Literary History of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
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Lecture 1: Introduction
Section 1: Social and cultural transformation characteristics of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
Characteristics of the unified dynasty of the Han Dynasty and its social and cultural characteristics. New social and cultural factors in the late Han Dynasty, the differentiation of the scholar group and the loosening of the role of Confucianism on the scholars, and the emergence of lyrical and metaphysical trends in literature. The relationship between the culture of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and the culture of the Han Dynasty, the unity of continuity and change. The complex alternation of three political forms: imperial power, power and clan. The emergence and continuation of metaphysical trends, the resistance and integration between Confucianism, Taoism, Taoism, Buddhism and other ideologies.
Section 2: The development characteristics of literature in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and its position in literary history
The transformation from folk literature and political and religious literature to literati literature, the formal formation of the literati literary tradition . The prominence of human themes in literature has evolved from political and religious literature to character literature. The history of discussions on the issues of "literary consciousness" and "human consciousness", Lu Xun's views, Li Zehou and others' views. The artistic consciousness of literature as a language art, the development of literary forms, Wang Yao's views. The prominence of stylistic awareness and the great development of stylistic styles are formed by formal techniques.
Section 3: Evolutionary trends of literature in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
The views of Liu Shipei, Lu Xun and others on the literary history of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The relationship between historical changes, instability and literary development during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The imbalance of time and space in the literature of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The multi-stage nature of literature in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Wei-Jin type literature: It takes the human subject spirit and the emotional world rich in reality and historical connotations as the main expression objects, adopts the basic method of comparing emotions and expressing aspirations, and the literary style is relatively ancient and natural. Southern Dynasty-type literature: taking people's aesthetic life and aesthetic objects as the main expression objects, the obscurity of ethical values ??and the loss of the subject's spirit, the style phenomenon of sudden decline of vitality, the full emphasis on the beauty of literature and art and its gains and losses.
Lecture 2: Jian’an Literature
Section 1: The prosperity of Jian’an Literature and its social and cultural background
1. Jian'an character and times
The mental state of Jian'an people and Jian'an character. The special historical background of Jian'an literature: from troubled times to the beginning of peace. It is a literature of hardship, generosity and sadness in troubled times. In the early days of peace, literature emerged in a gorgeous and powerful style.
2. Looking at the achievements of Jian'an literature from a stylistic perspective
The relationship between the reconstruction of music and the prosperity of poetry in the Jian'an era, the rise of new sounds of Yuefu and the rise of five-character poetry. The changes in the style and style of Fu, the rise of lyrical Fu and Fu of objects.
Section 2: Poems of Cao Cao and Cao Pi
1. Re-evaluation of Cao Cao as a person. Cao Cao is a man who has a strong sense of reality, is also full of idealism, People who embrace humanity. From a comprehensive perspective, he is the greatest contributor to Jian'an literature. Cao Cao's poetic style and writing style are the expression of his multi-faceted temperament, including a clear and witty writing style, a desolate but majestic and refreshing poetic style.
2. Cao Pi’s personality and interest in literary expression. The musicality of Cao Pi’s poetry. Cao Pi's poetry has made great achievements in expressing the emotional world of women and the image of women's beauty. Cao Pi's "Dian Lun·Wen" made a huge contribution to the literary theory of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the theory of literary style and the theory of "the same in origin but the end of difference".
Section 3: Cao Zhi’s literary creation achievements
The early years and living environment that created Cao Zhi’s idealistic temperament. Ye Wenfeng's irrigation and support of Cao Zhi. The tragedy of Cao Zhi’s late life and the leap of literary spirit. Cao Zhi's poems, which transcended the times and showed the expressive power of genius, made a huge contribution to the literatiization of five-character poetry. "Luo Shen Fu", a series of Simei Ren Fu, is Cao Zhi's outstanding artistic creation.
Section 3: The literature of Qizi and others
The formation of the Ye literati group surrounding Cao and his sons.
The relationship between Jian'an scribes and the Cao Wei Group. Wang Can’s scholarship and literature. "Ode to the Climbing Tower" and "Poems of Seven Sorrows". Liu Zhen’s personality. Liu Zhen's achievements in five-character poetry. Xu Qian's "Zhonglun" and Jianxue, the beautiful style of "Shisi" and its influence on the history of poetry. Chen Lin and Ruan Yu's chapter secretary, Chen and Ruan's five character poems.
Cai Yan’s life tragedy as an epitome of the times: "Poem of Sorrow and Indignation".
