Ceng Yun and Huang Ze in Yuan Dynasty: The calligraphy of Chunqiu should be read carefully, and its similarities and differences and details should be studied to see the purpose of the sage's pen cutting. (Yuan Zhao's Spring and Autumn Annals) Zhang Qing's Answers to Questions on Literature and History is also called: "The meaning of Spring and Autumn Annals is clear. The meaning of sharpening is not only the beginning and the end, but also the rules of writing. " Therefore, people who can become a family statement "must have the details of others, the similarities of different people, the weight of people, and the neglect of people's wishes", and then "single-minded and arbitrary". Zuo Zhuan explains Confucius' Spring and Autumn Annals with historical narrative. "Drawing lessons from various schools and preparing narration can tell the whole story quite clearly, which is well known in one hundred generations. Meaning, the classics can be recognized. "
(Don Lu Chun's Biography of Spring and Autumn Annals, Gains and Losses of Three Biographies). From this point of view, the historical narrative of Zuozhuan should be inspired by the calligraphy of Chunqiu, especially the choice and consideration of before and after, similarities and differences, and details.
Narrative is the most difficult in writing, and Zuo Zhuan is exquisite in narrative art and highly praised by many scholars. Liang's Biography of Wen Xin Diao Long praised Zuo Zhuan as "the feather of a holy pen and the crown of writing"; Tang and Liu Zhiji's Shi Tong Za Shuo Shang praised the narrative of Zuo Shi, saying that "the works are natural, the thoughts are related to ghosts and gods, the writings are rare, and they are outstanding in ancient and modern times". Including the preface to the selection of ancient prose, "the order of things, meaning and law are not prepared for left and history";
"Zuo Zhuan Yi Fa Compendium" "Zuo Zhuan's narrative method is unparalleled in ancient times". Zhang Xuecheng's On Class Grammar specifically mentions narrative methods, such as "intermittent changes, odd and positive coexistence, such as Sun Wu's use of troops, liquidation of drugs, and surprise, which is almost a matter of chemical industry, and its method is not prepared in Zuo Zhuan". Liu Xizai's "A Brief Introduction to Arts and Literature" said: "The narrative of the Left Family is consolidated by the contenders, supplemented by the orphans, lived by the upright, refined by the vulgar and destroyed by the doers. Trimming transportation is a great preparation. " Most importantly, from the admiration and flaunting of various factions, we can see that Zuo Zhuan is devoted to narration, not just to inheriting the classic function through history. Speaking of China's narrative tradition, since Spring and Autumn Annals created the Confucian classic narrative, Zuo Zhuan has developed it and expanded it into historical narrative and literary narrative. Among them, the truncation of brush strokes, meticulous, faint, similar and different, before and after, is a common technique in the narrative art of Zuo Zhuan. Fang Bao's comment on Historical Records said: "Take the appropriate, detailed and appropriate, and handle the appropriate." This is also called.
Zuo Zhuan is narrative, which is beyond other classics. In the narrative category, he is especially good at the Syrian war. Therefore, Liang Jingxiang of the Five Dynasties called it "the matter of Ji Zhan" and Wei Kuixi of the Three Kingdoms called it "the book of mutual affection". Such as the Battle of Chengpu in Chu Jin (in the 28th year of Xi Gong), the Battle of Qin Jin (in the 31st year of Xi Gong), the Battle of Chu Jin (in the 12th year of Gong Xuan), the Battle of Qi Jin 'an (in the 2nd year of Chenggong) and the Battle of Yanling in Chu Jin (in the 16th year of Chenggong); And the battle of Qilu Changshao (ten years of Zhuanggong), the battle of Jin, Qin and Han Dynasties (fifteen years of Xigong), the battle of Song Chuhong (twenty-two years of Xigong), the battle of Baiju (four years), the battle of wuyue Li (fourteen years), the battle of chicken father (twenty-three years) and the battle of wuyue Li Ze. Wu Hesheng's "Zuo Zhuan Wei" has four volumes: "Zuo's wars are all well written, the songs are wonderful, and the ancient and modern texts are also good." In the Qing Dynasty, Roy's Zuo Zhuan also said: "Throughout the ages, the only person who used the art of war to write articles was Sun Tzu; The only one who uses articles as the art of war is Zuo Zhuan. " Ma Zi said in the third volume of Zuo Zhuan: "Zuo's account of the battles between Hanyuan, Chengpu, Yanling, Anma and Zhai is detailed in sections, brilliant in art of war and rich in writing, so all the scholars are good." From this point of view, Zuo Zhuan's narrative war has two unique advantages: First, the strategy of collecting and preserving Sun Tzu's Art of War embodies the mission of historical reference. Second, describe the success or failure of the war and expand the scale of traditional narrative. Taking the Battle of Chengpu, Chu Jin as an example, this paper discusses how Zuozhuan inherits the calligraphy of Chunqiu, how to give full play to the rhetoric teaching of Zuozhuan, and how to show the narrative art and the historical view of the reference system through detail, lightness, similarities and differences. The so-called "words are not unknown, things are not as expected" in the preface to the ram by Qing Kong Guangsen is sincere!
