Shang Dynasty is the second dynasty in the history of China, and it is also the first dynasty with direct written records of the same period in China.
Shang Tang, the monarch of Xia Dynasty, led Shang Dynasty to destroy Xia Hou in the battle of Mingtiao. Business? As a national title, Shang Dynasty was founded in Bo (now Shangqiu). After that, the capital of Shang Dynasty moved frequently until its descendant Pan Geng moved to Yin (now Anyang), which was the capital of Yin in 273. Therefore, the Shang dynasty was called? Yin? Or? Yin Shang? .
The Shang Dynasty experienced three main stages. What is the first stage? Go up? ; What is the second stage? Morning business? ; What is the third stage? Late business? It took more than 500 years from 17 to 3 1. Di Xin, the last monarch, set himself on fire after being defeated by Zhou Wuwang in the battle of Makino.
The excavation of Yin Ruins confirmed the existence of Shang Dynasty in China. The Shang Dynasty was in the heyday of slavery, and slave owners and nobles were the ruling classes, forming a huge bureaucratic ruling institution and army. Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen are the earliest systematic characters in China. During the Shang Dynasty, there were also developed non-Central Plains civilizations in the Yangtze River basin.
Legend of Shang nationality
? According to legend, Shang is a descendant of Di Ku, who lives in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and has a long history. During the Shun period, an outstanding military leader appeared in the Shang Dynasty? Contract. Then the businessman called him? Xuan Wang? , as ancestors, and reconciliation? The fate of the mysterious bird, born in the business world, is rich? Praise his ode.
After Taikang lost his country, Qi's grandson began to develop to the East. The Book of Songs says:? Xiangtu is very good. Are there any cuts overseas? . By the middle of the Xia Dynasty, Sun Ming VI of the State of Qi? Diligent and drowned? , businessman? Suburb? Sacrifice it.
Ghost son Wang Hai? Serve the cows? , to develop in Hebei. By the fourteenth generation of Sun and Tang Dynasties, Shang had become a relatively powerful country in the East. "Mandarin? Zhou said to him, the merchants of the king of Yunqin have prospered for four generations out of ten. .
Tang Wu Revolution
Xia Dynasty had ruled the Central Plains for hundreds of years when it was revived in Shao Kang and spread to Emperor Kong Jia, and it gradually declined due to increasingly corrupt rule. Kong Jia in history? Good spirits, fornication, Xia Houshi's moral decline, and princes are all over it? ,? Kongjia summer chaos, four in autumn? .
Kong Jia passed on to the fourth generation and succeeded to the throne. He was the last king of the Xia Dynasty? Jay. According to legend, Xia Jie is so cruel that people can't stand it. Historical records? Xia Benji said: Jie did not serve people with virtue, but harmed the people with force, and the people deserved it. ?
In order to get rid of the decline since Kong Jia, Jie strengthened internal rule and resolutely suppressed alien forces. It is said that he killed CoCo Lee like a tree. However, high-handed means did not achieve the goal, but intensified the people's hatred of him, and the people even vowed to die with him.
While strengthening internal control, Jie constantly conquered foreign countries to divert people's discontent and plunder wealth, slaves and beautiful women. He attacked you Shishi first, and you Shishi was forced to dedicate his sister's happiness to Jay. Minshan was recruited again. Minshan was forced? A married woman, Yu Jie? . Of course, Xia Jie's actions will arouse the dissatisfaction and resistance of all tribes. Princes in summer? This is inevitable. Obviously, by the time Xia Jie arrived, the rule of Xia Dynasty was already at home and abroad.
? At the same time, the merchants who rose in the East developed greatly and gradually became stronger. Under the leadership of Shang Tang, they have accumulated the strength to fight against summer. Soup is b day, last name? Son? Oracle Bone Inscriptions called him Da Yi, and later generations used to call him Cheng Tang. He is an educated merchant leader. When he became the leader of the Shang clan, he saw that the Xia Dynasty was decaying day by day, and the tyranny of the Xia Dynasty had caused betrayal, so he set out to establish a new dynasty.
