At the beginning of the confrontation between the Eastern Wei and the Western Wei, there were frequent wars between the Eastern Wei in power of Gao Huan and the Western Wei in power of Yu Wentai. In the third year of Tian Ping in the Eastern Wei Dynasty (AD 536), Gao Huanbing attacked the Western Wei Dynasty in three ways. Gao Huanzheng personally led the main force to Puban (now Xipuzhou, Yongji, Shanxi) and ordered the sergeant to build three pontoons to prepare for crossing the Yellow River. At the same time, Dou Tai was sent to lead more than 10,000 people to Tongguan. Gao from Shangluo (now Shangxian County, Shanxi Province) outflanked Lantian (now Lantian, Shaanxi Province). Facing the three armies of Gao Huan, Yu Wentai adopted Yu Wenshen's suggestion. He sneaked out of the small pass on the left side of Tongguan with weak soldiers from Chang 'an (now south of ancient Tongguan in Shaanxi), unexpectedly defeated Dou Taijun, captured more than 10,000 people, and Dou Taitai committed suicide. When Gao Huan and Gao Gao heard the news, they had to retreat immediately, and Yu Wentai won the battle of filial piety.
In August (AD 537), the fourth year of Tianping in the Eastern Wei Dynasty, there was another battle of sand source between the East and the West. At that time, Yu Wentai led more than 10,000 troops out of Tongguan and captured Hengnong (now Sanmenxia, Henan). When Gao Huan heard the news, he led his troops to the Western Expedition and besieged Hengnong with 30,000 troops in an attempt to capture Chang 'an in one fell swoop. At this point, Yu Wentai has led soldiers into the customs. Gao Huan's 654.38 million troops crossed the Yellow River and Luoshui from Pujin Ferry and were stationed in the petal-shaped Deng Yuan of Xulian (south of Luoshui). Yu Wentai led a light ride over Weishui, and in Qushayuan (now south of Dali, Shaanxi Province) of Weishui, Gao Huan's army was defeated, and Gao Huan fled in a hurry. In the battle of Shayuan, more than 80,000 people in the Eastern Wei Dynasty were captured and suffered heavy losses. After the Shayuan War, Yu Wentai's rule in Guanlong was further consolidated, Gao Huan gradually lost its strategic advantage, and the confrontation between East and West Wei was formally formed.
Since then, there have been several wars between the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties. After the battle of Shayuan, Yu Wentai pursued the victory and captured Puban and Jinyong City. In the first year of Yuan Xiang in the Eastern Wei Dynasty (AD 538), Hou Jing, the general of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, attacked Jin Yongcheng, and Yu Wentai quickly led the army to rescue him. Yu Wentai was almost captured in World War I in He Qiao, but due to the arrival of the Western Wei army, the Eastern Wei army was defeated. At the same time, after the war in He Qiao, Gao Huan recovered Luoyang. But soon, Luoyang was acquired by the Western Wei Dynasty. In the first year of Wuding in the Eastern Wei Dynasty (AD 543), the Eastern Wei and the Western Wei once again fought in Mangshan, and the Eastern Wei won a great victory. In the fourth year of Wuding (AD 546), Gao Huan led 65,438+10,000 troops to attack the Western Wei Dynasty and besieged Yubi (now southwest of Jishan Mountain in Shanxi Province) for more than 50 days. The defenders of the Western Wei Dynasty stubbornly resisted, and the sergeant of the Eastern Wei Dynasty died 70,000 people and was forced to retreat. Gao Huan was exhausted and ill in this campaign, and died soon after returning to Jinyang.
After Gao Huan's death, Gao Cheng, the eldest son, continued to take charge of the Eastern Wei regime in the name of General and King of Bohai Sea. In the seventh year of Wuding (AD 549), the Eastern Wei sent Gao Yue and Murong Shaozong to attack Changshe (now northeast of Changge, Henan) occupied by the Western Wei with 654.38+ ten thousand troops. West Wei Jun fought bravely and East Wei Jun was frustrated. Since then, under the powerful offensive of Gao Cheng's reinforcements, West Wei Jun was defeated and Changshe was captured by the Eastern Wei Dynasty. At this point, the East-West Wei War was temporarily suspended.
In August of the seventh year of Wuding (AD 549), Gao Cheng was killed by a cook named Jing Lan, and his younger brother Gao Yang continued to be in charge of the Eastern Wei Dynasty. In the first month of the eighth year of Wuding (AD 550), Yuan Shan, Emperor Xiaojing of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, was appointed Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of Chinese and Foreign Military Affairs, recorded the history of ministers, and made him King of Qi. The power of Gao Yang in the Eastern Wei Dynasty reached its peak. In May this year, Gao Yang abolished Emperor Xiaojing, became emperor on his own, and established the Beiqi regime. Gao Yang is the Wen Xuandi of Northern Qi Dynasty.