Second, Zuo Zhuan collected and stored military plans and historical lessons.
Historical compilation must have its writing purport, or historical significance and historical view, based on the collection of historical materials and the choice of historical events; The gains and losses of the introduction, and even the violation of praise and criticism. Taking Zuo Zhuan and Historical Records as examples, Bao preached the ancient righteousness and law of China. After the Biography of Huo Zhi, it was said that "righteousness is the classics, and law is the Tao". How to compare historical events? How to connect the short passages? The application of this "law". Before, during and after the compilation of historical biographies, many of them have been written into historical significance and historical views, and then embodied in historical biographies. Regarding Zhang Xuecheng's theory that the meaning of the Spring and Autumn Period is obvious, the so-called "when you are in a daze, you should be single-minded and arbitrary" is the application of historical significance and historical view.
Zuo Zhuan, published in chronological style, is far more mature and well prepared than Chunqiu. Jin said: "Zuo's Biography is full of historical sense. Literary talent is like clouds and moons, and it is as deep as mountains and seas. " After Wei Gao lured, he said, "Zuo's resignation and the combination of the two books can be said to convey the meaning of history, not the whole history." Lv Zuqian said: "The Left is very close, and the latter is history, which is rarely comparable." (See Zhu Yizun's Yi Kao in Qing Dynasty above. Liu Zhiji's Shi Fan Tong Province quoted Jin Gan's Shi Yi, belittled hundred schools of thought, and returned to Zuo Zhuan in the United States, thinking that "the high standard of writing is a good example of the work." China Historical Research Law by Liang Qichao, a close friend, says that Zuo Shi is a systematic and unique narrative, and it really becomes an organized work. This is especially beneficial to the narrative described by Xu Zhu and Zhao Kuang.
It's quite a dead end, "Zhang Xuecheng said." The meaning of cutting the pen has both a beginning and an end, and there are rules of civilization. "They can invent each other and complement each other. History is practical, not empty talk. In the early Qing Dynasty, Wei wrote twenty-two volumes of Zuo Zhuan Shi Jing Banknotes, the preface said: "Shangshu is Shi Dazu; Zuo Zhuan is a famous historical work. The principle of governing the world in ancient and modern times is all in books, and the change of governing the world in ancient and modern times is prepared in Zuo Zhuan. "Zuo Zhuan already has the essence of carrying out major events, breaking major cases, hesitating to decide contingency and resisting changes in ancient and modern times, and has quite full reference and reference significance. Among them, the success or failure of the battle described in Zuo Zhuan often outlines the strategy of collecting and preserving Sun Tzu's Art of War, which is based on the historical mission and provides lessons for reference.
