1, 1627, Battle of Ding Mao, Lee's Korean defeat, peace, about the brotherly country;

2. 1636, in the battle of C-Zi, Li was defeated by North Korea and became a vassal state of the Qing Dynasty;

3. 1685- 1686, the battle of jaxa, the defeat of Russia and Russia, the treaty of Nebuchadnezzar;

4. 1765- 1770, the Qing-Myanmar War, and Myanmar signed a peace treaty;

5. 1788- 1789, the battle against Ruan Hui in Annan, the sum of (Nguy?n Hu?) Annan (Vietnam);

6. 1788- 1792, the Qing Dynasty counterattacked the Battle of Gurkha, and Gurkha (now Nepal) China won and defended Tibetan territory;

7. 1840- 1842, The First Opium War, British Victory, treaty of nanking;

8. 1856- 1860, Second Opium War, Britain and France (supported by Russia and the United States), Britain and France won, Russia gained, Tianjin Treaty and Beijing Treaty;

9. 1875- 1878, the Qing army counterattacked Agubo to recover Xinjiang, and China, a vast country (supported by Russia and Britain), won and recovered Xinjiang;

10, 1883- 1885, Sino-French War, China's defeat without a fight, Sino-French New Testament, etc.

1 1, 1894- 1895, Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japan won, treaty of shimonoseki;

12, 1900 Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China, and the six countries of Britain, France, Germany, Russia, the United States, Italy and Austria and the Treaty of Xin Chou won;

13, 1900, the northeast military and civilians fought against the invasion of Russia, and Russia won, but failed to realize its "Yellow Russia Plan" and the "Treaty on the Collection and Handover of the Three Northeast Provinces of China and Russia".

Second, there was a foreign war in the early Qing Dynasty.

1, 1627, Battle of Ding Mao, Lee's Korean defeat, peace, about the brotherly country.

The Battle of Ding Mao was a battle between China (Ming Dynasty) and the late Jin Dynasty of Korea from January to April in the seventh year of the Apocalypse (1627). The North Korean side called it the "Ding Mao Rebellion". After this campaign, in order to eliminate the hair of Dongjiang Town in Ming Dynasty and relieve the worries of going south, Jin took advantage of the opportunity of winter ice to besiege Dongjiang. With the cooperation of North Koreans, it didn't achieve much, so he angered North Korea and turned to plunder North Korea. The Ming army returned good for evil, aided the division into the DPRK, and drove the late Jin army back to the north bank of the Yalu River. The participants in this campaign suffered heavy losses, but the strategic goal of Houjin was not realized, and the valuable effective force was lost.

In the Battle of Ding Mao, A Min, the coach of the late Jin Dynasty, was furious with North Korea when the raid on Tieshan failed and the storm did not stop. He wants to "make up the east and make up the west" and even intends to be king in North Korea. Instead of success, he pushed North Korea into the Ming Dynasty. This reflects A Min's reckless and impetuous character. In the later period of the campaign, with the warmer weather, the late Jin army, mainly cavalry, was very passive and might even be trapped south of the Yalu River. However, A Min repeatedly refused to withdraw its troops, which eventually caused heavy losses in the final battle of Pingshan.

The battle of Ding Mao made Huang Taiji's strategic failure to solve the Ming army in Dongjiang Town by military means, and he had to turn to diplomatic and political means to solve it. However, Huang Taiji used the Ming army to weaken the strength of A Min's blue flag and Azig's white flag, and relieved their threat to his sweat position. It can be said that no matter whether the "Battle of Ding Mao" at the end of Jin Dynasty was successful militarily or not, it was a victory for Huang Taiji personally.

2. 1636, Lee Korea was defeated in the Battle of C-Zi and became a vassal state of the Qing Dynasty.

The Battle of Bingzi refers to the war in which the Qing Dynasty invaded Korea from the first year of Chongde (1636) to the second year of Chongde (1637). This is the second large-scale invasion of Korea by Manchu since the establishment of Nurhachi, and Korea became a vassal state of the Qing Dynasty. Huang taiji immediately withdrew his troops and returned to China.

After the war, according to the agreement, North Korea was forced to break off diplomatic relations with the Ming Dynasty, accept the knighthood of the Qing Dynasty and become a vassal state of the Qing Dynasty. North Korea set up a welcoming gate to welcome the Qing envoys. From 1637 to 188 1, North Korea received envoys from the Qing Dynasty 16 1 time. North Korea paid tribute to the Qing Dynasty four times a year (1644 later changed to once a year) until the Qing Dynasty was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War.