Northern Qi inherited the area controlled by the Eastern Wei Dynasty and occupied the vast areas of Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, northern Jiangsu and northern Anhui in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. At the same time, the Northern Qi Dynasty also fought against Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Liang, Chen and other regimes. After three years of natural forest protection (AD 552), the Northern Qi Dynasty repelled the invasion of Kumoxi, Qidan, Rouran, Shanhu and other ethnic minorities, and also took Huainan south, extending its influence to the north bank of the Yangtze River, and its national strength once reached its peak. The agriculture, salt and iron industry and porcelain manufacturing industry in the Northern Qi Dynasty are quite developed, and they are the richest countries in several separatist regimes. Beiqi also continued to implement the equal land system. In the third year of Heqing (A.D. 564), Gao Zhan, Wu Chengdi, promulgated the laws on land equalization and taxation, the contents of which were basically the same as those of the Northern Wei Dynasty, but some changes were made.
However, the Beiqi regime has a fatal weakness, that is, the ethnic contradiction between Xianbei people and Han people has never been alleviated. With the intensification of ethnic contradictions, the Northern Qi Dynasty declined.
At the same time, Yu Wentai in the Western Wei Dynasty was actively expanding its strength, capturing Han Dong, Yizhou, Xiangyang and other places, and once captured Jiangling, and its power developed to the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the Hanshui River basin. For the Turks, Rouran and other ethnic groups in the north, we should adopt a good communication policy. At the same time, he attacked the Southern Dynasties and occupied Yizhou and Jingyang successively.
Yu Wentai carried out a series of reforms by appointing Han scholars Su Chuo and Lu Bian. Economically, persuading farmers to plant mulberry and restoring the equal field system promoted the economic development of the Western Wei Dynasty. Politically, Yu Wentai implements the principle of ruling the country by virtue, giving priority to education, supplemented by the rule of law. During the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Su Chuo and Lu Bian were also ordered to reform the official system according to Zhou Li's requirements and implement the six official systems. In order to rectify the bureaucracy, Yu Wentai adopted six imperial edicts formulated by Su Chuo, such as abstinence, transformation, geographical location, enlightenment, sympathy for prison affairs and unified labor, and stipulated the basic principles for local governors to handle political affairs. Yu Wentai has also reformed its military management system and established a government-soldier system. Formally, the military system of the government adopted the old eight-part system of Xianbei, and established an eight-pillar country, which was actually the sixth army. There are two generals in each column country, a total of 12 generals; Under each general, there are two Kaifu, a total of 24 Kaifu; There are two documents under each government, a total of 48 documents; One instrument leads a thousand troops. In this way, there are about 48,000 soldiers in Liu Zhuguo. From this, the system of command by foreign countries, generals, governments and military instruments was gradually established, which expanded the source of soldiers and strengthened the control of the court over the army. The official military system was inherited by Sui and Tang Dynasties and lasted for nearly 200 years, which played an important role in the history of ancient military system in China. Under the governance of Yu Wentai, the Western Wei Dynasty achieved rapid development.
After the death of Yuanbaoju in West Wei Wendi, the deposed emperor Qin Yuan ascended the throne. In the first month of 554 AD, Yu Wentai killed the deposed emperor Qin Yuan and made Yuan Kuo emperor to show his respect for the emperor. Gongsan died in September (AD 556), and in October, his son Yu Wenjue ascended the throne with the help of his nephew Yuwen Hu. In December, Yuwen Jue was made Duke of Zhou, and Emperor Gong of the Western Wei Dynasty was forced to retreat in Yuwen Jue, and the Western Wei Dynasty perished. The following year, Yu Wenjue was called the King of Heaven and established the Northern Zhou regime. Soon, Yuwen Hu killed Yu Wenjue and made Yu Wenyu, the eldest son of Yu Wentai, king. In 557 AD, Yu Wenyu proclaimed himself Zhou. The following year, Yuwen Hu killed Yuwen Hu again and appointed Yu Wenyong, the fourth son of Yu Wentai, as Emperor Wu of Zhou. In the first year of Jiande (AD 572), Yu Wenyong killed Yuwen Hu and began to take charge.
During the reign of Yuwen Yong, Emperor Wu of Zhou Dynasty, he vigorously reformed and made the Northern Zhou Dynasty prosperous. For the system of officers and men, he changed non-commissioned officers into servants and expanded the scope of conscription. At the same time, it has repeatedly ordered the release of official and private slaves and prohibited the destruction of Buddhism and Taoism, thus ensuring the government's fiscal revenue and promoting the development of social production.
Another great thing that Emperor Wu of Zhou did was to send troops to cut Qi. In the fifth year of Jiande (AD 576), Emperor Wu of Zhou led an army of10.8 million to attack Beiqi on a large scale. At the beginning of the second year, the Northern Zhou army captured Yecheng, the capital of the Northern Qi Dynasty, and Gao Wei, the queen of the Northern Qi Dynasty, hurried into Zen with Gao Feng. On the way to escape, the father and son were captured and killed by the Northern Zhou army, and the Northern Qi Dynasty was declared extinct. At this point, the Yellow River basin was unified again.
After the death of Emperor Wu of Zhou Dynasty, his son Yu Wenyun (yūn) succeeded Xuan Di, Emperor Wu of Zhou Dynasty, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty gradually declined. Later, Yu will be located in his son Yuwen Property, which is Zhou Jingdi. Jingdi was young, assisted by his consort Sui Wendi. In the first year of Dading (AD 58 1 year), Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty abolished Jingdi and proclaimed himself emperor, and established the Sui Dynasty, thus ending the Northern Zhou Dynasty.
With the demise of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the history of the Northern Dynasty came to an end, and the era of the unification of Sui and Tang Dynasties came.