Most strategists in the art of war in the world are ancestors, such as Taigong, Sanlve, or Sun Tzu, Sun Bin, Guiguzi. I don't know what happened before, but there is Zuo Zhuan, which describes the war and tells that it is good to March and use troops. If you want to simply ride, attack and retreat, you must be more clever and fully prepared (refer to Zhang Gao's comment on the military strategy of Zuo Zhuan). Because the narration of the war in Zuo Zhuan requires the preservation of the soldiers' plans, it provides the soldiers with suggestions from the Party, and it is based on ancient names, such as Guan Yu of Shu Han, Jin Duwei, Qi Jixian of Ming Dynasty and Zeng Guofan of Qing Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, Chen Yumo's "Zuo Shi Bing lue" is the first volume, and there are more than 60 famous people who have been familiar with Zuo Zhuan in ancient and modern times. Revealing nearly 100 military strategies in Zuo Shi, with the users of history repeating itself as evidence, can be described as a spectacular sight. Emperor Taizong once talked with Li about the left art of war: "I can't understand thousands of chapters and sentences, but I can't make mistakes in many ways!" Case: Thirty years after this sentence was published in Zuo Zhuan, Wu Yuan asked He Lv, the king of Wu, "How about cutting Chu?" Wu Zixu put forward the strategy of "three points should be devoted to Chu" (three points should be devoted to Chu): "If you are in a hurry, stop it, and you will make mistakes." The King of Wu adopted the strategy of long-term consumption, so the State of Chu "has no teacher all the year round". Therefore, although the State of Wu is small, it can defeat the enemy, but few people can defeat the public. The paradox of "making mistakes in many ways" played a role. Wu Yuchu was defeated, then defeated, and the three defeats should be combined. From this point of view, Zuo's art of war is different from Sun Wu's. Zuo's art of war is embodied in the battle, reflecting historical events, assisting the battle, and is comparable to the theory of non-fiction. Biography of Taishigong in Historical Records quoted Confucius from Biography of Yu in the Spring and Autumn Period as saying, "If I want to express my empty words, I might as well look at their depth." Spring and Autumn Annals aims to learn from the world. Following the Spring and Autumn Annals, Zuo's reign lasted for fourteen years and there were five cases of Spring and Autumn Annals. The fifth is to punish evil and promote good, which shows that there is no different ambition to learn from the world. Zuo Zhuan takes the world as a mirror, narrates the war, rewrites the military plan in detail, and talks about the war briefly, which is the expertise of Zuo Zhuan. With this unique understanding, it is different from those who describe the situation in full swing in the future.
Third, the success or failure of Chengpu depends on the military strategy.
Zuo Zhuan narrates the battles in the Spring and Autumn Period, the number of which exceeds 100. A war must involve two or more parties, and winning or losing is success or failure. Zuo never forgets historical lessons and missions, and often takes pains to reveal the success or failure factors of major battles. Generally speaking, there are five reasons that affect the success or failure of the battle between the two sides: too many military strategies, the second is the general's temperament, the third is the rise and fall of morale, the fourth is the dullness of weapons, and the fifth is the number of troops. The proportion of the five factors decreases in turn, and the first three are the most critical. Zuo Zhuan and the Battle of Chengpu can be used as evidence of the above proposition.
Spring and Autumn Annals is a history of hegemony, focusing on Chu Jin's hegemony, so the description of Jin Chu is unique and detailed. Since the King of Wu, Jingchu has annexed small countries and become king, and the momentum has gradually gained momentum. The ultimate goal of the whole army is to get a glimpse of the Central Plains. Although it was defeated by Qi Huangong's Zhaoling League, it defeated Song Xianggong in the Battle of Hong. Then in the twenty-seventh year, King Chu Cheng led the armies of Chu, Chen, Cai, Zheng and Xu to encircle the Song Dynasty, so Song Rujin was in a hurry and asked for help. It is said that Jin Xiangong doted on Li Ji in his later years and framed his son, which led to the chaos in Jin for nearly 20 years. From the fourth year (656) to the twenty-fourth year (636), the country was weak. In twenty-four years, the son of Gong returned to Jin. With the help of Hu Yan, Zhao Shuai, Wei Wuzi, Xian Zhen, Dian Jia, Jia Tuo and other talents, he finally got the land and the country, which was for Jin Wengong. At this time, the state of Jin, which is in urgent need of action, has not recovered. It lacks the experience of participating in international wars and the strength to fight against the powerful Chu State. Regardless of weapons and equipment, the number of troops is far less than that of the well-prepared Chu State. So he promised to save Song and help Song to resist Chu. In the end, the battle of Chengpu in Chu Jin was defeated by Jin Sheng and Chu. The so-called "Art of War": "More wins and less wins" is one of the factors; General Chu Jin's personality cultivation, good or bad, is enough to influence the style of leaders and the morale of the army.