From the perspective of North Korea, this war: the invasion of the late Jin Dynasty/Qing Dynasty caused great disasters to the Korean people; Make Korea a vassal country of the Qing dynasty; It increased the burden on the Korean economy and accelerated the decline of the Korean dynasty.

From the point of view of Qing Dynasty, Huang Taiji used soldiers in Korea twice, which turned the hostile relationship between Korea and Qing Dynasty into a relationship between monarch and minister. Obtaining supplies from North Korea changed from the enemy's base to its own rear, relieving the worries of exploring Mongolia in the west and attacking the Ming Dynasty in the south.

3, 1685- 1686, the battle of jaxa, the defeat of Russia, and the signing of the Nebuchadnezzar Treaty.

The Battle of jaxa, from the 24th year to the 27th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1685- 1688), China's army fought two panic wars against the invading Russian army in order to recover the territory of jaxa. This is the first self-defense counterattack between China and Russia.

From the last years of Shunzhi to the early years of Kangxi, Russia occupied the territory of China, Nebuchadnezzar (now Nebuchadnezzar, Russia) and Chahar, and built castles and fortifications there. It is also a stronghold, constantly harassing and plundering the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang. Emperor Kangxi sent envoys to negotiate many times and warned the Russian army of the above aggression, but it didn't work. This made Emperor Kangxi realize that only by force can the Russian invaders be expelled. So in the second year (1682), he went to Kanto to patrol.

In the first month of the 24th year of Kangxi, on the basis of fully preparing for the recovery action, Emperor Kangxi ordered the commander-in-chief Peng Chun to be in charge of general print, Heilongjiang, and direct the recovery of jaxa. In the first battle of jaxa, China won.

After the war, the Qing army slackened, and Russia focused on attacking jaxa. In February of the 25th year of Kangxi, Emperor Kangxi immediately ordered Sabusu to repair warships at the same speed, led two thousand troops to attack jaxa, and ordered Lin to lead four hundred Fujianese rattan soldiers to participate in the war. After the siege of 1 year, the Russian government saw that Jacques Castle was in danger, and quickly sent a delegation to Beijing in September of the 26th year of Kangxi, expressing its willingness to negotiate with the Qing government on the border issue and demanding that the Qing army withdraw from the siege of Jacques Castle. Seeing that the Tsar was sincere in peace talks, Emperor Kangxi agreed to his request and allowed the remnants of the Russian invading army to withdraw to Nebuchadnezzar Chu. The second battle of jaxa ended in the victory of China's army. After that, the envoys of the two countries repeatedly negotiated in Nebuchadnezzar, the Qing court ceded Nebuchadnezzar, and the Russian army withdrew from jaxa to reach an agreement. On July 24th, 28th year of Kangxi, China and Russia signed the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty (namely, the Heilongjiang Border Treaty), which defined the eastern border of China and Russia in the form of law.

4. 1765- 1770 Myanmar signed a peace treaty during the Qing-Myanmar War.

The Qing-Myanmar War, also known as the China-Myanmar War, was a war between China and Myanmar at the end of18th century for the control of territory and resources in the border areas. The war began in the winter of 1762, when Myanmar invaded Pu 'er, Yunnan, and China fought back in self-defense. It ended with the signing of the armistice contract on June 1769+0 16. Seven years later, although the powerful Qing Dynasty achieved nominal submission to Myanmar, it failed to win the real war and suffered heavy losses. In the "all-out martial arts" of Emperor Qianlong, the Burma War is the only one that is controversial.

In this campaign, Fu Heng, the etiquette, was the runner, Ali Zhou and Pell were the lieutenants, Shuhed was the counselor, and Ening was the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou.

The influence of the war brought about great political changes in Indochina Peninsula: when the Qing-Myanmar War broke out, Myanmar was at war with its historical enemy Siam, and it was attacked by the Qing army just after it was wiped out. Myanmar, which was empty at home, was forced to leave only 3,000 troops in Siam, and the whole army returned to China to resist the attack of the Qing Dynasty. Zheng Xin in Siam was thus able to defeat other separatist forces in China, repel Burmese soldiers and rebuild Siam. Of course, the Qing government didn't know for a long time that it caused this great change in Indochina Peninsula, which not only weakened Myanmar, but also saved Siam. On the contrary, I am worried that I can't defeat the "Nanman Little Barbarian" in its heyday.

