learning target

1. Memorize the background and influence of new air route development, and master the process and main figures of new air route development.

2. By analyzing the background of the new route, cultivate students' ability to comprehensively analyze problems from objective conditions and subjective factors, as well as the inevitability and contingency of historical events.

3. To cultivate students' ability to dialectically understand and evaluate historical figures by understanding the spirit of explorers who opened new routes, the strong perseverance of seeking profits and the duality of cruel plunder of colonial people.

4. By analyzing the influence of opening up new air routes, let students realize the barbarity and cruelty of primitive accumulation of capitalism.

Textbook analysis

I. Main difficulties and doubts

1. Key and difficult points: the huge impact of the opening of new routes.

2. Difficulties: 15 Reasons for large-scale offshore exploration activities at the end of the year. The huge impact of the opening of new routes.

2. Interpretation of teaching materials

The text of the first subtitle of the textbook "All for Spice" (see the textbook for the content).

interpret

1. Reasons for opening up new routes.

Answer: (1) economic root-the development of commodity economy and the bud of capitalism (root cause); Social roots-gold or gold rush. /kloc-in the 0/5th century, the development of commodity economy and the germination of capitalist production relations in European countries led to the disintegration of natural economy. As a universal means of exchange and payment, money not only replaces land as the main symbol of social wealth, but also becomes an important symbol to measure social status and power. Therefore, people from all walks of life are obsessed with finding gold and wealth. /kloc-after the change of the gold standard in the 0/5th century, gold became the only means of payment for domestic and foreign trade, and the demand increased sharply. However, the output of precious metals in western Europe is not high, and a large part of its gold is transported from Central Africa by caravans crossing the Sahara desert. This traditional mode of supply can no longer meet the needs of the development of commodity economy. At the same time, the huge trade deficit with the East caused a large outflow of silver, which aggravated the widespread money shortage in the western European market. At that time, Europeans were eager for gold, and because of Kyle? Polo's journey is widely spread in Europe, and he thinks that only going to China and other eastern countries can realize their dream of gold panning. Going to the East for gold panning has become a social craze.

(2)2. The emergence of business crisis: Business crisis mainly refers to the sharp rise in the prices of eastern commodities in the European market due to poor trade routes, shortage of goods or high transshipment costs in East-West trade, which Europeans lament as a business crisis. There are two main reasons: (1) monopoly trade between Italians and Arab businessmen; (2) Ottoman Turkey controls the traditional trade routes.

Before the15th century, there were three traditional trade routes between East and West: one was a complete land route from Central Asia along the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea coast to Xiaoya; The other two are amphibious. One first goes to the Persian Gulf by sea, and then to Syria on the east coast of the Mediterranean through the two river basins. The other enters the Red Sea from the sea, and then passes through the Isthmus of Suez to Alexandria, Egypt. These three trade routes finally converge in the eastern coastal areas of the Mediterranean, where oriental goods generally arrive first and then transfer to Europe. Foreign commodities that Europe needs, such as spices, camphor, sandalwood, silk, etc. All of them are obtained from entrepot trade and are expensive in the European market. The high profits make the businessmen in this area envious, and the nobles and businessmen in western Europe are eager to find another way and get rich.

(3) European monarchs strengthened their kingship by force and actively expanded. Spain and Portugal, which developed the maritime industry, first set their sights on expansion outside the European continent.

(4) The spread of Christianity, a religious root, is the spiritual driving force for western Europeans to develop overseas. From the beginning, Christianity took fraternity as its purpose and was proud of the religion of all mankind. They even think that in order to popularize Christianity, they even use force.

(5) Ideological roots: The Renaissance rose in Europe in 14 and 15 centuries. Its mainstream social trend of thought is humanism, which advocates affirming the role and value of human beings, encouraging people to take risks, challenge and conquer nature, boldly pursue wealth and realize personal value.