(1) What are you fighting for? Clear indicators; How to fight? Attack it and keep it.
The narrative length of Zuo Zhuan is the most obvious compared with the teaching of Chunqiu. As far as historical events are concerned, many enemies set each other off,
Pairing is the opposite. As far as the gains and losses of ci are concerned, the most meticulous is the pre-war brewing, followed by the post-war packaging, while the positive narrative of the war situation is mostly concise, but a few lines are enough (see "narrative mode" below for details). The so-called pre-war planners often suggest that the factors affecting success or failure are historical explanations (historical views), and make a copy of the success or failure of this campaign. Among them, the most valuable one can be called a major feature of the war narrative in Zuo Zhuan, that is, the strategic point in Sun Tzu's The Art of War. For example, in Twenty-seven Years of Nuogong, Zuo Zhuan described "Winter: Zi Chu and vassals surrounded the Song Dynasty. Gongsun Zan in Song Dynasty was in an emergency, and Xian Zhen and Hu Yan of Jin decided to go to war to save the Song Dynasty, so the follow-up action of "staying in Lu, serving in the three armed forces and seeking a marshal" took place. Xian Zhen's speech, in order to mention, the so-called "repay kindness, save suffering, seize power, and set hegemony" at such a time, has carefully outlined the action plan for the Jin army to fight for, in an attempt to push the boat forward, step by step, kill four birds with one stone. In particular, what political benefits will it bring once it succeeds? Therefore, Xian Zhen put forward the guiding principle and ultimate pursuit of this movement. His foresight and calculation can be described as foresight and audacity in many aspects. In the twenty-eighth year of public service, Zuo Zhuan described the battle of Chengpu, and its plot developed according to what was said: repaying kindness and charity, saving the suffering, seizing power and determining hegemony. Secondly, Hu Yan's words echoed Xian Zhen's "why fight" and put forward a strategic plan of "how to fight"-attack and survive, from which Sun Bin's art of war evolved. Since Jin promised to save Song, how could it be accomplished by fighting? Hu Yan put forward a creative plan of "attacking him unprepared and saving him from death". He did not directly lead the troops to clear the way, and did not commit the right position. He invaded Cao and cut Wei as a means to lure Chu teachers around the Song Dynasty to the north for rescue. " If Cao Wei attacks, Chu will save ",which is the master plan to save Zhao by besieging Wei. Sun Tzu's Art of War, with the combination of reality and reality, contains the method of "attacking what is necessary", which has been used for reference by many strategists in later generations and achieved results. Please refer to Chen's Zuo Zhuan.
(two) false defense, said to give up in the tomb; Strategic design and intentional attack are the best.
The ultimate goal of making suggestions is to defeat the enemy and achieve results. The so-called plan before moving, the odds are stable before moving. If the future situation changes, as expected; The objective situation is under self-control; Only in this way can we be invincible and invincible. Whether Jin Wengong's fighting team can win the battle of Chengpu or not, the strategy of Sun Tzu's Art of War is superior to Yuzi and the enemy, which is the biggest key. Therefore, the historical narrative of Zuo Zhuan is recorded as a lesson for the world. For example, in the spring of the twenty-eighth year of Gong, "Jin Gong will attack Cao and pretend to be in Wei" led you into the urn, killing two birds with one stone: regardless of Chu's new acquisition of Cao, Cao Wei was newly married to Wei, and Cao Wei had an alliance with Chu; Therefore, if Jin wants to make a false statement about Wei and attack Cao, Wei has no reason to agree. Asking the false way while knowing the past is a strategy to turn hostility into friendship. He died in Cao, and Cao * * * once observed his nakedness. It is rude to punish the famous teacher Cao today. Although he was not treated with courtesy, he didn't offend. Today, Cao said he was cutting, and Wei said he was fake, so you will know. Due to wei ren's false promises, Jin people "invaded Cao and attacked Wei", which was justified. In the chapter "The Duke of Jin surrounded Cao", Jin people could not attack the city. "Many people died, Cao people died in Zhucheng, and Jin Hou suffered greatly." The solution to the problem of the 8 Jin Army is to "call it' leaving the tomb' and move the division", and Zuo Zhuan calls it' making friends with others'. This must be the strategy of senior consultants such as Hu Yan and Yuan Xian to pretend to be public opinion: on the one hand, it is announced that the 8 Jin Army will move to the tomb of Cao Renzu, and at the same time, the 8 Jin Army will cooperate with the propaganda and really move to the tomb of Cao Renzu. This fake action of "attacking the heart is the best" really worked, which triggered "Cao people are fierce and afraid, and those who get it will come out." Fearing that Cao Cheng was difficult to attack, the Jin army took a coffin out of the city gate, "attacking it because of its fierceness" and guided it according to the situation. The so-called "using troops according to shape" in Sun Tzu's The Art of War General is due to one of the enemy tactics.
