First, "rough breath" refers to the use of breath without control skills, which leads to the superficial and unreal sound. "Weak breath" means that the breath is insufficient, and the sound is thin and weak. "Turbidity of qi" means that the breath is turbid and uneven, and the sound is stagnant and turbid. "Gas dispersion" means that the breath is completely exhausted, and the resulting sound is naturally dry and exhausted.

adagio is difficult to be tight, allegro is difficult to be stable and scattered, and it is difficult to be accurate

Note: Talk about the essentials of singing adagio, allegro and scattered. Adagio is prone to procrastination, so we should pay attention to singing compactly; Allegro is prone to rob the board, so we should pay attention to singing steadily; Sanban is prone to lax, so we should pay attention to singing roundly and accurately.

Second, read like singing, like reading

This is what Mr. Gao Shenglin said. Beijing opera chanting is not rich in melody like singing, but it is different from daily speech on the stage of Beijing opera. It has a special tone. spoken parts, an actor on the stage, should recite its musical melody, which is called "chanting is like singing". Language is the basis of singing. When an actor sings on the stage, he should pay attention to the coherence of language and the expression of tone while paying attention to the beauty of singing melody, that is, the so-called "singing should be like reading".

In fact, these two sentences emphasize the musicality of chanting in Beijing opera and the linguistic nature of singing in Beijing opera.

Third, clear and articulate words, moving sounds and intoxicating sounds

China's opera singing pays attention to "clear words and true feelings". The so-called "true feelings" include four aspects:

1. That is to say, the art of singing does not rhyme for the sake of rhyme, but expresses feelings through sound.

2. Before an actor goes into the opera, the form (action) and the expression (expression) should be used as a foil.

3. After performing the cavity, the "shape" and "capacity" are closed, and it seems that there are still traces of sound waves in the expression.

4. When singing for a long time, we should fill in the blank of singing with emotion.

In order to achieve "true feelings", there are many specific requirements in singing techniques: the study of singing should start from the needs of the plot and character, and make a careful examination of each scene, sentence and word. Then distinguish between the host and the guest, find out the pillars and highlight the key points, so that you can sing with emotion and rhyme. We should see "stability" in "accuracy" in the line cavity. Because "the alignment will not be yellow, the board will not be top-notch, the words will not be distorted, and the cavity will not be cold." In a word, it is what the artist points out: "Be careful when you open your mouth, and do what you want.". The singing technical requirements of "the board should be accurate, not floating, and seeing stability in accuracy". Only by being able to be "careful", "leading", "accurate" and "stable" can singing be beautiful and touching.

to sum up, it shows that the emotion of the characters is the basis of creating a cavity, which is the truth that "the cavity is accurate to the emotion".

Fourth, the so-called "clear words" means that when singing, the actor should know the position and focus of the words in the mouth technically, and correctly grasp the changes of different mouth shapes and pronunciation parts, and then send the words clearly to the audience's ears.

in order to achieve the purpose of "clear words", there are still different requirements in the application of skills. For example, the artistic formula of "the cavity follows the word, the word leads the cavity, the word takes the cavity, the cavity supports the word, and the word is correct and round" focuses on the master-slave and dependent relationship between the cavity and the word in the process of cavity. The principle is to speak with words, emphasize words but ignore them, and sing words without singing.

Bai Fengming, a famous artist in the field of Quyi, once said, "Clear articulation, heavy words, touching rhyme and intoxicating sound." All of them are based on the principle that the cavity is born in the word, and the cavity is based on the word. If the word is light and heavy, and the word is surrounded by sound, it will sound wordless and the cavity will not express its meaning; If the word is soft and soft, it can't control the cadence, which sounds almost yelling and straightforward. Therefore, the word should be heavy, the cavity should be light, the word should be rigid, and the cavity should be soft, so that the light and heavy are alternating, and the rigidity and softness are combined to conform to the cavity law. Just like plum blossom physique, it is old and tender, and it can only be wonderful if it is wrong.

To sum up the above, the singing principle that the tune follows the word is emphasized. Singing should be true, correct and accurate. This is the truth that "the cavity is born of words".

5. Opera singing should follow the principle of combining emotion, character and voice.

singing can't be tied to the pronunciation; The pronunciation can't be destroyed by singing. Character is the foundation, cavity is the form of expression, and cavity circle is the condition. The manipulation of vocal melody and pronunciation should complement each other harmoniously in order to receive the effect of clear pronunciation and mellow voice.

In artistic practice, there are many reasons or phonology, or expressing feelings, or highlighting key points, or based on Huguang rhyme in addition to Beijing rhyme. Sometimes there is a contradiction between the word and the cavity. Sometimes the word is sung correctly, and the cavity is not necessarily round. Sometimes the cavity is round, but it is not necessarily correct. It can only be a standard and a requirement.

six, when you speak, you must open your mouth, tap your teeth, and pinch your words. The sounds on your jaw and lips are harmonious.

"Open", "Qi", "Cue" and "He" are called four calls, which is the artistic tactic of reading words.

"Open-mouthed shout": The vocal force lies in the throat, and it comes out through the upper jaw, and the mouth is open and loud. Such as: Dan, Ban, Chang, Mao, Bao, scold. "Cheek-to-toe call: the quarrel is wide to both sides, slightly grinning, and its sound is light and sharp. Such as: smoke, sky, image, thank you, home. "Close your mouth and shout: your lips are slightly closed, and your voice is round and muddy. Such as: bay, direction, yellow, fruit, melon, strange, and behavior. "Squeeze your mouth and shout": the mouth closes and the outer lip narrows slightly forward. Such as: deep, spring, far, cloud, courage, fish, boots.