Lecture 3: Zhengshi Literature
Section 1: Politics and ideological trends during the Wei and Jin Dynasties
1. Politics and literature
The contest between the Cao Group and the Sima Group and the Gao Pingling coup. The relationship between celebrity romance and Sima's power, the complex intertwining of academics, scholarly ethics and politics. The relationship between power politics and literati and literature in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
2. Xuanfeng and literature
"The beginning of enlightenment, poetry mixed with the mind of immortals" is explained again. The formation of Zhengshi metaphysics and its positive and negative impact on literature. Zhengshi Xuanfeng gave birth to a new value of life and brought a new spirit to literature. At the beginning of Zhengshi literature, metaphysics in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties influenced the literary trend of the times. An investigation of the relationship between metaphysics and literature in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Current status of research on this topic.
3. From the literati group to the celebrity group
The Ye literati group is a group of writers, while the "Zhengshi celebrities" and "Zhulin celebrities" are a group of celebrities. An analysis of the nature of these two celebrity groups as non-literary groups.
Section 2: Ruan Ji and "Eighty-two Songs of Love"
1. Ruan Ji's life and thoughts
The Ruan family. A young man’s study of Confucian classics. A representative of celebrities and celebrities who change their outlook on life during their growth period. From inner purity to outer magnanimity.
2. Ruan Ji’s creation
The evolution of poetry from Yexia poet to Ruan Ji, and Ruan Ji’s inheritance and development of Jian’an poetry style. The creative nature of "Poetry of Praise of Love", the personal writing, has the intention of becoming a family. The ideological theme, the theme of life and the theme of historical reality in "Poetry of Praise of Love". The artistic structure and language style of "Poetry of Praise".
Section 3: Ji Kang
1. Ji Kang’s aesthetic thoughts. The aesthetic depth of "On Soundless Sadness and Music". "Soundless Sadness and Music" questions the essence of traditional political, religious, literary and artistic views.
2. Ji Kang’s poetic style and personality, his mysterious interest in poetry, and his expression of natural beauty. The unique aesthetic style of Ji Kang's four-character poems and its influence on later generations such as Tao Yuanming.
Lecture 4: Literature of the Western Jin Dynasty
Section 1: Politics, scholarly style, and literary style of the Western Jin Dynasty
The political evolution of the Western Jin Dynasty was from power politics to The imperial power politics transformed, and finally the imperial power was lost, and the relatives fought for power with the royal family and fell into chaos. His scholarly style and writing style are also closely related to the evolution of this political situation. When the Wei and Jin Dynasties changed, celebrities in metaphysics were killed and denounced one after another, causing a change in the scholarly atmosphere. Metaphysics and orthodox Confucianism gradually combined, forming a style of study that combines Confucianism and metaphysics. The elegant and ancient literary style prevailed, and at the same time, the language of literature became more sophisticated. In the later period, the imperial power was lost, and chaos and chaos were repeated. The upper class's intellectual style developed into nihilism and unrestrainedness, while the lower class became withdrawn and angry. There are two tendencies in literature: criticizing reality and transcending reality.
Section 2: Fu Xuan and Zhang Hua
Fu and Zhang’s political path, academic path and literary creation path. Fu Xuan's Yuefu poems serve as a link between the past and the future in the literati's imitation of Yuefu. His creation methods and material selection directions mostly adapted old works, and the works that express women's issues are the most outstanding. Zhang Hua's influence on the writing style of the Western Jin Dynasty: creation in imitation of antiquity, exquisite techniques, gentle style, delicate emotional expression, emphasis on scenes, etc.
Section 3: Taikang poets such as Lu Ji and Pan Yue
New factors in Taikang’s literary style.
The life of Lu Ji shows the complexity of his personality: he is cautious but generous, and as an official in China and Korea after the fall of the country, he has a strong ambition for fame. Lu Ji's literary origins and innovation are basically still in the ancient creative style, but there are many new attempts in language art. The theory of "Wen Fu", the causes of its system, and its significance in the history of the development of literary theory in the Wei, Jin, and Southern Dynasties.
Pan Yue. On the topic of his character and literary tradition. Pan Lu compares traditional topics. Good at lamenting style of writing.
"Poetry of Death" and its influence on later mourning works.
Section 4: Several groups of masterpieces in the late Western Jin Dynasty
In the bad government and troubled times, some scholars gained the spirit of independent thinking, which was the new spirit of literature in the late Western Jin Dynasty. Relationship with Jian'an and Zhengshi poetic styles.
Zuo Si and "Eight Ode to History". Zuo Si's family background, academic career, early ideals, and awareness of poverty. Analysis of the reasons for the artistic success of eight poems in "Ode to History". Zuo Si's other works.