(3) Short selling is at my disposal; Follow the trend, please enter the urn.
In the chapter of "Song made the door-yin class be like a teacher in a hurry", Jin people deliberately wanted to fight, but "Chyi Chin couldn't"; How can we encourage Chyi Chin on the sidelines to participate in the war? China's army put forward three kinds of action strategies, which were aimed at Song, Jin and Chyi Chin respectively, and were linked with the Chu people: generally, the strategy of buying air to lure surrender was adopted; As far as the Song Dynasty is concerned, all the benefits of gold were transferred to Chyi Chin. As far as Chyi Chin is concerned, the task of obtaining the benefits of everything is to persuade Chu to lift the siege of Song. As far as the State of Jin is concerned, the captured land was divided by Cao Cao to reward the Song people and compensate for the loss of buying off Chyi Chin. Such cross-application, Xian Zhen anticipated two results: First, Chu loves Cao Wei and will not agree with Chyi Chin's suggestion, citing Wei Song; Second, Chyi Chin was satisfied with Song's bribery, but failed to complete the task of delivery, which would inevitably anger Chu's stubbornness. Chyi Chin and China are doomed to war because of their mixed feelings. Textual research on Zuo Zhuan in the twenty-eighth year of Gongs: "On the fifth day of the fourth month of summer, Duke Jin, Duke Song, Duke Qi, Cui Yao and Xiao Zi Qin went to Chengpu." The Spring and Autumn Annals says: "It's summer and April, and the people of Jin, Qi, Song, Qin and Chu fought in Chengpu, and the Chu people were defeated." According to the records of classics and biographies, Qi and Qin did take part in the battle of Chengpu, so their strategy realized all his wishes.
(4) Defending Cao, three punishments and three complaints; Make a private promise to re-seal.
In the chapter "Yu Zi made Wan Chun sue Jin Shiyue", Zuo Zhuan described Chu Yuzi's military plan for the first time, which was really remarkable. In response to saying that Cao Fen and Wei Zhitian are three things, as a counterattack, "Please restore, seal Cao, and I will also lift the siege." It seems to be a kind response, but Chu Yuzi ignores the arrogance of the respect of the monarch and the minister and says from his son: "You take one, I will take two." According to the proposal, he restored his son's health and sealed Cao Er's meritorious service. As a tribute to the monarch, he was able to release the interests of the Song Dynasty. Obviously, Yu Zi used the monarch. It can be seen that the soldiers in Yu Zi had their own advantages and planned a secret crossing. Xian Zhen, the commander-in-chief of China's army, was rude to Yu Zi, but it triggered a creative interpretation and put forward another creative strategy: "Chu promised the Three Kingdoms, and I died in one word"; "I'm rude. Why are you calling?" "Chu has three applications, and I have three complaints. There are many grievances, why fight? " The first (former) and the following army sergeant became the commander of the Chinese army, and was famous for his virtue, so he cared about courtesy and grievances. I think rudeness and resentment will affect the outcome of the war. So he put forward the strategy of "privately collecting Cao Wei to help him, and holding Wan Chun to anger Chu". Using the subject-object translocation to change passive acceptance into active distribution and public commitment into private profit is tantamount to stealing the day. Xian Zhen's plot is wonderful. According to Yu Zi's plan, "Chu decides the Three Kingdoms with one word" and "Chu has three tricks"; Xian Zhen's plan was to get rid of Gan Kun, but Cao Cao's request to recover Wei and seal Cao Cao's son turned into Cao Cao's "private promise", so the three grievances immediately became three acts, and the first world war could be fought! Moreover, the strategy of "privately restoring Cao Wei" can achieve the purpose of isolation and differentiation at the same time. "Holding Wan Chun to anger Chu", as a stimulus, angered Yu Zi to participate in the war! Moreover, after "privately recovering Cao Wei", it must be "Cao Wei suing Chu". The development of the battlefield situation is almost watertight and unpredictable, which is not beyond the expectation of 8 Jin Army.