First of all, neighboring tribes are United by virtue and strength.
Shang clan was still at the end of clan society before the summer extinction. At this time, inequality, slavery and exploitation within the clan of Shang Dynasty had already occurred, but it was much looser than the rule of Xia Dynasty. Tang also paid attention to winning domestic support and support. "Mandarin? Lu said? Tang is lenient with others and does everything except evil? . Huainanzi? Will you talk about him further? Stay awake at night so that your work is clear. Light and thin, to forgive the people and protect themselves. Bud gives welfare to help the poor. Hanging around the neck, asking questions, raising orphans and widows. People attached, decrees popular? .
Cheng Tang's diligent and thoughtful measures have played a very significant role in winning the hearts of the people, consolidating the rule and accumulating strength to fight against the summer. His behavior not only won the support of his own people, but also made Xia people and people in other countries yearn for it. Therefore, there is Historical Records? The so-called Xia Benji? In the Tang dynasty, all princes were business? Situation.
Shang Tang's activities naturally attracted the attention of Xia Jie. At this time, although the power of Shang had developed greatly, it was still weak compared with Xia, so it had to submit to Xia for the time being. Xia Jie suspected Tangtang, so he shut him up in the summer resort.
Secondly, with Yi Yin's stratagem, the relationship between Xia Jie and its ally Jiuyi became estranged, and the balance of power gradually tilted in its favor.
"Master yuan? Machiavelli described this in more detail:? When Tang wanted to attack Jie Li, Yi Yin said, Please stop paying tribute and watch it move. Jie Li nu, cut it from the division of Jiuyi. Yi Yin said: No, he can still be a teacher in September 1st, but it's my fault. Tang apologized, please accept it and return the tribute. I won't pay tribute to my post next year, and I will be angry. I'll be a teacher in September 1st. I can't afford it. Yi Yin said, yes. Tang was a teacher, but it was cut off and it was difficult to move to the south nest. ? At this point, Jie has been in a helpless position, and the situation has become extremely favorable to Shang Tang, except that a few tribes such as Kunwu still obey the command.
After making these preparations, Shang began to fight against Xia.
At the swearing-in meeting, Tang listed the evils and people's hatred of Jie, and pointed out the justice and necessity of the war against summer under the guise of providence, and pointed out that the war against summer was providence and could not be violated. Those who make meritorious deeds will be rewarded and offenders will be severely punished. This is the book Shangshu, which has been preserved to this day. Tang Shi. Shang Tang set out from Bo, pointing his spear at the capital of Xia.
Before the decisive battle with, some Fang tribes who still obey the command at this time were eliminated. "Poetry? Shang song? Long hair: Wei, Gu Fa, Kun Wu? Zheng Xuanru commented:? Wei Zhe, Peng Ye. Gu and Kunwu are both surnames. The Three Kingdoms Party was evil, and Tang attacked Wei, Gu and Ke first. Kunwu and Xia Jie were also punished. ? Explain that Tang defeated Wei, Gu and Kunwu because they were still helping Jie and Shang as enemies, that is? The Three Kingdoms Party is evil? . Of the three kingdoms, Kunwu was the last to perish. Yin Benji said: At that time, Xia Jie abused politics and wasted his life, while the warlord Kunwu was in chaos. Tang led the princes, Yi Yin followed Tang, and Tang took the lot to replace Kunwu, so he cut down the profits? .
At this point, Xia Jie's wings have been completely cut off. However, at this time, Xia Jie did not take serious precautions against Shang Tang's attack. Waiting for soup? . So, when Shang Tang's army arrived? Leave without a blade? .
Xia Jun fled to Mingtiao, defeated by the Shang army in World War I, and fled to Nanchao and died. Historical records? Xia Benji:? The eldest son Tang Naijian took the place of Xia Dynasty? . At this point, Shang Tang completed the important task of destroying the summer and established the second slavery dynasty in the history of China? Business.
