According to the investigation of Northeast Forestry University in the late 1980s, the storage of Schisandra chinensis in Yichun area is 14537 tons per year. Among them, Nancha Forestry Bureau is the largest, accounting for 4 1.87 tons/year. Jiayin County is 3 102 ton year, and Friendship Forestry Bureau is 1036 ton year. Wu Yiling Forestry Bureau has 65,438+0,535 tons per year, accounting for 46.7% of the total storage. After ten years of harvest, the number of original concentrated production areas has been greatly reduced. Any natural resources are limited, therefore, it is the development trend of protecting, expanding and utilizing resources to change wild into aquaculture.
In the 1950s, the Soviet Union planted artificially in the central region. Later, many research institutions in Japan, South Korea and China strengthened the artificial domestication and cultivation of Schisandra chinensis, but the scale was not large and no productive cultivation was formed. 2 Biological characteristics of Schisandra chinensis 1. Seedling raising technology
Schisandra chinensis is a small seed, with a 1000-grain weight of about 25g, which varies greatly due to different seed sources. The natural seeds of Schisandra chinensis are small, with 1000-grain weight 17-22g, and the artificially cultivated seeds are large and tidy, with 1000-grain weight of about 30g. The seed coat is orange-yellow, dense and permeable. The water content of dried seeds is 6-7%, and they can be stored for two years in a sealed container. In the seedling raising operation, Schisandra chinensis seeds belong to warm-wet type and cold-wet type. That is to say, when seeds germinate, warm and wet conditions are provided first, and then cold and warm conditions are provided after a certain period of time to meet the requirements of seed germination. Because the seeds of Schisandra chinensis are immature, the embryos in the seeds have not been fully differentiated, and they need to continue to develop in a certain ecological environment to reach physiological maturity. Therefore, the seed germination treatment of Schisandra chinensis seedlings is the key to the success or failure of seedling raising.
2. Asexual reproduction
The rooting rate of cuttage seedlings of Schisandra chinensis is low and the cost is high. However, using underground stolons of Schisandra chinensis as materials for asexual propagation has good effect, low cost and simple technology. 1. Garden site selection and soil preparation
According to the ecological characteristics and natural distribution of Schisandra chinensis, the hillside, flood plain, old cutting area and over-cut forest land should be selected as the plantation land of Schisandra chinensis. There are mixed forests in the upper layer, and the canopy density is 0.3-0.4. Dingzishan, Sophora japonica, dwarf tiger, Ulmus chinensis, willow and birch are all accompanying tree species for Schisandra chinensis to climb. Deep soil layer, loose texture, rich organic matter, fertile soil and good drainage. The range of pH 5.5-6.5 is the most suitable soil for the growth of Schisandra chinensis, with convenient transportation and favorable management.
Before planting, soil preparation should be done carefully. If the density of trees on the forest land is too high, thinning should be carried out according to the design requirements, so that Schisandra chinensis can be planted in rows and belts. Usually, the row spacing is 1.5-2m, and the cluster spacing is 0.5m. Therefore, it is enough to cut the belt of 1.5m, and keep the trees in the belt as climbing trees of Schisandra as much as possible. If the standing tree is too thin, a horizontal trunk can be tied in the middle, the hole surface can be planted with 30X30X20cm, and the land can be prepared in strips. The bandwidth is 50cm. There is no strict limit on how much to plant per hectare. Combination of forest and fruit, make full use of forest land. It is beneficial to the growth of the upper forest and the high yield of Schisandra chinensis. Schisandra chinensis should be clustered into pieces as much as possible, because Schisandra chinensis is a high-density artificial garden, and the fruit setting rate of semi-artificial garden can reach 65%, which is 15-20 times higher than that of sparse natural plants.
The development of Schisandra chinensis in forest area should be mainly planted in forest and forest edge, and ecological plantation should be established by using forest environment. First, Schisandra likes to be born in the forest and adapt to the forest microclimate and soil. Second, make full use of subtrees and young trees, irrigate and climb trees, and do not need special towers to reduce investment. Third, it can avoid the harm of physiological drought in winter and late frost. Fourth, reduce fertilization, reduce pests and diseases, use less or no pesticides, and maintain the characteristics of green food.
2. Planting and tending
The planting time is from late April to early May, so it should be planted early in mountainous areas, and the survival rate can be improved by planting with top pulp when the soil is thawed in spring. The suitable planting depth is more than 2 cm above the rhizome. After implantation, the surface of acupoints is mound-shaped, without water accumulation and freezing.
Before planting seedlings, the seedlings should be treated, and the excessively long roots should be cut off to keep about 15cm, and the excessively long underground stems can also be cut short. The vines on the ground should be cut short, keeping the length of 30-40 cm, leaving 3-5 lateral vines with full buds. Roots should be dipped in mud or with 100PPM of No.2 rooting powder solution, which is beneficial to survival. If 4-2 aspirin tablets (ABC painkillers) are added to each kilogram of mud, it is very beneficial to protect seedlings, promote activity and delay seedlings.
Tending in time after planting, tending for three times in the first year, to ensure that there is no weed oppression and shade around Schisandra chinensis plants, gradually expand the hole surface, and promote the accelerated growth of plant roots and aboveground parts.
3. Supporting institutions
Schisandra chinensis is a kind of winding climbing plant. When the vines of Schisandra chinensis extend to about 1m, tea clips should be given to the vines in time to prevent them from climbing on the ground. For those who don't have trees climbing nearby, you can use the surrounding trees as pillars, tie bars and brackets to induce the main vines to climb upwards. This method not only reduces investment, but also simulates nature, so Schisandra chinensis has a large space. For too dense canopy, it can be properly thinned to increase ventilation and light transmission. Schisandra chinensis crawls all over the frame in April-May, intertwining with each other, and the weight of supporting vines and measuring vines flutters with the wind, which requires manual binding, especially in June-August when the fruits are in full bloom. Management is very important. The task of vine management is to promote the shelf, place it evenly, receive the same light and make full use of the shelf surface.