"Sihu" is a noun used in Chinese phonology. When these four nouns are used to express the pronunciation of words, only when you understand the "four calls" and grasp the oral morphology can the pronunciation be accurate. "Four calls" and "frog mouth" ("thirteen frog rhymes") are mutually used in singing and reading of traditional Chinese opera. After mastering these two tools, no matter how the tone turns and the time is prolonged, the problem of "incorrect rhyme" will not occur.

In the past, most artists didn't understand the "four calls", so the pronunciation of enunciation was often "uneven" and "indefinite". For example, Yang Yanhui, who is sitting in a palace in Beijing Opera, sang: The word "blood" in the sentence "I thought there would be a bloody battle on the beach in those days" was originally a squeaky sound, and some people mistook it for the word "boots" (the first sound). Another example is Chen Boyu of the "Top Scholar" who sings: "Alas, I have no offspring for half a century!" The word "half" in the sentence is originally "buan", and some people mispronounce the pronunciation of "ban" as an opening call. Therefore, no matter reading, literacy, speaking and singing, it is necessary to know the "four calls", especially the singing and pronunciation of traditional Chinese opera.

seven, singing avoid soil must be divided into yin and yang, cold and hot, which can be released and collected

"soil" is the dialect. China has a vast territory and a wide variety of operas. Most local operas are based on their respective dialects. The pronunciation of each drama is based on a region with the most standard and popular language in the region. For example, Beijing opera was originally based on "Huguang sound". ("Huguang" is the "Huguang Province" set by Ming and Qing Dynasties, which refers to Hunan and Hubei. (See the article "Huguang" in "Ci Yuan" >; In fact, it is just a Wuhan accent; Shaanxi opera is dominated by Xi' an pronunciation; Sichuan opera is mainly based on Chengdu pronunciation. Avoid dialects and dialects, which does not require the languages of local operas to be unified into standard pronunciation, thus losing local characteristics and being extremely difficult to achieve in artistic expression.

What is taboo is that it cannot be based on those nonstandard dialects in the region where the drama is located. Just as standard Chinese is based on Beijing pronunciation, it is not based on Beijing dialect. Therefore, it is said in Gu Mistaken Record: "To get started, you must first correct the local accent you have committed, and then you can make music." Advertising: the word is divided into yin and yang, and the cavity should also be divided into yin and yang. "Without yin and yang, there will be no ups and downs, no levels, no changes, and it will become a dull cavity and a dead cavity." By separating yin and yang, you can avoid straightness, singing can suppress yang, Xu Ji has a knot, and you can show your skill without fire or blast.

eight, the so-called hot and cold refers to the cavity to transmit music.

The singing in China's traditional operas is usually located in the place where the thoughts and feelings of the characters are concentrated. Whether people can express their thoughts and feelings through singing is directly related to the shaping of artistic image. Sometimes the same lyrics, who sings them, can be both beautiful and touching if you have kung fu and research. Although the same work spectrum, cultivated actors can sing, can put the feelings of joy, anger, sadness and joy of the characters at that time into the melody of singing, so as to be melodious and tactful, and bright in cold and hot. When it's "cold" (low back to sorrow), it's sad and sad to sing, and it's warm in the cold. It has an artistic appeal of "singing to the place where the gods are melted, and the bones are bleak in June".

9. When it is "hot" (impassioned), it can create the artistic charm of "going straight to the clouds, how many joys and sorrows will start at this time".

The so-called "receiving" and "releasing" refer to the use and control of Qi in singing. When releasing the cavity, fully transport the gas, and forcefully release the cavity wide and far; When you close the cavity, you should be lucky, and the cavity will not stop breathing. The cavity must be rounded, and the tune will still be repaid at the end of the song.

1. The high-pitched voice should be full of low-pitched voice, and the high-pitched voice should converge, low and sharp, and the turbidity should not be obvious

This refers to the control of the breath in the singing of actors. The so-called "high-pitched voice is lighter than high-pitched voice" means that when singing high-pitched voice, the tone should be raised from low to high, so as to adjust the words and tune them according to the voice, so that they can be clear and bright. Don't have a sound without a sound, almost yelling. To make people feel relaxed and smooth, don't make them feel tired, so they ask for "lightness". "Yuefu Chuansheng" says: "... if you want to sing this word, you don't have to shout it hard. Just make it narrow, fine, sharp and deep, and the sound will be high!" In addition to being narrow, thin, sharp and deep, we should also master the word "fen" (meaning soaring). The artist said, "If you have a high cavity, you should see fen, and if you don't have fen, you won't be high."

Xi. The so-called "emphasizing evil in a low voice" means that rap with a low voice should be "important, slow, heavy and appropriate".

the natural law of sound is that the pitch is high and thin, and the sound is low and dull, so is the sound made by any object. It is impossible to change this law. However, through proper control and scientific application of breath, it is completely possible to manipulate the weak and strong voice to make it connect naturally and harmoniously.

12. In order to achieve the goal of "the height of the cavity is not thin, and the cavity is not weak", we must, as the artist said, let go of the high-pitched voice and converge the low-pitched voice.

The higher the pitch, the more you should let your breath go, so that the pitch is high but not sharp. The lower the sound, the more we should try our best to control the qi, so that the cavity will not be weak and silent, so that the sound is low and not turbid. The disadvantages of high-pointed and low-turbid will not be obvious if we can make do with it.