Text/height
More than a century has passed since the Jinbao Movement. With the passage of time, the prominent role of this movement has occupied a very important position in the history of Shanxi's development. Jinbao Company is the product of Jinbao Movement. Its birth not only promoted the development of Shanxi's national industry, but also laid a solid foundation for Yangquan to build a city, which is obvious to all. But more importantly, the victory of Jinbao Movement has won back the most critical development resources for Shaanxi's future development.
1870 to 1872, German geologist Richthofen came to China for the second time to survey the coal and mineral resources in Shanxi, and then published the China Travel Report in Shanghai, claiming that Shanxi's coal reserves are inexhaustible, about 630 billion tons. This book suddenly made western powers covet Shanxi's coal and iron resources. 1896, Italian businessman Angel Rosadi, together with the emperor's son-in-law Marquis Lauena, Italian Prime Minister Rodini and London Lauterprett Foreign Firm, registered 20,000 pounds in Cannon Street1kloc-0/0 in London, England, and established a "British-Italian Joint Company" specifically for China, namely the notorious Beijing Syndicate Co., Ltd.
1896, Hu pin, governor of Shanxi province, wrote according to the imperial edict: "The benefits of coal and iron in Shanxi province are the highest in the world, with gold, silver, copper, lead and minerals to be found, and the preparations for mining are ready." At the same time, it was decided to set up Shanxi Commerce Bureau in Taiyuan, the provincial capital, and asked the court to appoint Cao Zhongyu, a Shanxi doctor, to return to Shanxi for cooperation. He went to the imperial court "to prepare for mining and to build the railway first." Because the national treasury is empty, the use of foreign capital has become the only way.
During the period of 1898, Fu Company colluded with Jia of Shanxi Provincial Bureau of Commerce, and with the approval of Hu Pin, Premier of Qing Government, signed Article 5 of Shanxi Province's Loan Contract for Inviting Mines and Article 20 of Shanxi Province's Regulations on Inviting Mines, and signed Regulations on Mining, Ironmaking and Transfer of Various Mines in Shanxi Province with Jiemen. Obtained the right to coal mining, ironmaking and road construction in Yuxian, Pingding, Zezhou (Jincheng), Lu 'an (Changzhi) and Pingyang (Linfen) with 2 million taels of silver, but the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal Boxer Movement was forced to stop temporarily because of 1900.
1902, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Qing government re-signed a contract with Russia and borrowed 40 million francs (about132,000 silver) to build the Zheng Tai Railway. Later, due to the start of the Russo-Japanese War, Russia ended in failure, so Russia had to transfer the construction right contract of Zheng Tai Railway to the French consortium BNP Paribas. Zheng Tai Railway started construction on 1904.
When Zhengzhou-Taiyuan Railway was about to arrive in Yangquan, Fu Company discovered that there was private mining in Pingding mining area, so it proposed to Shanxi Bureau of Commerce that the mining right should be exclusively operated by the company, and neither outsiders nor locals could mine it.
1In February, 905, the British Fu Company sent people to live in Pingtan Street in Yangquan, took down the British flag on the fire platform of Pingding Toudaosi pier, surveyed the land on both sides of Taohe River, set up standard paddocks, planted small flags, swaggered on the flags, occupied the mine with the word "Fu Company" in capital, and restricted local people from opening kilns to dig coal. At the same time, Shanxi authorities were asked to seal up the opened coal mines. Patriotic gentry, Huang Lanxi, Huang, Chi Zhuang, Liu Huandou, Zhao Xiting, Kang, Sun Guicen and others rose up to fight and decided to set up Bao 'ai (called Shang 'ai County and Shi 'ai County in Pingding) Company as a permanent organ for mining, to prepare for recovering mining rights and self-exploitation, and to unite with the company, act in a unified way and resolutely run it by themselves. At that time, Huang Renfu, an official of Pingding in Qinghe County, Wang Du, Zhili, as a representative of Beijing protests, described the mining activities of Pingding people in Beijing, Shanghai and Ningbo. Zhang Shilin personally wrote a letter to Feng Sizhi, a fellow villager studying in Japan. When Feng learned of Pingding people's mining activities, he informed Shanxi Association. After checking the situation in Shanxi, the association wrote a letter to China, "Inspiration from Dear Villagers and the Public". The Times was serialized from February 8, 1905 to February 8, 1905, and called on everyone to take the last stop and try to recover the mining right: "If this matter dies without dispute, it will die without dispute, which will bring shame to future generations." Why not die without fighting and leave the idea of national subjugation in the twentieth century? "
The appeal of students studying in Japan to be "ashamed of the future" inspired Shanxi people to fight for mining rights, and the mining struggle spread from Pingding to Taiyuan, the provincial capital. In Shanxi academic circles, students from Shanxi University Hall and Middle School took the lead in taking action. They went on strike to protest, held a meeting and issued a declaration demanding the recovery of mining rights. Shanxi University Hall also sent people to Pingding for on-the-spot investigation, and sent representatives to negotiate with the British side according to the law of nations.