Step 4 reshape and trim
Schisandra chinensis has many main tendrils from the root, and the shoulder shape with many main tendrils conforms to its biological habit. Because it is water climbing, it is more difficult than grape pruning. Many main vines are intertwined, and it is difficult to distinguish the affiliation, so it is difficult to shape and can only be roughly controlled in production.
The number of main vines is related to density, frame number and geography, which directly affects the yield and quality. For medium density (0.5 × 1.5m) planting, 5 main vines can be left per plant, and for low density (0.5 × 2m) planting, 6-7 main vines can be left per plant. This density not only has a high yield per unit area, but also has a first-class and second-class fruit rate of 50-60%.
Trim:
(1) Pre-fruiting pruning: 2-4 years after planting, the main vine has been formed, and many lateral vines have grown on the main vine, which is rich in nutrition and ready to blossom and bear fruit. The task of pruning at this stage is to straighten out the relationship, use the space and promote ventilation and light transmission. Erase the redundant lateral vines at the base of the upper vines and cut off the redundant base vines. Prune the main vines with a long span (about 2m) in time, or widen the distribution angle to divide them horizontally, so as to weaken the growth, promote the emergence of lateral vines, and sparse the lateral vines with weak growth. In late July, the lateral vines were completely cored to control their growth and promote lignification. Combined with spraying 1-2 times of 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, it can promote lignification, reduce the phenomenon of dead branches in winter and cut dead branches in spring in time.
(2) Pre-fruiting pruning (5-6 years): The pruning task at this stage is to control vegetative growth and promote flowering and fruiting. Due to the previous stage of cultivation, the high-yield skeleton and nutritional surface of Schisandra chinensis have been formed. More mixed buds are formed in the middle and upper parts of lateral vines, which blossom and bear fruit, cultivate strong and strong female vines, erase weak vines and inhibit excessive overgrowth of vines. Results 4-7 buds were suitable for the mother vine, and more buds were left in the middle and lower parts. The bud spacing is 10- 15cm. Conducive to the result. Generally, female flowers are mostly distributed in the upper part of the fruiting vine, and there are more male buds in the lower part. Tapping in mid-July controlled the spread of growth, which was beneficial to the thickening growth and multi-differentiation of mixed buds. The redundant base vines at the base of the main vine continue to be erased, making the base sparse.
③ Pruning in full fruit stage (7-9 years): Schisandra chinensis enters full fruit stage, the yield increases, the fruit surface moves up, and the lower part of the main vine is gradually exposed. The task of this period is to strengthen fertilizer and water management, maintain tree vigor, delay senescence, cut off dead vines, weak vines and sparse over-parasitic vines, cultivate new bearing vines, and pay special attention to selecting and retaining new vines growing from the lower part of main vines. And culture into fruiting vine. Cut off the aged and bare fruiting vines on the upper part and retract the fruiting position to ensure the yield in the whole fruit period and realize long-term high yield.
Secondly, select 3-4 basic vines as the backup of the main vines to update.
④ Renewal and pruning in the aging period (more than 65,438+00 years): in the full fruit period, the main vine of Schisandra chinensis is bald and bare, and its seed-setting ability decreases. At this time, the task of pruning is to replace the main vines and make them younger. The cultivated updated main vines will replace the aging main vines. Cut off the old vines, clean up the shelf surface, make room, and promote the growth and fruiting of new vines.
fertilize the soil or land
The fruit orchard of Schisandra chinensis consumes a lot of nutrients every year, and timely and appropriate fertilization can effectively improve the fruit yield. According to the research, the effect of fertilization in the new bud stage (July) of Schisandra chinensis is the most obvious, with an increase of 44. 10 g per plant, which is 44. 15% higher than that of the control. The effect of applying organic fertilizer is very good, and the application of organic fertilizer 1- 1.5 kg per plant is 38.38%-4 1.23% higher than that of the control. Ecological park cultivation can use dead leaves and forest humus as fertilizers to produce pure natural products.
6. Pest control
① Powdery Mildew of Schisandra chinensis: The disease is prone to occur at high temperature, especially in places with poor ventilation. The prevention method is to spray 200 times of Bordeaux mixture with lime once in mid-June and twice in early July, once every 20 days. The preventive effect is very good. In case of sudden powdery mildew, spray 25% triadimefon 10- 15 days, 2-3 times in a row.
(2) Root rot (necking disease) is a physiological disease. When cultivated in bare land, it is serious, which can cause more than 60% of Schisandra plants to die. Especially in late autumn and early spring, the ground temperature changes dramatically day and night, and the root and neck tissues of the surface are tender, with low disease resistance and peeling due to skin ulceration. The prevention method can be buried in autumn, which can reduce the injury. The ecological park in the forest can be protected from injury because of its superior environment or litter environment, and there is no such disease. Some scientific research units imitate the way of grape gardening and cultivate Schisandra chinensis in bare land under full illumination. Plant spacing is 0.5×1.5m. Bury piles, pull wires, tie bars and tie Schisandra chinensis to the shelves. This cultivation method has high fruit setting rate and high yield, which is several times higher than that of natural Schisandra chinensis plants. According to 500 plants per mu, the maximum yield of asexual seedlings can reach 760 kg, and that of seedlings can reach 350 kg.