Zheng's family life is described in detail in Zheng's Password.
Yimen Zheng lives in Renyi, Gande Township, Pujiang, Zhejiang. His distant ancestor Zheng Qi was also a member of the same clan in the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty. Fourth, Sun Xuanhe's brothers were framed by their enemies, and the two brothers fought for imprisonment. Dexuan finally died in prison. Zhang De regards his brother's son Zheng as his own son, and his filial piety is well known all over the world (Song Shi Zheng Qi Chuan)
When Zheng was in power, ten generations lived under one roof for two and a half centuries, and the people dared not hide a penny. Yuan Wuzong (in1308 ~131year) called it "Yimen".
Si Wen's cousin Wen Rong (Taihe) presided over the housework and made 58 family rules, which made the management more strict. Therefore, the Yuan Dynasty * * * was exempted from the labor of this clan (Biography of Zheng Yuan).
By the Ming Dynasty, there were hundreds of people in the Zheng family, some of whom entered politics.
Zheng Lian arrived in Nanjing with food, and Zhu Yuanzhang (reigned from 1368 to 1398) summoned him and asked him about his way of managing the family, which showed his keen interest in this family.
After Hu was killed, the Zheng family was implicated, and Zheng Lian and Zheng Huan were imprisoned one after another.
Zhu Yuanzhang said after knowing it, such a kind family would not rebel and need no interrogation. He further appointed Zhuo Zhen as the left senator.
When the East Palace was short of officials, the Ming Dynasty appointed him as the left bastard of Chunfang, recruited Zheng Baiyi as the minister of rites, drew Zheng's Yimen as the suggestion, and Zheng Tangguan as the academician courtyard for review.
Zhu Yunwen (in 1399 ~ 1402) wrote a plaque for the Zheng family, and when he went to Ming Xianzong (in 1465 ~ 1487), he praised Zheng Weixiaomen again (Biography of Zheng Lian in Ming Dynasty).
Zheng experienced the history of cohabitation in Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties.
Zheng Jiagui, revised and supplemented by Zheng Xuan, Zheng Tao, Zheng Xuan and others, reached 65,438+068 articles, named Zheng's Code, which was published in the world.
Later, we included the book Xue Hai Class, and now we mainly investigate the living conditions of Zheng people according to this standard.
The parents of the Zheng family are brothers and sisters, and the son is not necessarily a patriarch.
According to the Ming Dynasty's biography of Zheng Lian, since Zheng, the teachings of our ancestors are as follows:
Zheng Siwen → Zheng Wenrong
↓
Qin Zheng → Juzheng → Zheng Ming → Zheng Xuan
↓
Kevin·Z → Zheng Lian → Zheng.
As can be seen from the name, Zheng Yi used the word "Wen", one generation used the word "Jin" and the younger generation used the word "water".
Brothers are brothers and sisters, and respecting age and seniority is the law of inheritance.
The Zheng family owns a lot of land, including 150 mu for sacrifice and 1500 mu for marriage. I don't know how much land there is in total. Judging from the above two items, there must be a lot.
Land rent is the main source of Zheng economy.
In addition, Zheng also has income from shops, trees and animal husbandry.
With these benefits, the Zheng family can live together, eat, wear, live, travel, get married, run education, treat guests and help neighbors, and all the funds come from this.
The costumes of Zheng people are in charge of the specially designed leader of shame clothes. People receive summer clothes and materials in April and winter clothes in September to change the season.
Zheng's men and women started collecting clothes at the age of one. /kloc-men under 0/6 collect cloth, those under 40 collect some silk outside the cloth, and those over 40 collect all silk, and all of them collect clothing expenses at the same time.
A special stand-up gown worn by men when they are crowned.
In addition, new headscarves and shoes are needed every year.
Women take clothes in the same way as men, only once every two years.
When a girl is in her thirties, she can get a pair of silver ornaments.
On the second day of the Four Seasons Sacrifice, women will also receive materials for making shoes, hair oil, powder, needles, flowers and other needlework and cosmetics from the chiefs wearing shame hats.
Women need to dye cloth and find a maid to arrange it, but the amount of dyeing in each room should be unified to avoid competition.
Zheng has two caterers, who are responsible for everyone's meals, arrange and urge the kitchen staff to prepare meals in time so that ordinary people can eat at that time.
