So how did Jianzhou Jurchen, who was ruled by the Ming Dynasty, oppose the Ming Dynasty? Was the defeat of the Ming Dynasty really just because the commander-in-chief was mediocre? Is the victory of Houjin really just a fluke? Let's step into the17th century and learn about that changeable history.
1. Northeast: The tiger was born between the white mountains and the black waters in the northeast of China, and lived among many ethnic groups with a long history. Nvzhen was a relatively weak one in the political structure of Northeast Asia at that time. Its ancestors can be traced back to Su Shen in the pre-Qin period, which is closely related to the Western Zhou Dynasty. Su Shen was called a tower in the Han Dynasty, unlucky in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, renamed Hong in the Sui Dynasty, and changed to Nvzhen in the late Tang Dynasty. In these thousands of years, although the Central Plains dynasty changed many times, the ancestors of Nuzhen kept close contact with the Central Plains dynasty and made many tributes.
Jurchen in Ming Dynasty was divided into three tribes, one was Jianzhou Jurchen, the other was Haixi Jurchen, and the other was barbarian Jurchen. There are many small tribes under these three tribes. After the establishment of the Ming dynasty, in order to strengthen the rule of the northeast. Starting from the seventh year of Yongle, the Ming Dynasty established a formal administrative organization in the northeast of China, named Nur Daitu Division, which ruled the vast area from Xing 'anling in the north to Sakhalin Island in the east. Administratively, it belongs to the territory of the Ming Dynasty.
Among the three tribes, Jianzhou Jurchen developed the fastest and was a highly developed feudal culture in the middle of Ming Dynasty. There is a simple reason. Jianzhou Jurchen is close to the Han nationality area and is influenced by the economy and culture of the Han nationality area. In this way, the promotion of this niche will be fast.
That's 1559. A baby boy was born in a remote Nuzhen mountain village in the northeast mountainous area. The child's crying broke the silence of the valley. The baby boy's name is Aishenjueluo Nurhachi. Nurhachi has a strong personality and strong leadership. As he grew up, his talent gradually became prominent. In this way, a Siberian tiger is rising. What about the Ming Dynasty in Shanhaiguan?
Second, the Central Plains: In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the emperor ignored political affairs, officials were corrupt, and the people were miserable. Although the beauty of the Ming dynasty is fading, militarily, the Ming dynasty can be described as a master of foreign skills. In the Ming Dynasty, with the help of western missionaries, Governor Sun Dengse established an army with the strongest fighting capacity in China, used western artillery equipment, and even hired western military consultants to train soldiers himself. In addition, the northeast had the strongest army in the world in the late Ming Dynasty, and Li Jianli's Liaodong fighters became the barrier of the northeast. There seems to be no doubt about the military strength of the Ming Dynasty in Northeast China, but how could it be destroyed in less than 100 years?
This has to start with War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and aid Korea in 1592. /kloc-In East Asia at the end of 0/6, a series of unusual changes are taking place within the whole East Asian civilization system, and these changes are concentrated in the Northeast. In A.D. 1592, Japanese Toyotomi Hideyoshi launched a war of aggression against Korea. With the help of the Ming Dynasty, 1598 ended in the defeat of Japan. Japan began to make peace with North Korea, return prisoners and withdraw from North Korea. Toyotomi Hideyoshi's melancholy finally shattered Japan's first East Asian dream, and Japanese troops retreated to the mainland. After this protracted war, the old people in the Ming Empire became even weaker. Liaodong fighters and the northeast barrier that Li worked so hard to build were all lost. Faced with such a situation, the Ming government has been stretched in Liaodong area. This provided an opportunity for the rise of Jurchen.
Third, East Asia:17th century, while the Ming Dynasty carried out the system of imprisonment in Northeast China, Jurchen was slowly moving towards reunification. The conflict between them was completely exposed in the17th century, which had a lot to do with the climate at that time.
17th century is the Little Ice Age in the northern region and the northern hemisphere. The climate characteristics of this era are marked by very active sunspots, which affect a vast area near 40 degrees north latitude and are centered on the Central Plains of the Ming Dynasty. Then the climate in this period has changed significantly, mainly reflected in the frequent occurrence of various natural disasters such as drought, flood and locust plague, which brought great difficulties to the nomadic people in the north, and they had to go south to find living space, which also brought great survival pressure to the mature agricultural civilization and agricultural country in the Central Plains.
A manslaughter became the fuse of the break between the Ming Dynasty and Jurchen.
4. Hatred: The revenge of killing my father. The management of the Jurchen tribe in the Ming Dynasty has always been based on the strategy of "humble and vulgar" and "unifying all its departments", that is, divide and rule and contain each other. One family is not allowed to dominate. Daming has always been the screen vassal of Chahar Mongolia and North Korea, paying attention to balancing the ministries of Jurchen, so Li Lingbing constantly dealt with various forces. In a battle against the Jurchen tribe, Jiao Chang 'an and Taksi were two sons. As compensation, on behalf of the Ming Dynasty, Li appointed the grandson of Jue Chang 'an as the commander of Jianzhou. Little did I know that this newly appointed young man was Nurhachi, who would be all-powerful in the future and shake the foundation of the Ming Dynasty.
