The tortuous development of modern national industry can be divided into three stages. In the first stage, the Westernization Movement reached the end of Qing Dynasty, but it was difficult to survive and develop. In the second stage, from the Revolution of 1911 to the First World War, the development of national industry entered a "golden age". In the third stage, from the First World War to the founding of New China, the development of national industry was shrinking.

1863- 1894, 1 19 enterprises with an investment of 6.8 million;

1895- 1898, and 74 enterprises with an investment of14.32 million.

Combined with the materials, it shows that the Westernization Movement came to the end of Qing Dynasty, and the national industry sprouted. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Qing government allowed private factories to develop initially, but it was difficult to survive and develop because of the feudal system.

(1) generation: (1960s and 1970s in 19)

After the Opium War, in the process of China's feudal economic decomposition and the development of commodity economy, under the stimulation and demonstration of foreign enterprises and the induction of Westernization military industry, especially civilian industry, China's capitalist industry began to rise in the 1960s and 1970s.

1. Early famous enterprises mainly included "three factories and one workshop". Before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, there were 260 modern commercial enterprises, most of which were light industries, mainly distributed in coastal areas such as Shanghai, Guangdong and Tianjin.

2. The investors of modern commercial enterprises are mainly bureaucrats, landlords and businessmen (including comprador manual owners), who have been transformed into the national bourgeoisie.

3. Although the national capitalist industry is an advanced mode of production, it emerged and developed in the semi-colonial process of China society, and its strength is weak. It is oppressed and bound by foreign capitalism and feudalism in China, and at the same time it depends on them to some extent. It makes the national bourgeoisie inevitably have duality in politics.

(2) Preliminary development: (end of 19)

After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, imperialism exported capital to China, which further destroyed the natural economy of China society and provided objective conditions for the initial development of national capitalism. In order to expand the tax source and solve the financial crisis, the Qing government relaxed the restrictions on private factories. At the end of 2008+09, China's national industry developed initially, and the national bourgeoisie entered the historical stage as a new independent political force.

1. Its top reformers initiated and led the reform movement.

Among them, the lower revolutionaries initiated and led the Revolution of 1911.

(3) Temporary prosperity: (1912 ――1919)

During World War I, imperialism was busy with the war, which temporarily relaxed its economic aggression against China and gave China the opportunity to develop its national industry.

1. From 19 12 to19, there are more than 600 new factories and mines in China, among which the textile industry and flour industry have developed the fastest.

2. During this period, encouraged by the victory of the Revolution of 1911 and advocated by some people of insight, "saving the country by industry" and democracy coexisted and became two major ideological trends together.

3. A number of representatives such as Zhang Jian, Zhou Rong and Rong Desheng have emerged.

However, the good times did not last long, and the end of the world war interrupted the development trend of national industry.

This shows that imperialist aggression is the fundamental factor that hinders the development of national capitalism (especially in early modern times). Without getting rid of the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social status, the national economy cannot develop normally.

(4) shrinking day by day: (1927-1937-1945-1946-1949)

During the reign of the National Government, due to the oppression of imperialism and bureaucratic capital, China's national industries were shrinking day by day.

1. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, due to the brutal plunder by the Japanese army in the occupied areas, the four families strengthened their monopoly on the industries in the Kuomintang-controlled areas, especially the bureaucratic capital of the iron and steel industry occupied an obvious advantage, and China's national industries went bankrupt.

2. During the War of Liberation, the Kuomintang betrayed national sovereignty in an unprecedented way in order to carry out civil war. 10, the Kuomintang signed the so-called Sino-US Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation with the United States, which flooded the China market with American goods and dealt a heavy (devastating) blow to the national industry and commerce.

(5) Get a new life: (after the founding of the People's Republic of China)

1. In the early days of the People's Republic of China (1949- 1952), the capitalist economy beneficial to the national economy and people's livelihood was restored and developed under the leadership of the socialist state-owned economy.

2. In the process of socialist transformation, our Party adopted the methods of utilization, restriction and transformation of capitalist industry and commerce, and adopted a series of forms such as processing and ordering, unified purchase and underwriting, distribution and consignment, private-public partnership of individual enterprises and public-private partnership of the whole industry, and paid fixed interest, which successfully realized the socialist transformation of capitalist economy and the peaceful redemption of the bourgeoisie.

By the end of 1956, the whole country had basically completed the socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce. Since then, the national industry has embarked on the socialist road.