When people are over 60 years old, they will be taken care of, eat a diet suitable for their own tastes, and be cooked by one person in the canteen.
The caterer will be punished if he doesn't work hard.
Men under 30 are not allowed to drink alcohol, and those over 30 can only drink less. If they drink too much and make noise, they will be punished and hit the board.
Women are not allowed to drink alcohol, and only a little is allowed over 50 years old.
People who eat the same food can't satisfy their appetite, so they want to cook by themselves. If they do this, they will be reprimanded the first time and punished the second time.
Women and patients in confinement can cook by themselves, because this is a special need.
Personal relatives and friends came, and the dining hall prepared meals, but the banquet had to end early, and it was not allowed to go to the next table. 10 or more people are not allowed to hold a banquet at night.
It's not that I can't afford to prepare meals, but that I'm afraid of breaking simple customs.
Young people who are not crowned at school are not allowed to eat meat, so as to form the habit of suffering hardships and know that daily necessities are hard to come by.
Daily necessities other than food and clothing were also purchased by the court and distributed equally to each room.
Personally want to use good and pleasant things, of course not. If they buy it privately, it is not allowed, because the room is uneven and it is easy to cause jealousy and competition.
Because the daily necessities come from the imperial court, individuals can't have any private wealth.
If a clansman buys land privately and hides gold, silver and money, his parents know about it and call him to the ancestral temple for punishment, and all private property is confiscated.
If the people don't obey, they will take the defendant to the government and be executed for unfilial crimes.
As for children and grandchildren accepting gifts from relatives and friends, then
If you want to hand it over to the court, you can't leave it alone. There is naturally no personal burden on returning gifts, which will be handled by the court.
Daughter-in-law's family is rich and poor, so their dowry will be different from the usual gift, so the things worn by sisters-in-law will also be different. In order to make the poor have no complaints, parents will only give away some things owned by others in the poor family according to the situation.
The Zheng family attaches great importance to ancestor worship, and ancestral temple sacrifice is an important part of people's lives.
There are many days for public sacrifices of all ethnic groups. On the first, fifteenth and first day of April every month, we all go to the ancestral temple to offer sacrifices. On New Year's Day and Cold Food Festival, and on the first day of October, we go to the grave to offer sacrifices. Grandsons of all families pay their own sacrifices on the anniversary of their ancestors' death. Sacrificial vessels and costumes are special and cannot be used for other purposes.
When people attend the sacrifice, they dress neatly, don't laugh, don't say anything, salute respectfully, don't leave at will, don't stretch, don't yawn, or even sneeze or cough.
When ancestors died, they didn't drink, eat meat, listen to music or share a room with their wives.
Reading genealogy to commemorate the birth of the ancestor, women are not allowed to attend grave sweeping.
After Wang Shuo visited the ancestral temple, he held a ceremony to teach his children. The patriarch sat in the hall, and men and women of all ethnic groups stood under the hall, beating drums 24 times. One of the children sang, "Listen, listen, listen!" " Sons should be filial to their loved ones, wives should respect their husbands, brothers should love their brothers, and brothers should respect their brothers.
Listen, listen, listen! Don't be selfish in order to hinder the righteous cause, don't be lazy for feelings, don't be extravagant for doing things, don't hurt people's feelings with women's words, don't cross in order to disturb others' families, and don't worry about making mistakes. One thing here is that there are good and bad, and good and bad are true. "Listen, people come, and then sit down and listen to the story of filial piety, just dispersed.
Moral and cultural education should be given to children and young people to train their ability to handle affairs.
Children begin to learn etiquette at the age of five, attend the memorial service in Wang Shuo, go to school at the age of eight, and go abroad to work at the age of 12, and can read 2 1 year. If they gain fame, they have the right to continue their studies, otherwise they will engage in family management activities.
During the study period, I am disciplined, live in the dormitory at night, and are not allowed to enter middle school.
/kloc-after the age of 0/6, if you can recite the Four Books and Five Classics and explain your righteousness, you can hold the coronation ceremony, but it will not be held until 2 1 year old; If the younger brother reaches the standard, he must be crowned first, humiliating his younger brother and promoting his study.
Children crowned at school will be endorsed in turn on 10. If they can't recite it once, they will take off their headscarves and fail three times, as if they were not crowned, as a sign of punishment.
The purpose of learning Confucian classics is to understand etiquette and righteousness before resigning.