(5) I was wrong if Chu Hui didn't report it; Get out of the way and go straight.
As the eyes and ears of the army, the chapter "When Yu Zi learned gold in anger" is tantamount to a military adventure. Criminals answered officers' questions from two levels: first, the rise and fall of morale is closely related to the legitimacy of military actions; Secondly, Jin Shishun's three houses are not only to keep their promises, but also to repay them. Binding the aspirant can be transformed into a strategic response: at first, Mr. Jin was afraid of "breaking his word" and "I will change my mind", so he stayed at a respectful distance to repay the kindness. Furthermore, staying out of it can be transformed into a two-handed strategy: first, "I will return it, what do I want?" The battle was launched for the release of Wei Song. If Jin retreats and Chu moves back to the DPRK, it will end peacefully and the merits will be complete. Second, "If you don't go back, you will retreat. I am wrong!" Turn passivity into initiative and disadvantage into advantage: at first, you didn't report Chu Hui. If you break your word and save Wei Song, you will be in a favorable position; What's more, Teacher Chu is full of confidence and confidence, which is not good for Teacher Jin. Later Jin teachers withdrew from the room and took the taboo of "avoiding ministers with your majesty" At this time, if the Chu army pursues the Jin division, it has mistakenly done the rude act of "retiring the minister with your monarch", so it is called "Song is in a different place", stealing the dragon and changing it, and finding another way, which is wonderful and calm. The strategy of the Syrian war is like this and can be used as a reference for marching. Therefore, Zuo Zhuan is based on history and its narrative is so detailed.
(6) carelessness and surprise; Setting a fork to drag firewood, many mistakes.
The above five Memoirs of the Art of War are all concentrated before the war. The ups and downs are all for the success or failure of this campaign. Zuo Zhuan described five wars, and the wars were more detailed than the wars. It is often only a few lines to describe this battle. For example, in the battle of Chu Jin, he wrote a long narrative for Zuo Zhuan, using only the words "Che Chi died in battle and fled, and took the Jin army"; After the defeat of the 8 Jin Army, I stopped writing and wrote two sentences: "When the China army goes down to fight a boat, all the fingers on the boat can be used." The battle of Li Ze in wuyue only used the word "clamoring for progress". Cover god in the air and save effort in reality.
The battle to defend the castle is a battle to defend the culture of the Central Plains. Since the publication of Zuo Zhuan, it has the largest scale, the deepest influence and the most profound. Spring and Autumn Annals is the history of hegemony, Chu Jin's hegemony is the main axis, and vassals and nations are divided according to violations, so the battle between Chengpu is directly described in detail. "I was once a scholar's chapter, and my teacher was the first teacher to describe this array, and Xu Chen should be one of them; He also made Yin a general, a general of Zi and Zi Shang. Draw the outline and related ranking of the confrontation between the two armies. What is written below is the tactics of soldiers, drawing sounds and shadows, just like the reality of the battlefield. " Xu Chen got a tiger skin from his horse, and Cai Chen was the first person to make a mistake. "Be careless, surprise, attack it unprepared, and often make outstanding achievements. The people who attack Chen and Cai first will not be the same, and it is not easy to coordinate. It is still "one country, three publics, who is suitable for us", so they use their leisure time to reach the gap by fighting. Zuo Zhuan narrates the battle of Tai, with the theory of using teachers, calling it "observing things", "attacking fools with weakness" and "taking chaos to humiliate death". Therefore, "Cai Chen escaped and Chu Yousi collapsed", the first good news, lies in the use of blame. Secondly, "the fox hair set two forks and retreated, and the phoenix branches made it drag the firewood and escape", which is a clever use of deception tactics, setting a false retreat and dragging the firewood and escaping. The so-called war is fair Emperor Taizong said that, to quote Wu Zixu, the so-called "many mistakes" can be regarded as the best interpretation of the strategy of combining reality with reality. In a virtual way, we are leading the enemy to enemy territory. Sure enough, ChuJun believed it, and "Chu Shi Chizhi". So Jin Shi divided the commanders and soldiers into two ways, and the China army attacked all the way, and many troops attacked. As a result, both Chu and Zuo were defeated. Chu Right Division and Zuo Shi were defeated one after another, so Chu Division was defeated. Although Chu did not defeat China's army, the armies of the three countries were all defeated by the other side, and the tide was gone. The defeat in the battle between Chengpu and Chu is a foregone conclusion.