Zhang Xie’s secrets in troubled times. "Ten Miscellaneous Poems" has the artistic value of bringing out the old and bringing forth the new. It is better than the physical objects and has more character.
Guo Pu’s intellectual tendency and the unique characteristics of the character make Guo Pu a legendary figure. The artistic style of "Poems on Immortals" plays an important role in the development history of poems on immortals in ancient China.
Liu Kun. From a member of the "Twenty-Four Friends" to a hero fighting against the enemy, Liu Kun's ideological awakening. Liu Kun's poems are of special value among the poems of the late Western Jin Dynasty.
Lecture 5: Literature of the Eastern Jin Dynasty
Section 1: Literature of the Early and Middle Eastern Jin Dynasty
The chaos at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty caused a gap in literature between the two Jin Dynasties. The establishment of clan politics and the formation of clan literati groups. The emergence of Xuanyan literature was the reason for the occurrence of Xuanyan poetry in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Evaluation of xuanyan poetry. The transformation of Xuanfeng and the emergence of aesthetic consciousness of landscape. The origin of landscape literature in the early and middle Eastern Jin Dynasty. Landscape poems by Yu Chan and Zhan Fangsheng. Wang Xizhi's "Lanting Preface" and Sun Chuo's "Tiantai Mountain Ode". The revival of literature in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty is represented by the poems of Xie Hun and Yin Zhongwen.
Section 2: Tao Yuanming
1. Tao Yuanming’s family background and life Two ancestors who influenced Tao Yuanming: Tao Kan and Meng Jia. Tao Yuanming's early ideals and temperament. Tao Yuanming's official mentality and thoughts of retreat. The mentality and life after retreat. How to evaluate Tao Yuanming's retirement.
2. Tao Yuanming’s thoughts. Relationship with the three schools of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. Tao Yuanming's philosophy of life, which revolves around the three categories of "form, shadow and spirit", and its position in the history of the development of ancient Chinese philosophy of life and outlook on life. The life and social ideals of "truth", "goodness" and "honesty".
3. Tao Yuanming’s poetry art The artistic origins of Tao Yuanming’s poetry: the influence of Zhengshi poets and the poetry of the two Jin Dynasties on Tao Yuanming. There are several major types of Tao poetry: travel poetry, pastoral poetry, nostalgia poetry, chanting poetry, etc. (The classification is to grasp Tao Yuanming's poetic art more comprehensively, but the classification is relative.) Analysis of the causes of plain style: from contradiction to harmony. The language art of Tao's poetry, the ancients' comments on the art of Tao's poetry.
4. 4. "The Peach Blossom Spring" and Tao Yuanming's prose art. Utopian social fantasy in ancient China. The mystery of "Peach Blossom Spring". The language art of "Peach Blossom Spring".
5. Tao Yuanming’s status in literary history. Tao Yuanming’s reception history.
Lecture 6: Literature of Liu and Song Dynasties
Section 1: Political changes and literary development during the Jin and Song Dynasties
The emergence of powerful figures and clan politics of disintegration. The changes in the political status of the gentry and common people during the Jin and Song dynasties. The literary expressions of the two classes, the gentry and the common people, respectively. The reconstruction of imperial power and the literature of Yasong. The further development of landscape aesthetic consciousness. The rise of landscape literature. Reply to the Lyrical Literary Tradition. The relationship between poetry and music is strengthened.
Section 2: Xie Lingyun’s landscape poetry creation
The cultural and literary traditions of Xie Lingyun and the Xie family. The tragedy of Xie Lingyun's life was that he encountered the pattern of imperial power politics as a wealthy and famous person. Xie Lingyun’s literary creation path. The relationship between Xie Lingyun's landscape poetry creation and his philosophical thoughts. The relationship between Xie Lingyun’s landscape poetry creation and his political encounters. The artistic characteristics of Xie Lingyun's landscape poetry and its influence on later generations.
Section 3: Bao Zhao’s literary creation
Bao Zhao’s complex of poverty and political expression, his eager political pursuit and his hesitation of late return. Bao Zhao's characteristics as a talented writer. Bao Zhao's comprehensive creative achievements in literature. The achievements in the creation of Yuefu poems restored the artistic tradition of Yuefu in the Han and Wei dynasties and opened up the trend of literati in the Southern Dynasties creating new sounds of Yuefu. "It's Difficult to Travel" has a huge influence on the development of singing style. "Wucheng Fu" and the artistic style of Ci Fu in the Southern Dynasties.