In this case, "officials know that people's strength is indispensable, and they also get up and take part in the struggle." Once vowed: "As long as I am in gold, I will never let anyone get their hands on the gold mine." .
Fu Company put pressure on Qingyan many times through the British Embassy, but never got the mining certificate, so it decided to temporarily give up Yuxian, Zezhou, Lu 'an and Pingyang and only settle in Kaiping. 1September, 906, the news was sent back to Pingding, and Pingding gentry Li Zuokai, Zhang Shilin and others went to Zhifu Company to negotiate with foreigners, and denied it for many reasons, such as "Shanxi people denied it, and Pingding denied it". Huang Lanxi died of anger because he tried to stop foreigners from plundering pillars in the mining industry. In June+10 of the same year, Li Peiren, a student studying in Japan, jumped into the sea angrily and cried in his suicide note: "I really can't bear to see my compatriots who make a living by mining lose their livelihood and their hardships turn into ravines. I really can't bear to watch my compatriots who have no mines and no roads dry up, their bodies are damaged, and their support rate is so high that there is no such tragedy! " "Minerals are life. People make wood and stones, ponder the land of ancestors' graves, and fall into different races? My compatriots should give up their lives to attack the city for survival! " "If you die in Jin, you will regret it. If you wave upon wave, the miners will be killed! Hoo hoo! The blue sea can be filled, the universe can be blocked, and the enemy of the mine thief can't penetrate the sky! "65438+1October 26th, the provincial capital held a mourning meeting, and the streets were deserted. 165438+1On October 4th, students studying in Japan from Henan, Shanxi, Qin and Gansu provinces held a meeting. Zhang Taiyan and Hu, leaders of Japan League, attended the meeting, and student representatives from 18 provinces spoke in turn to discuss the top and bottom of Shanxi mine disaster and its countermeasures. 165438+10.9, a memorial meeting attended by thousands of people was held in Pingding House to appease the state officials who were afraid of causing great disasters, and intervened to persuade Zhang Shilin not to "make trouble" again. "Fighting foreigners is mostly unfavorable", but Zhang Shilin was determined and unmoved. He generously donated 3,000 taels of silver to fully fund the mining competition.
Fu company was attacked for mining, 1906 12 3 1, and the British government came forward to declare that if mining vouchers were not issued, Fu company would claim 200 kilograms of British gold every day from tomorrow, in order to blackmail the China government.
In order to save the crisis, Liu Maoshang, Feng Jichuan and other representatives from all walks of life in Shanxi asked the governor of Shanxi for approval to set up Jinbao Mining Company to mine various minerals in the province. 1907 In May, Jin Jingguan, Zhang Jing and Zhao Guoliang, the Ministry of Military Affairs, drafted articles of association and wrote to the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce to establish Jinbao Mining Company. 1908, the Qing government approved and issued the customs clearance, that is, the company seal.
Rich companies are dissatisfied with the establishment of the company in Shaanxi, thinking that it will hinder their own rights. The British government twice asked the Qing court to cancel it. Shanxi gentry jointly announced ∏ opposition to the opinions of Fu Company, and publicly held seven people, including Liu, Qing Lian, Liang Shanji, Yang Lvjin, Cui Tingxian, Li and Liu Maoshou, from the Bureau of Commerce to negotiate with Fu Company. All walks of life in the province held a large-scale rally, announced a boycott of rich companies, and the crowd was furious and rose up.
