confronted the constitutional discussion meeting that supported Li. 1965438+In July 2007, the restoration failed, and Duan was in charge of the Beiyang government. Liang Qichao contributed a lot to Duan, and was once reused as the financial director and inspector general of the General Administration of Salt Affairs. Duan engaged in dictatorship at home and betrayed sovereignty abroad, which was opposed by the people of the whole country. In September, Sun Yat-sen launched a battle to protect the law. 165438+ 10, Duan's cabinet was forced to step down, and Liang Qichao also took the blame and resigned from politics.
19 18 At the end of this year, Liang Qichao went to Europe and learned about many problems and disadvantages in western society. At the same time, the spread of Marxism in China and the rise of the workers' and peasants' movement also made it deeply uneasy. After returning to China, he preached that western civilization had gone bankrupt and advocated developing traditional culture and "saving the world" with the "inherent civilization" of the East.
Liang Qichao was an important thinker, political activist and a famous scholar in modern China. He has a wide range of interests and profound knowledge, and has deep attainments in literature, history, philosophy, Buddhism and other fields. In his early years, he enthusiastically participated in literary reform activities and advocated that literature should reflect the spirit of the times. 190 1 ~ 1902, he wrote China's Historical Narrative and New Historiography successively, criticized feudal historiography and launched a "historical revolution". Liang Qichao was keen on politics all his life, but he never found the right political path. He was keen on cultural studies all his life, and his achievements in cultural studies far exceeded his political achievements. Especially after his return from traveling in Europe, he devoted his main energy to cultural education and academic research activities, and wrote many important works and articles, such as Academic Introduction of Qing Dynasty, Academic History of China for Nearly 300 Years, History of Pre-Qin Political Thought, Historical Research Law of China, and Cultural History of China, many of which have high academic value.
1920, he taught in Tsinghua University and Nankai University successively, and gave lectures in various places. He has served as the director of Shi Jing Library, Beijing Library and Judicial Library, and has made some achievements in cultivating talents and developing cultural and educational undertakings. 1929 65438+1October19 died in Peking Union Medical College Hospital at the age of 57.
Liang Qichao wrote a lot in his life, leaving behind the Collection of Drinking Ice Rooms, with a volume of 148 and a word of 1000.
From the outbreak of the Opium War on 1840 to the founding of New China on 1949, China experienced a huge national crisis and cultural choice, and many thinkers began to think about how to treat traditional culture. Traditional aesthetics and its aesthetic education thoughts, which are symbolic of China culture, are also facing such historical challenges. This paper selects three most representative figures from such a group of thinkers-Zeng Guofan, Wang Guowei and Cai Yuanpei.