Don't read indecent books. Any book with * * * words or spells will not only be read, but also burned.
Young people who take part in housework strive for the ability to handle affairs, such as following the housekeeper to the official hall, learning to handle affairs and dealing with interpersonal relationships.
When you are old, especially in your seventies, you don't have to go out to work.
The marriage of young ethnic minority men and women shall be arranged by their parents.
Choosing a marriage partner is not greedy for money, but whether you have a gentle family and a family history.
When getting married, the groom wears a coat, headscarf and shoes specially made for him, and the wedding ceremony is conducted according to the etiquette formulated by Zhu.
The bride visited the ancestral temple for three days and visited her parents, who told her the family rules.
People are not allowed to take concubinage. When they are 40 years old and have no sons, they can take a concubine, but they cannot go to court.
When a woman gets married is decided by her parents and elders. If her parents decide to get engaged when she is young, the patriarch will be dissatisfied because she is not involved, and will not give a dowry when she gets married.
When the daughter and son-in-law return to the door, the court will give them gifts, and individuals may not send them any more.
The funeral expenses of the clansmen come from the imperial court, so don't be happy when you go out. If the children and grandchildren do not drink or eat meat during the mourning period, the offenders will be punished as unfilial.
Zheng doesn't believe in Buddhism and Taoism, nor is he superstitious about Yin and Yang, but he insists on Confucian funerals.
The Zheng family and its members have a set of principles for dealing with relatives and friends.
The court has two guests, who are responsible for receiving guests, preparing tea and meals, and staying overnight.
There are guest houses in the imperial court, even if the closest relatives come, they will not live in the inner room, but all live in the guest house.
For parents-in-law, the holiday gifts are given once a year, and the weddings and funerals are sent separately.
Relatives, rich or poor, have the same talent.
Zheng's daughter got married and gave birth to her first child. At the full moon, the Zheng family gave gifts, but rebirth was not given.
When in-laws meet for the first time, they give each other money and silk as gifts, not gold and silver and their products, and they don't accept rich gifts.
The court also took care of the Zheng clan relatives who did not belong to the scope of cohabitation.
If the clan is poor and powerless, marriage subsidies; In case of disaster, six buckets of grain will be given every month since spring, and the harvest will be stopped in autumn; Set up compulsory schools to receive clan children to study for free; For the homeless, allocate housing to live; For childless clans, help them establish their descendants and give them a small amount of financial assistance; Clans without winter clothes and quilts should also be funded; Establish a memorial hall to commemorate those who have no descendants among their people.
Zheng pays attention to dealing with neighborhood relations.
Establish cemeteries for the poor; When a poor family gives birth to a child, it will be sent to the "help porridge valley", with two buckets of five liters; Villagers lack food, loans, no interest; The villagers are sick and give medicinal materials as appropriate; Repair bridges and pave roads to facilitate villagers' walking; Don't even accept small gifts for villagers.
Dealing with the internal relations of Zheng people is a very noteworthy thing in life.
Children and grandchildren should formally address their elders, but not by their first names; Address between brothers, use words, and add names of brothers or brothers; Between husband and wife, between sister-in-law, words are commensurate; Don't boast of a teenager who is not crowned. I hope he will grow up in all aspects and get the society.
Will admit, admit his reputation, everyone will respect him; Sons and nephews can only sit with their uncles at the age of 60, otherwise they will be punished; When you are young and feel inferior, you should listen to the teachings of your elders. Even if your brother is only one day old, your younger brother should listen. The elders blame the children, even if it is not true, the children should listen patiently and not argue; When the elders admonish their children, they should also seek truth from facts and pay attention to attitude and language. Only when they have to, will they gather everyone together and give them a whip.
Men in the Zheng family have many rules to follow.
Get up early in the morning when you hear the bell, sign the book of rejuvenation, and then do your own thing; The imperial court has a book of exhortation and punishment, which records the merits and demerits of the people, and also has "exhortation" and "punishment" cards to commend or warn those who have made meritorious deeds; Ethnic minority personnel should dress appropriately, barefoot without towels or bare arms, and dancing is not allowed; When meeting guests, you should show due courtesy, speak solemnly, and don't mix proverbs; Be careful in making friends, don't associate with villains; Ethnic minorities are not allowed to be small officials, nor are they allowed to become monks or Taoist priests; Individuals can't donate statues of Buddhist temples and shrines, and can't sacrifice gods for ghosts and gods; People can't compete with others for profits and avoid extravagance and thrift; Ethnic minorities are not allowed to make friends with singers or introduce others; I can't compose music, I can't play chess, I can't play gobang, I can't keep an eagle dog. Do not oppress your neighbor, nor seek people's property; No gambling.