After the Burma War, after a lapse of 18 years, that is, in April of the fifty-third year of Qianlong (A.D. 1788), in response to the pressure from neighboring countries such as Siam, King Meng Yunlian of Myanmar took the initiative to improve relations with China and sent envoys to pay tribute to China, which ended successfully. In other words, China-Myanmar relations have been reintegrated into the tributary system in East Asia, and China has gained face and Myanmar has benefited.

5. 1788- 1789, the battle against Ruan Hui in Annan, the sum of (Nguy?n Hu?) Annan (Vietnam);

The battle of the Qing army attacking Annan Ruan Hui was a war in which the Qing army attacked Nguy?n Hu? in the south to restore Shi Li, the king of Annan (now Vietnam).

In June of the fifty-third year of Qianlong, Li Weiqi, king of Annan, was driven away by his minister Nguy?n Hu?, and his mother and wife knocked on the customs for reform. At that time, Annan was a vassal state of the Qing Dynasty, and Li's kings were conferred by the Qing Dynasty. In August, Emperor Qianlong ordered Sun Shiyi, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, to pre-dispatch thousands of soldiers and horses and station them at the border. Xu Shi Heng, the prefect of Guangxi, was ordered to lead thousands of troops to assemble and stand by in Nanguan Town (now Friendship Pass).

1at the end of 0/0, the Qing army went south to make a conquest under the slogan of "rise and fall the country, follow the peerless world". Emperor Qianlong ordered Sun Shiyi and Xu to lead 10000 troops from Guangdong and Guangxi to leave Nanguan Town, 8,000 troops went straight to Licheng, Annan and Tokyo (now Hanoi), and 2,000 troops were stationed in lang son, Annan (between Nanguan Town and Hanoi) as solidarity, and ensured the rear road of the Qing army. Wu Dajing, the governor of Yunnan Province, was ordered to lead 8000 troops, and passed through Mabaiguan (now Maguan) in Hua Kai Hall (now Wenshan) in Yunnan Province, crossed the Zhaijie River and entered Annan. Fu Guang, governor of Yunnan-Guizhou Province, was ordered to station in Dulong (now Maguan South) to supervise traffic.

After the Qing army breached three lines of defense in Ruan Jun, it arrived in Licheng. Ruan has retreated to Guangnan, which is more than 2000 miles away from Licheng. Sun Shiyi proclaimed that Li Weiqi was crowned King Annan. Nguy?n Hu? was defeated, but its main strength still exists in thousands. On New Year's Eve in 1954, just as the Qing army was celebrating the festival, Ruan Jun suddenly launched a fierce attack, and the Qing army suddenly fell into chaos. Annan King Li Weiqi left with his family. Sun Shiyi hurried back to the army and returned home from Fulianghe, with less than half of his troops. The prefect Xu and the company commander Zhang were both killed.

Emperor Qianlong was furious and ordered Sun Shiyi to be removed and Fu Kang 'an to be the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. After Nguy?n Hu? occupied Li Cheng, he joined forces with Siam (now Thailand) and sent envoys to surrender to the Qing court. In April, Qianlong made Nguy?n Hu? king of Annan, and ordered Li Weiqi to lead the troops back to Beijing and return the Han flag.

At the beginning of this war, the Qing army was well prepared and commanded properly, especially in the battle to seize the natural barrier of Sanjiang; Soldiers are brave, flexible in tactics, and win many battles. However, after the recovery of Licheng, coach Sun Shiyi seriously underestimated the enemy and lacked due precautions; Suddenly attacked, he fled first, which led to the defeat of the Qing army.

6. The Qing Dynasty fought back against the Gurkhas.

From 53 (1788) to 57 (1792), the Qing army and Tibetan soldiers fought back against the war of Gurkha (now Nepal) invading Tibet.

This war was unfavorable in the early stage of the Qing army, and the Tibetan government of the Qing government accepted humiliating conditions and negotiated peace, which led to the Gurkha soldiers invading again. In the later period, Emperor Qianlong was determined, Fu Kang 'an commanded decisively, and the Qing army continued to fight, defeated the profile army and defended the territory of the Great Qing Dynasty. The Qing army went deep into Gurkha in an attempt to smash the hole and capture the head alive, but without sufficient conditions, it failed to achieve its goal and was just a waste of time.