Attack the capital of Xia Dynasty. The two sides fought in Mingtiao (Fengqiu East, Henan Province) and Shi Xia was defeated. After the extinction, Tang returned to Bo, where he met with governors and formally established the Shang Dynasty, with its capital in Bo.
The establishment of Shang Dynasty greatly promoted the development of productive forces and made the progress of ancient civilization turn for the better. After the establishment of Shang dynasty, in order to resist natural disasters, the capital was moved many times, and the economic level was very low. However, Shang Tang learned the lesson from the demise of the Xia Dynasty, widely implemented benevolent policies, won the hearts of the people, and initially consolidated the commercial regime.
Agriculture and handicrafts developed rapidly in Shang Dynasty. Grain crops such as millet, millet, rice, wheat and cash crops such as mulberry, hemp, melon and fruit appeared, economic development accelerated, private ownership was further improved, and the Shang Dynasty moved towards the era of slavery. What is the name of this period in history? Shang Tang Revolution? Period.
Dynasty achievement
Before the late summer of Shang Tang and the establishment of Shang Dynasty, Shang tribe was a tribe mainly engaged in animal husbandry, which flourished in the lower reaches of the Yellow River (now Shangqiu). When the Shang Dynasty established its rule, it made its capital in Bo (Shangqiu, Henan); Later, when I was in Pan Geng, I moved to Yin (now Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan), so the Shang Dynasty was always called Yin Shang.
The sphere of influence of Shang dynasty also greatly exceeded that of Xia dynasty. Archaeologists have discovered a large number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Xiaotun Village, Anyang, which shows that the characters in Yin and Shang Dynasties were fully and widely used and developed more maturely. The structure of Chinese characters has basically taken shape in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Through the study of Oracle bone inscriptions, our understanding of Shang Dynasty is more detailed and reliable.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions reflects the record of astronomical phenomena in Shang Dynasty and the application of trunk and branch timing method. Agriculture, animal husbandry and aquaculture in Shang Dynasty developed rapidly, especially handicraft industry. The smelting and manufacturing of bronzes were quite mature, and all kinds of commonly used utensils, ritual vessels and wine vessels were very exquisite. The famous Simuwu Dafang Ding, weighing 875 kilograms, is one of the outstanding representatives.
Capital change
The greedy nature of the ruling class determines that the struggle for power and interests within the royal family is inevitable. Historical records? It is recorded in Yin Benji; ? Since middle school, disciples have been more established, and disciples have been arguing, which is more chaotic than IX, so the princes are not in the DPRK? . From Pan Geng, it shows that during this period, the Shang royal family fought for the throne with internal strife and foreign invasion.
During this period, the Shang Dynasty moved the capital several times. According to Bamboo Chronology, Wang Shang Zhong Ding? From Bo to Xiao? Hejian? From arrogance to phase change? Zu Ti moved to Xing (now Xingtai City) and Nan Geng? Since Xing moved to the election? Pan Geng? Optional, move to North Mongolia, say Yin? .
About another capital of Shang Dynasty? Gengdu. In BC 1525, Zu Ti moved his capital to Gengdi (now Hejin, Shanxi) because he was dissatisfied with Du Xiang (now Huangnei, Henan). A year later, Zu Ti moved his capital to Xing (now Xingtai, Hebei) because of a river disaster. Because there was only one year, historians ignored the issue of Zuyi's relocation.
As can be seen from the literature, the Shang Dynasty established a relatively complete state institution, including various officials, standing armies (left, middle and right divisions), laws and regulations, criminal regulations and so on. However, there are still different views on the relationship between these capitals and the names recorded in the literature. Only Yin Ruins in Anyang is the capital of Wang Shi after Pan Geng, and their views are consistent.