Facing the enemy who protected his father in the Ming Dynasty, Nuerhachi was angry and set out to kill the enemy with Shisanjia. At this time, there was already a rift between the Ming Dynasty and Nuerhachi, but Nuerhachi knew that his ability was weak now and the Jurchen tribe was not unified. If he fights against the Ming Dynasty with his present ability, it is tantamount to throwing eggs at stones. So unifying Jurchen became Nurhachi's goal.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Xu Li: Hide one's strength and hide one's strength and hide one's strength. As the left-back governor of Jianzhou, the young Nurhachi once paid tribute to the Central Committee with his pilgrimage team. At that time, Nurhachi's heart began to be restless, because the Central Plains was vast and rich in resources, the great temptation of imperial power, and the revenge of killing his father buried in his heart. We can review the hardships of Nurhachi's reunification. From A.D. 1583, Nurhachi gathered the strength left by his ancestors and began to unify the ministries of the Jurchen State. By AD 1603, the city of Hetuala was built, and Nuerhachi soon realized the unification of the ministries of the Jurchen State. He avoided conflicts with Nuzhen on the west coast, wooed and cooperated with Mongolia and North Korea, showed obedience to the central government of the Ming Dynasty, and made good friends every year.
According to the records of the Ming Dynasty, Nurhachi read two "Outlaws of the Three Kingdoms" and claimed that he had a strategy. The old Manchu wooden slips preserved now illustrate this point. In addition to strengthening self-improvement, Nurhachi ordered the creation of Manchu in 1599 with the pronunciation of Mongolian letters and Jurchen language, further completing his great cause of unifying the ministries of Jurchen. In A.D. 16 16, Nurhachi traced back to his ancestor, the Jurchen regime of the Northern Song Dynasty, and established a new regime-Dajin, which was called Houjin in history. He claimed to be committed to raising the wise Khan of other countries, changed his destiny and began to learn the political culture of the Central Plains.
Facing more and more ministries and commissions and more and more perfect ruling institutions, Nuerhachi looked at the sharp minions after the reunification of Nuerhachi and looked up at the Ming Dynasty, which was as old as teeth. Pulled out his machete.
The decisive battle of intransitive verbs: The first battle 16 18 AD, Nurhachi officially launched an attack on Ming with the slogan of seven great hates, and Fushun was defeated in World War I.
In A.D. 16 19, faced with the rapid rise of the late Jin Dynasty in Liaodong, the Ming Dynasty assembled several armies, led by Yang Hao, commander-in-chief of Liaodong, with more than 88,000 people. North Korea took General Jiang Hongli as the commander-in-chief of the five capitals, leading 13000 people to help. In addition, Ye Infantry, who had not surrendered in Nurhachi, also came to participate in the war, and the total strength reached.
Although Nuerhachi has only 60,000 troops and is at a disadvantage, he is bold and straightforward. He came with him several times, but I only went all the way. This is the battle of Salhu, where Nurhachi became famous in World War I. He won more with less and won incisively and vividly. Liu Ling and Juniper both died in the late Ming Dynasty. After this war, the power contrast between Ming and Jin changed fundamentally.
Seven. Reason: The reason for winning or losing is the failure of the Ming Dynasty. At that time, it was mainly the result of the lack of unified dispatch and coordinated operations of several armies in the Ming Dynasty. Finally, it was defeated by the ruler, which led to the defeat of the whole game. In fact, if we analyze it carefully, the reason for this situation is that the management of the army in the Ming Dynasty has been rampant for a long time, the field troops lacked training, and the hearts of soldiers were floating, which made the army collapse as soon as it encountered an emergency, and it was impossible to organize effective defense or counterattack measures quickly. From front-line soldiers to court ministers, even the emperor himself is responsible. Therefore, the failure of this war reflected the decline of military, administration and system in the late Ming Dynasty. We can say that the Ming dynasty will fail in a certain battle in the future, even if it did not fail in the battle of Salhu.
On the other hand, Nurhachi's victory was not a fluke. Nurhachi is not only brave, but also resourceful. Conquered the Nuzhen ministries in the East China Sea to the east, annexed the Nuzhen ministries to the west, initially established a ruling order, and established a ruling form of unifying the people with flags, preparing for war with flags, farming with flags, and integrating military and political affairs. This is the Eight Banners system implemented by Manchu rulers. The so-called Eight Banners are yellow, white, red and blue.
The Eight Banners system is actually a kind of property relationship, which solves the problems of its distribution and property ownership. In case of war, all the so-called eight families will fight and share the spoils together. In fact, the most important thing for these ethnic minority leaders is their ability to organize and call. Genghis Khan is like this, so is Nurhachi, but the most important ability is to provide an organizational form for everyone to follow him. The Eight Banners system founded by Nurhachi obviously conforms to this law. From this point of view, Nurhachi was doomed to win the battle of Salhu, on the contrary, the Ming Dynasty was doomed to failure.
As Mr. Huang Renyu commented: "The Ming Dynasty could not exert its own strength and cite military science and technology, which was not only manifested in the moment, but also in the background of bureaucratic organization and social state and accumulated habits. 16 19 this year is nothing more than ruthlessly exposing weaknesses. "
From this perspective, any declining dynasty, even if it can win the battle, will eventually lose the whole country.