If a clansman violates the above rules, his parents will gather all the people and punish him for bowing down. As long as you are one year older than him, you have to kneel down 30 times to humiliate him. If he doesn't repent, he will be beaten. If you don't repent, you will be expelled from the clan, removed from the clan map and sent to the government for punishment. If he repents, he will return to his family in three years.
There are also corresponding regulations for women.
Women who violate the "seven out" regulations will be taught a lesson and even driven out of the house; If a woman wants to manage the external affairs of the family, she will be punished; The bride enters the door and receives half a year's education to familiarize herself with Zheng's family rules; Women take turns cooking, 60 years old free; The bride began to serve three months after entering the door.
On duty in the kitchen, whoever fails to arrive without reason will be punished by her husband; Women spin and weave together during the day, do needlework and embroidery, and do their best; Women raise silkworms from their own rooms, and silks go to court. In addition, one-tenth of the producers are rewarded, one-tenth of the weavers' products are woven with palace silk and cotton, and the rest are sold by the court as clothing expenses. If the cloth is not well woven, give it to our room as a distribution material as a punishment; If the daughter-in-law has parents, she is allowed to go to her mother's house. Although her parents died, she couldn't walk around. There is a happy funeral in her family, and she has to entrust someone to express her heart. Some of the relatives of the daughter-in-law are monks and Taoists, and they can't communicate according to family rules; On the second and sixteenth day of each month, women
* * *, listen to people explain the story of ancient virtuous ladies; Women who give birth to baby girls are not allowed to drown, and offenders will be prosecuted; When the girl reaches the age of 8, her mother will no longer take her to her grandmother's house, nor will other close relatives, otherwise her mother will be punished; Women can't use hairdressers to cut their hair, because men and women don't give and receive each other; Zheng women can't associate with peasant women, let alone introduce bedrooms; Zheng men and women have different toilets and bathrooms. Hot water is supplied in spring and summer, and women can take a bath every 10 day.
A large family of several hundred people, in order to maintain its living order and maintain the prosperity of the family, must formulate strict rules and regulations, not only to manage people to be loyal to their duties and develop the family business, but also to be disciplined and content with their duties, and there are too many places to guard against.
Human life is guaranteed, but it is against human will to control it too tightly.
For example, it is against human nature to prohibit women from intimate contact with their parents; Sacrificial activities and court education are rigid in form, monotonous in content and naturally boring; It is not easy to accept the punishment of ethics and public humiliation.
So people's lives in this kind of family will not be happy.
The advocator of Zheng Lian's generation is just a mediocre person who "Xiu De speaks" and is not worthy of praise.
This is the comment of historian Lv Simian, which is both sharp and profound.
The patriarchal clan system in China is maintained by its own economic strength, that is, the clan has cultivated land.
For example, in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the system of enfeoffment was implemented, and the emperor (in bulk) granted the fief to the princes (in small clans) with the same surname, and the small clans United around the bulk.
After the feudal system of Zhou Dynasty was destroyed, the patriarchal clan system of Zhou Dynasty could not be realized.
In order to maintain the clan in the future world, it is not enough to rely on the power of patriarchal ethics and the support of the state. People know that to "gather clans", it is necessary to have the common economy of clans, that is, to link clans together with economic power.
Fan's Yizhuang and Zheng Yimen's Yimen are both creating the common economy of the clans, uniting the clans in the ancestral hall and keeping them together for a long time.
The fiefs of the patriarchal clan system in the Western Zhou Dynasty were generally implemented within the clan, and Yizhuang only appeared in a few clans since the Song and Ming Dynasties. Judging from the integrity of the patriarchal clan system, it was impossible in the Song and Ming Dynasties. Therefore, Fan Yizhuang and Zheng Yimen appeared. It is a new measure to continue the declining patriarchal clan system.
This does not reflect the strong vitality of the patriarchal clan system, nor does it mean that it will disappear soon. However, people have to think that the patriarchal clan system in China has a long-term continuity.