The Jinshi, who led the struggle for the mine, assessed the situation, voluntarily gave up the request to cancel the contract and agreed to redeem the mine and operate it on his own. 1In August, 907, the provincial judge Ding of Shaanxi Province held a long negotiation with Fu Company to redeem the mine. After several negotiations, it was agreed that Jinbao Company would redeem Shanxi mining rights with 2.75 million taels of silver in June 1907 and June1October, 20.
In February 1908, the imperial edict was published in Shenbao, Time and Chinese and foreign daily. On the 11th day of the first month, the Cabinet was appointed by imperial edict to create the post of Governor Hu of Shanxi. Prior to this, Jia, the accompanying alternate director of Jiangsu Province, was demoted to Liu E, the magistrate, who was bold, greedy and in cahoots. Jia is determined to be removed from his post and will never use it again. Liu E wrote "Never use it" as a token of Bo's punishment. This article was also published in Beijing's Official NewspaperNo. 104 on the 12th day of the first month of Guangxu's thirty-fourth year, and Shanghai's Political Arts BulletinNo. 1 in the seventh year of Wushen. Although Hu Pinzhi subjectively used foreign capital to develop Shanxi's modern industry and mining industry and realized the "foundation of reform" put forward by Emperor Guangxu, he made serious mistakes in the implementation process and harmed the national interests. Therefore, it is very reasonable for Shanxi gentry and students to rise up and set off a movement to protect gold. It is our responsibility to treat historical figures objectively.
From 1898, with the approval of Hu Pin, the governor of Shanxi Province, Fu Company signed 5 loan contracts, 20 regulations for Shanxi Province to apply for mining, and signed the Regulations on the Transfer of Iron from Various Mines in Shanxi with the Prime Minister of the Qing Government. By 1908, Shanxi provincial judge Ding and Fu Company signed the Redemption of Shanxi Yu. It lasted for 10 years, and the Qing court frequently changed twelve governors, all of whom were protected by Jin people. Shanxi people's large-scale patriotic movement to protect, compete for, redeem and run mines, from the folk to the official, was under the background of the Qing court signing the treaties of humiliating the country, China and Russia, and humiliating the ugliness, with 12 iron-making transfer contracts, which should be the result of one person in the ruling and opposition parties working together with Qi Xin to force the powers to make concessions.
The Shanxi Mining Competition broke out in Yangquan, which started the national mining competition and added a glorious page to the modern industrial history of China. The victory of the mining competition has enabled the coal mines operated by Shanxi national capital to survive and develop slowly. The victory of the mining competition ended the so-called British business period of Yangquan coal mine and began the period of protecting gold and operating coal mines with national capital. Although the victory of the mining competition ended in the form of redemption, its role in the historical conditions at that time was very inspiring. Redemption and self-management have laid a valuable foundation for the development of Shanxi's national industry, and also created extremely favorable development conditions for Yangquan to build a city. This obvious result is a lot of people's knowledge.
In the whole historical process of running a mine, the gentry, Qu of Taiyuan and the upper class of the bourgeoisie represented by Wei Liu all made contributions and put forward suggestions. In Pingding, Huang Lanxi died of anger because he tried to stop foreigners from plundering pillars in the mining industry. Li Peiren, a student studying in Japan, jumped into the sea in anger to wake up the people. This movement not only spread overseas and affected the ruling and opposition parties, but also received extensive attention and support from many influential official newspapers and people's newspapers throughout the country. This movement is the testimony of enthusiastic Shanxi to the world, and it is also the result of Shanxi people's Qi Xin's concerted efforts against foreign powers.
It is of great significance to read "Continuous Mining, Ironmaking, and Forwarding between Yuxian, Pingding, Lu 'an, Zezhou and Pingyang in Shanxi Province". "Redemption" is the foundation of the Chinese nation's trustworthiness, and "struggle" is the only magic weapon for the Chinese nation to persistently safeguard rights. Mineral resources are non-renewable disposable resources. As a national energy development base for over 0/00 years, Shanxi has made great contributions to the whole country, and a large part of this great contribution is "redemption" of minerals.
The movement to protect money, at first glance, is the result of redemption. After careful observation, you will find that it has actually won more than 100 times the rich development resources for Shanxi.