2. Conditions for opening up new routes.

Answer: objective conditions (1) material conditions: including ships, materials and funds. The rise of commodity economy and capitalism provides a material basis for the development of navigation, and the progress of shipbuilding technology provides possible conditions for navigation. (2) Navigation technology: The application of compass is the most outstanding performance. After the compass invented by China was spread to the west by Arabs, it was widely used in Europe in the14th century, so that navigation would not be lost. Without a compass, ocean navigation is impossible, which is a great contribution of China's ancient invention to the development of world civilization. (3) Shipbuilding technology: A new type of ship with light weight, multi-mast, multi-sail, fast and wide has emerged. (4) Geographical knowledge: At that time, the theory of geocircle was popular in Europe, and the technology of drawing maps was relatively advanced.

Subjective conditions: (1) In order to develop trade, improve the economic situation and expand the territory, the government strongly supports the activities of opening up new air routes. (2) Military aristocrats and knights regard ocean exploration as a new profession and are eager to get rich trophies; (3) The citizens and businessmen are dissatisfied with the monopoly of the Italians and Arabs on eastern trade, and expect the opening of new air routes to bring new financial resources; (4) The unfavorable commercial geographical position of Portugal and Spain. The east is the sphere of influence of Italian businessmen, and the north is the activity place of British, French and Dutch businessmen. The two countries had to advance into the Atlantic Ocean, develop westward and southward, and find new routes. (5) Spreading Catholicism and converting Muslims and other pagans to Catholicism.

3. Why are Portugal and Spain at the forefront of ocean exploration?

A: First, both countries are located on the Atlantic coast, which is conducive to their overseas development. The first step for the two countries to expand to the sea was to occupy four islands on the west coast of Africa in the15th century: Portugal occupied Madeira Islands, Azores Islands and Cape Verde Islands, and Spain occupied Canary Islands. Portugal and Spain are more active in expanding overseas after acquiring these islands with strategic and economic value.

Second, both countries have mastered navigation technology, especially Portugal, which is more advanced. Prince Henry of Portugal has a nickname "Navigator". He attached importance to combining the traditional experience of sailors and shipbuilders with theoretical knowledge, which improved Portugal's navigation ability. He actively planned the route around Africa to the East, and he sent one expedition after another to explore the west coast of Africa. Diaz, da? Gama, Columbus and others' maritime exploration activities were also completed with the support of Portuguese and Spanish royal families.

Third, the opening of the new air route is also related to the religious sentiment of Portuguese and Spanish. Catholics in Portugal and Spain have been ruled and oppressed by foreign Muslims since the beginning of the eighth century, and have experienced centuries-long movements to recover lost territory. It was not until 1492 that Spain regained Granada, the last stronghold of Arabs on the peninsula. Portugal and Spain have strong national and religious feelings in the struggle. Therefore, when they expand overseas, they also take spreading Christianity as their spiritual motivation.

The text of the second sub-item of the textbook, Active Adventure at Sea (see the textbook).

interpret

1. Maritime exploration activities supported by the Portuguese royal family.

Answer: (1) 1487, King Joao II of Portugal sent Dias and three ships to sail south from Lisbon along the coast of West Africa to the southwest end of Africa. Joao II realized the importance of discovering the southwestern tip of Africa and called it the "Cape of Good Hope".

(2)1497, the Portuguese sent Nurda? Gama led three ships from Lisbon, bypassed the Cape of Good Hope along the Diaz route, and arrived in India in May 1498. In this way, the route from Europe to Asia bypassing Africa was opened. 1499? Gamma returned to Lisbon, and the luxury goods he brought back were sold at a profit of 60 times the cost of navigation, which initially reflected the purpose of opening up new routes.

2. Marine exploration activities supported by Spanish room.

Answer: (1) 1492 Columbus, Italy, with the support of Queen Isabella of Spain and her husband Archduke Ferdinand, set out from Barros Port and crossed the vast Atlantic Ocean to reach a "new continent" unknown to Europeans in the past. Columbus mistakenly thought that he was going to India, so he called the local residents "Indians". (Later, another Italian navigator, Amerigo, confirmed that Columbus arrived in the New World, not India, so the New World was named "America" after him. But this island between North and South America, where Columbus first arrived, has always been called the West Indies. Columbus not only discovered the "New World", but also opened a route from Europe to America. )

(2) 15 19, the Portuguese sailor Magellan, who lived in Spain, was ordered by King Charles I of Spain to lead his fleet on a global trial. He crossed the Atlantic Ocean, went south along the coast of Brazil, bypassed the strait at the southern tip of America (later called strait of magellan), entered the Pacific Ocean and reached the Philippine Islands. Magellan died in a conflict with the Filipinos, and his companions returned to Spain by bypassing the Cape of Good Hope in the Indian Ocean on 1522. In this way, the route from Europe to South America and then to Asia has also been opened. This voyage proved the theory of the earth circle in practice.