Lecture 7: Qiliang Chen Literature
Section 1: Xie Tiao and the Innovation of Yongming Poetry
The "Eight Friends of Jingling" and the Yongming Literati Group. New changes in Yongming Literature. Yongming body and its rhythm issues. Shen Yue's influence on the development of Yongming literature. Shen Yue's poetic achievements. Xie Tiao's life was tragic in the era he lived in and the situation his family was in at that time. Xie Tiao's spiritual temperament and poetic style. The development of landscape poetry from "Da Xie style" to "Xiao Xie style". Xie Tiao's transcendence of Yongming literature. Xie Tiao’s status in the history of poetry.
Section 2: The prosperity and anomie of literature in the late Southern Dynasties
In the name of concession, it was actually usurpation. The dispute over imperial power. The vicious cycle of Southern Dynasties history. The ideal spirit of the literati group was further lost. The further development of Buddhism and its impact on the spiritual world of scribes. Literary style that resembles writing. The rise of colorful writing style. The internal and external reasons for the colorful style of writing. An objective evaluation of the artistic gains and losses of palace poetry. The merits and demerits of Xiao and his son in literature.
Lecture 8: Literature of the Northern Dynasties
Section 1: Development of Literature in the Northern Dynasties
The establishment of the Yuan and Wei dynasties. The process of literature in the Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern Dynasties. The influence of Southern Dynasty literature on Northern Dynasty literature. The three talents of the North: Wen Zisheng, Xing Shao and Wei Shou. During the period of Liang and Chen, a large number of southern writers entered the Northern Dynasties and the literature of the Northern Dynasties matured. A fusion of Northern and Southern literature.
Section 2, Yu Xin and Wang Bao
Yu Xin’s family background and his literary creation during the Liang Dynasty. Yu Xin's creative changes after entering the Northern Dynasty, the sublimation of literary spirit, thoughts about hometown, themes of prosperity and decline, etc. The characteristics of Yu Xin's literature include strong lyricism and high language skills, which transcend the prevailing trends and show a certain depth of thought. Wang Bao's creations during the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Section 3: "Shui Jing Zhu" and "Luoyang Jialan Ji"
The nature of the book "Shui Jing Zhu" is a collection of topography, natural history, travel notes and other works In a book. The achievements of landscape literature in "Shui Jing Zhu". Influence on later generations of landscape sketches. "Luoyang Jialan Ji", the rise of Buddhism after the Northern Wei Dynasty moved to Luoyang, Yang Xuanzhi's narrative art and writing style.
Lecture 9: Yuefu Folk Songs of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
Section 1: Folk Songs of the Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties
The rise of Wu songs in Soochow. The popularity of Wu Sheng during the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The development of urban economy in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the popularity of Wu Sheng and Xiqu. The system, performance content and artistic characteristics of Wu Sheng and Xiqu. The splendid song of Southern Dynasties folk songs: "Xizhou Song", with its beautiful image, realm and sound.
Section 2: Folk Songs of the Northern Dynasties
The martial arts and simplicity of the northern peoples and the style of folk songs of the Northern Dynasties. The artistic achievement of "Poetry of Mulan" is the style of "vigorous and graceful". Folk songs of the Southern and Northern Dynasties had a huge influence on literati poetry.
Lecture 10: Novels of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
Section 1: Novels of Strange Things
The source of strange things. Society and customs of strange things in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Buddhism, Taoism and Zhiguai. Entertainment and wonders. Qian Bao and "Sou Shen Ji", story type, novel art.
Section 2: Novel about Zhiren
The culture of character criticism in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The social custom of admiring the legacy of celebrities. Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, biographies of characters and personal biographies have become popular. "Shishuoxinyu": vivid character description, Leng Jun's language style.
Thinking questions on "Literature of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties"
1. The status of the literature of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties in the history of literature.
2. The continuity and changes in the development of Wei, Jin, and Southern Dynasties literature.
3. Comparison of the personalities, thoughts and writing styles of the three Cao father and son.
4. The outstanding artistic creation and causes of Ruan Ji's "Poetry of Ode to Love".
5. Characteristics of Western Jin literature.
6. How to understand the emergence of metaphysical poetry.
7. How to understand Tao Yuanming’s seclusion.
8. Why is Xie Lingyun the founder of landscape poetry? What were the circumstances of Xie’s previous creation of landscape poetry?
9. The social problems reflected in Bao Zhao’s awareness of poverty, talent, and experiences.
10. Xie Tiao and the Yongming Poets Group.
11. Understanding the phenomenon of palace poetry.
12. The influence of folk songs from the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties on literati poetry.
13. The novels of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties play an important role in the development history of ancient Chinese novels.