First, the principles that should be adhered to in the teaching of historical figures
1. To evaluate historical figures, we must adhere to Marxist materialist dialectics.
(1) We should look at the emergence of outstanding historical figures from the viewpoint of "universal connection". Marxist materialist dialectics holds that everything in the world is interrelated and restricted, and the existence of all things and phenomena is conditional and restricted by specific historical conditions around them. Some things can only be produced under certain conditions, develop under certain conditions and tend to perish under certain conditions. The evaluation of historical figures can not be separated from the analysis of the historical era and social contradictions in which he lived, especially the analysis of social basic contradictions such as productivity and production relations, economic base and superstructure, so as to find out the social basis for the emergence of historical figures, that is, to avoid deifying heroes and demanding historical figures by modern standards.
(2) We should treat historical figures in a dichotomy to prevent total affirmation or total negation.
Lenin pointed out: "It is the essence of dialectics to divide a unified thing into two parts and understand its contradictory parts." Mao Zedong popularly summarized the method of analyzing contradictions as "two-point theory", that is, "one divides into two". It is necessary to evaluate historical figures. Such as Confucius, as an educator, many of his educational thoughts are still worthy of recognition; As a thinker, his political ideals and ideas are conservative and reactionary, in order to save slavery that has entered a dead end. However, his moral concept of "benevolence" contains a certain "democratic essence", which can play a role in alleviating stage contradictions and is conducive to social stability and development. Therefore, his thoughts will be used for reference and transformed in the Han Dynasty and become feudalism for two thousand years. Another example is Qin Shihuang's establishment of the first centralized feudal state, which ended the separatist regime of governors, unified China and promoted the development of social productive forces. However, his tyrannical rule made the Qin Dynasty a short-lived dynasty. Another example is Yue Fei, an anti-gold hero. He is a fairy, but after all, he is a general of the landlord class, so he suppressed the peasant uprising. ……
2. Historical materialism should be adhered to when evaluating historical figures.
On the premise of affirming that the people are the creators of history, the historical materialism recognizes that the activities of outstanding figures play an important role in promoting the development of history.
Outstanding figures are the inevitable product of historical development. No outstanding person can determine the basic trend of social development, but their appearance conforms to the trend of historical development. Excellent people, because of various conditions, can see higher and farther than others. Their thoughts can reflect the historical development trend at that time, reflect some progressive wishes and demands of people at that time, and play the role of initiator and organizer, such as Sun Yat-sen, the leader of previous peasant uprisings in history and the forerunner of bourgeois revolution. ...
When evaluating historical figures, it should also be noted that different outstanding figures have different positive roles in history due to different subjective and objective conditions. Outstanding people born under the same objective conditions have different personal qualities and will because of their different understanding of social development trends and the correct degree of reflecting people's demands, which also has a certain impact on their role, such as the difference between proletarian revolutionary leaders and bourgeois leftists; Differences among proletarian revolutionary leaders.
Second, the teaching of historical figures should have a clear teaching purpose and master the correct teaching methods.
1. To teach historical figures, it is necessary to analyze historical figures, so that students can get ideological education while understanding historical facts and mastering historical knowledge.
The ultimate goal of telling historical figures is to educate students and learn useful things from historical figures. For example, let students learn the selfless spirit of "being fair" by talking about Dayu's "three rooms are forbidden"; To tell the story of the King of Yue's "sleeping hard and tasting courage", we should explain that the country is weak and not bullied, and strive to inspire students to revitalize the patriotic spirit of China; Tell the heroic deeds of Wei Qing and Huo Qubing, and let students learn their spirit of dedication to the country; Tell the story of Zhang Qian and Ban Chao, educate students to serve the country and safeguard national unity; Fan Zhongyan dares to put forward reform measures against the disadvantages of the times, always keeps national security in mind, and lets students learn his thought of "worrying about the world first, and enjoying the world later". By telling stories step by step, from the shallow to the deep, students can finally make a correct understanding and reasonable evaluation of historical figures and receive rich ideological education.
2. The choice of methods should conform to the specific reality of students' thinking development and historical figures' activities, so that the transition from historical facts to ideological education is natural and students are not stiff.
Take educating students to learn the noble qualities of heroes as an example. If we just list historical facts and speak them out directly, students will not be easily educated, but one or two typical examples or heroes will achieve good results. For example, Tan Sitong's noble quality of devoting himself to political reform can be discussed from three aspects. First, the political reform failed. He didn't run away and died for his country. After waiting at home for three days, he was arrested by die-hards. Second, the prison is strong and unyielding; He wrote a poem calmly: "I am eager to stop thinking about James Zhang, and I will treat Dugan for a long time. I will laugh at the sky with a horizontal knife and save my courage. " The third is from ruin on the execution ground. Three aspects show their noble qualities incisively and vividly in four or five minutes, which can resonate with students. For another example, when talking about the noble quality of Li Dazhao's dedication to communism, in order to show his bravery and perseverance after suffering, we can highlight the scene of the enemy sticking a bamboo stick with his fingers, so that students can naturally associate it with the mirror image of ten fingers together and feel admiration from the heart. In order to show his belief, he emphatically quoted his last impassioned speech, that is, "you can't hang up the great communism just because you have covered me today;" We have trained many comrades, such as seeds scattered everywhere in safflower; We are convinced that communism will surely win brilliant victories in the world and China. "
In teaching, we should choose a variety of teaching methods.
For example, using various intuitive means to make historical figures "live", so that students have the feeling of being there, and they are influenced and infected in the living history teaching; By contrast, while telling positive figures, vividly expose and tell the faces and sins of national scum, national thieves, revolutionary traitors and reactionary forces in history, and cultivate students' sense of revolutionary justice with clear love and hatred. You can also use poems, words, songs, folk songs, couplets, comments, novels and so on. To illustrate the activities of historical figures. For example, Emperor Taizong's more enlightened national policy, we can quote a sentence he said: "Since ancient times, we have been accusing China of being a thief and a barbarian, and we are United and friendly as one family." To talk about Qi Jiguang's patriotic spirit, we can quote two lines from his poems: "It's not my intention to be a marquis, and may the world be peaceful." Talking about Wu Zetian's rule can lead to Guo Moruo's evaluation of her: "politics opens up a new era and governs macro chastity." So that Wu Zetian's status and achievements are clear at a glance. You can also use the birthdays and anniversaries of important people to make special reports on them.