3. Right? Comments by navigators such as Gamma, Columbus and Magellan.

A: They all have adventurous spirit, rich navigation knowledge and experience, perseverance and pioneering spirit. However, the purpose of their sailing is driven by financial interests, and there is a mercenary side. At the same time, their voyage brought great disasters to local residents.

The text of the third subtitle of the textbook, "New Route and Business Revolution in Western Europe" (see the textbook for the content).

interpret

1. Understand the three connotations of the business revolution.

A: (1) After the opening of the new air route, previously isolated areas in the world communicate with each other, and the links between different areas in the world have been strengthened. (2) The trade between Europe and Asia, Africa and America is developing day by day, and the world market is expanding. Some agricultural products unique to America spread to all parts of the world, such as corn and potatoes, which increased the food supply of human beings and promoted the population growth. (4) Europe's trade center has shifted from the Mediterranean coast to the Atlantic coast, and commercial cities such as Venice and Genoa in Italy have declined, while the commercial status of Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands and Britain has become increasingly important, and some commercial center cities have appeared in these countries and regions. Italy is the region where capitalism sprouted the earliest. However, this is why Italy is not the region with the fastest development and highest degree of capitalism in the future history. The Netherlands and Britain became the regions with the fastest development of capitalism and earlier bourgeois revolution. (4) People's eyes are wide. After the opening of the new air route, human vision has been greatly broadened, and people's understanding of the world has completely changed.

2. Understand the concept of price revolution.

A: Price Revolution: After the opening of the new sea route, due to the plunder of western colonists, a large number of precious metals flowed into Europe, leading to the devaluation of gold and silver and soaring prices, which had a far-reaching impact on the social development of European countries, so it was called price revolution. Its influence is mainly manifested in the following aspects: ① Precious metals such as gold and silver plundered by colonial invaders flowed into Europe in large quantities, which led to the devaluation of gold and silver, which reduced the actual income of some feudal owners who collected fixed-currency land rent in the traditional way and became increasingly poor and bankrupt. (2) Workers employed in urban and rural areas have also suffered serious damage. Due to the rising prices of daily necessities and the falling real wages, they are increasingly poor. (3) Currency devaluation will inevitably lead to commodity appreciation and soaring prices. Those handicraft workshop owners, capitalist farmers, upstarts who run farms in a capitalist way, and wealthy tenant farmers who pay fixed-currency land rent have all made huge profits. (4) For Britain, France and other countries, the price revolution also initially straightened out the price system in the transition period from natural economy to commodity economy, thus effectively accelerating the decline of feudal system and the development of capitalism.

3. How to understand the primitive accumulation of capital?

(1) primitive accumulation of capital's meaning: the emergence of capitalism requires two historical premises: First, a considerable amount of monetary wealth necessary for organizing capitalist production has accumulated in the hands of a few people; Second, there are two kinds of "free" workers. On the one hand, they sell their labor force without any constraints or restrictions. On the other hand, they are separated from land and any means of production. Therefore, before the capitalist mode of production is fully established, the process of separating small producers from the means of production by violence and concentrating the means of production and monetary wealth in the hands of a few people to turn them into capital is called "primitive accumulation of capital". It is the starting point of capitalist mode of production.