Historians have different views on the reasons why the capital was moved many times in the history of Shang Dynasty. But from Shangshu? Seeing from Pan Geng, moving the capital has a certain relationship with internal political struggle. Just like Pan Gengsheng said? Rely on people to move? Decided to move the capital for the benefit of the people, but what message did he send to those who didn't listen to the orders? I am ruined, I have no education, and I can't plant in this new city. Threats (I'm going to kill them all, and I won't let those bastards stay in the new town) reflect the fierce internal struggle.
After Pan Geng moved to Yin, it eased the contradictions within the royal family and promoted the social and economic development. What's Pan Geng's name? Zhongxing? Lord, and laid the foundation for the arrival of the prosperous Wuding.
Wuding zhongxing
Wu Ding is the son of Pan Geng's younger brother Xiao Yi and Pan Geng's nephew. After his death, he was named Emperor Gaozong, so he was also called Emperor Gaozong. When he was young, Xiao Yi invited him to live in the folk for a period of time to understand the hardships of people's lives. After he acceded to the throne, he made great efforts to govern, did not dare to abandon peace, made great efforts to govern, and determined to revitalize the great cause. He went out to crusade against the devil, the earth, Qiang, people, tigers and other countries. The scale of the war is not small, and thousands of troops are often used. The largest one is 13000. In these battles, Zheng served many small countries, expanded his territory and captured a large number of prisoners.
Wuding cultural remains are quite rich, including palaces, tombs and workshops. The bronze industry, which represented the development level of social productive forces at that time, made breakthrough progress, such as the appearance of ternary alloy of copper, lead and tin; Separation casting technology has been widely used; The output of bronzes has greatly increased, and there have also been Si Muwu Dafang Ding, and even heavy weapons such as Fang Yi and Sanlian Jing.
Wu Ding's achievements in the bronze industry marked that the bronze age in China entered a prosperous period. In addition, great achievements have been made in textiles, medicine, transportation and astronomy. The flourishing age initiated by Wu Ding laid a good foundation for the development of social production in the late Shang Dynasty and even the prosperity of Western Zhou civilization.
Dynasty perish
After Wu Ding's death, the peace and prosperity he initiated did not last long. After Zu Geng and Zujia, especially during the period of Di Yi and Di Xin, domestic contradictions were very sharp, and the southeast vassal states rebelled in succession.
Faced with this situation, Di Xin, King of Shang Dynasty, was very brave. He sent people to invade Lion in the east and attack Jiumiao in the south, extending the sphere of influence of Shang Dynasty to the East China Sea and the Yangtze River basin. However, his successive campaigns greatly consumed the national strength, further intensified the domestic contradictions, and the domestic forces were empty, which made his control over the northwest decline and gave Zhou An an opportunity.
When he was there, Zhou began to attack the Shang Dynasty, and the king of the Shang Dynasty had to take slaves as an army to hastily resist the Zhou people. As a result, the Shang army had no fighting spirit. Former disciples defected? Battle of konoha? Bleeding? Di Xin fled to Lutai and set himself on fire. The Shang Dynasty perished and the Zhou Dynasty was established.
Descendants of businessmen
With the demise of the Shang Dynasty, the royal family of the Shang Dynasty was unwilling to submit to the Zhou Dynasty, so they led some Yin people to move northward and established Koryo, whose surname was called Koryo in history. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Lu Wan, the prince of Yan, destroyed Wei Man and Ji surnamed Han. Besides, Chen Guo on the Korean Peninsula is a commercial country.
When Zhou Wuwang enfeoffed the vassal, he still sealed Wu Geng, the son of Zhou Wang, to worship him. After his death, Wu Geng rebelled and was killed by Zhou. In addition, the ordinary brother who was sent to Shangqiu in that year was named Song, which was a tribute to Shang Dynasty. The adherents of Shang Dynasty split into two and became the later Wei and Song States. During the Warring States Period (286 BC), Song died in the State of Qi, while Wei was annexed by the Qin Dynasty in Qin Ershi. In Liaodong, Ji Zi, the imperial clan of Shang Dynasty, founded Korea and died in Wei Man, a Yan.