(2) The main forms of primitive accumulation of capital: ① Deprivation of farmers' land. The typical example of this form is the "enclosure movement" in Britain. The result of enclosure movement, on the one hand, caused the concentration of land and created conditions for the emergence of capitalist large farms or pastures. On the other hand, farmers who have lost their land have no livelihood and become free laborers employed in farms or workshops. (2) the bloody plunder of the colonies. Western colonists have accumulated huge wealth in America, Asia and Africa by plundering gold and silver, developing large plantations, selling black slaves and fraudulent trade. Later, it was transformed into capital and used to develop capitalist industries. ③ "price revolution". Due to the plunder of western colonists, a large number of precious metals such as gold and silver flowed to Europe, which led to the depreciation of gold and silver and the increase in prices. This is the price revolution. In this process, the emerging industrial and commercial bourgeoisie, on the one hand, sells goods at high prices and gains huge profits, on the other hand, pays workers with devalued currency wages, thus increasing its economic strength. The fixed-currency land rent collected by feudal landlords was affected by the price revolution, and the actual income decreased and its status weakened. The polarization between small handicraftsmen and farmers has intensified, and most people have become workers who sell their labor. (4) commercial warfare. 16-18th century, wars between European colonial countries such as Spain, Britain, the Netherlands and France were mostly commercial wars. The main initiator of the war is the industrial and commercial bourgeoisie, and the purpose of the war is to seize the origin of raw materials and commodity markets and monopolize international trade. The three Anglo-Dutch wars are typical commercial wars. Among the above primitive accumulation of capital forms, the first two are the most important.

(3) The essence of primitive accumulation of capital process: Although there are different forms in primitive accumulation of capital, the essence of all primitive accumulation forms is the process in which the bourgeoisie separates laborers (small producers) from the means of production by violence, and accumulates the means of production and money quickly in the hands of a few people, that is, the process in which laborers are deprived of the means of production by violence, that is, the process in which the feudal mode of production is promoted to the capitalist mode of production by violence. Marx said: "The history of this deprivation is written in the history of mankind with the words of blood and fire."

(4) The relationship between primitive accumulation of capital and capital accumulation: ① Difference: A primitive accumulation of capital forced laborers to separate from the means of production, which resulted in one pole being a "free" proletarian and the other pole being a money owner, that is, a capitalist; The process of accumulating capital by exploiting the surplus value of hired workers is called capital accumulation. B. primitive accumulation of capital "is not the result of capitalist mode of production, but its starting point"; Capital accumulation comes from the development of capitalist mode of production and develops with it. Primitive accumulation of capital's means is naked robber-style direct plunder; The means of capital accumulation is indirect and hidden exploitation. (2) Internal relations: Capital accumulation is based on surplus value, which is based on capitalist mode of production, which is based on the original accumulation of capital.

(5) The means of production and money are not capital in themselves, but only when they are possessed by capitalists and used as a means of exploitation can they become capital. The feudal rulers of Portugal and Spain gained great wealth by plundering the colonies, but they were profligate and absorbed by their own industry and commerce without converting them into capital, so they soon weakened.

4. The impact of the opening of new routes on the world.

A: (1) triggered a business revolution and contributed to a major change in the business operation mode in Western Europe. Initially form a world market. (2) The business operation mode in Western Europe has changed, and new business organizations have emerged in Europe. (the establishment of joint-stock companies, the emergence of futures trade, the use of credit instruments such as checks and promissory notes. (3) American traditional society suffered a devastating blow, and its gold and silver mining and plantation economy made important contributions to European primitive accumulation of capital. (4) Africa has become a place to hunt black slaves. (5) A large amount of silver flowed into Asia, which stimulated the development of Asian economy. (6) The world has gradually formed a European-centered world economic system, and all ethnic groups have begun to develop from scattered and isolated to global.

5. Superiority of joint-stock company management (capitalist economy and stock)

A: The emergence of the joint-stock company as an enterprise organization form is a major change for enterprises. Before that, businessmen engaged in commercial activities should be personally responsible for the end. All kinds of activities, from investment transfer to trading, are hands-on, and so are partnerships. The joint-stock company separates investment from management and business activities, liberates investors from the responsibility of management and mobilizes a large amount of funds to invest in commercial venture capital. Anyone who wants to invest a small amount of money in trade doesn't have to worry about it himself, but can invest in the form of subscription shares. The organization of joint-stock companies is becoming more and more perfect, and all management affairs are entrusted to the elected board of directors, and then the board of directors selects reliable people to manage the business. This form of commercial organization is conducive to large-scale commercial investment with centralized and decentralized funds, and is the most effective tool to mobilize economic forces to engage in overseas trade.