From this point of view, the battle of Chengpu is a victory for Jin and a defeat for Chu. Judging from the narration of war in Zuo Zhuan, the strategy of Sun Tzu's Art of War is the key factor to success or failure. Zuo Zhuan described the war in detail, including cases of advantages and disadvantages of the war plan. The left art of war written by Chen in the Ming dynasty said: "those who are sincere in using soldiers should take the side they deserve, those who are suitable for generals should study their hearts to drown them." Therefore, Zuo Zhuan's account of the war is more detailed, and it is described by imitation and endorsement. There are military plans and accidents, which confirm each other's inventions. Compared with the empty words in Sun Tzu's The Art of War and Woods, the war narrative in Zuo Zhuan is almost real and particularly profound. The historical mission of Zuo Zhuan, Zuo Qiuming's historical explanation of the success or failure of the war, and the historical view, historical significance and historical philosophy that emphasize the strategy of the art of war derived from it.
(7) Personality, morale, armament and strength will affect the success or failure of the war to a certain extent.
The factors that affect the success or failure of a war are the most important and the biggest, as mentioned above. The other four factors are the general's temperament, the rise and fall of morale, the bluntness of weapons and the number of troops in turn, and the factors affecting success or failure are also decreasing in turn. Take the battle of Xuchengpu in Zuo Zhuan as an example. Chu was "headstrong and unable to govern the people", and Jia, the father of Sun Shuai, also predicted his defeat. King Chu Cheng ordered Yu Zi to go to the Song Dynasty, so he could not be promoted. Yu Zi refused to accept it, but instead "asked Barber to fight" and said, "If you dare not, you will make meritorious deeds and be willing to take the opportunity to curse." Jin privately promised to reply to Cao Wei and Wan Chun; Cao Wei sued Chu and angered Jin. Jin Shishun's Issey Miyake reported his gratitude to Chu Hui; If the Truman wanted to stop it, Yu Zi couldn't. Chu Jin against Chengpu, Yu Zi led the elite family and won the Central Army. Say, "No promotion today!" Willful and rude; Reckless, arrogant, arrogant, Yu Zi's personality is so unique, how can he run the army undefeated? At the end of Zuo Zhuan, the chapter of River God was supplemented, and Chu Rong and Huang were quoted as saying that "if you don't work hard for the people, you will be defeated by yourself", which can be described as a definite evaluation.
The morale of the army is enough to affect the success or failure of the war. The Battle of Chengpu tells the story of the retreat of Jin military advisers, and Jin military officials once questioned this military adventure. One of the reasons is "Teacher Chu is old, why did you quit?" In this regard, the child offender said: "The teacher is strong and the composer is old. How long can it last?" "It's full of people, not old!" This problem highlights the ups and downs of morale, which is enough to affect the success or failure of the war. Military officials believe that the morale of the army has nothing to do with long-term stationing outside. Chu Shi surrounded the Song Dynasty in May and June. He must be mentally exhausted and demoralized, so he was easily defeated. Therefore, he questioned why Jinshi retired. The child offender disagreed and retorted: "The teacher is strong and the singer is old. How long can it last?" When the military adviser is justified, his morale is high; If you are unreasonable, your morale will be low, which is not directly related to the length of time the army is stationed abroad. As the saying goes, "If you are reasonable, the world will get it; Unreasonable trouble, it is difficult to move. " Therefore, Cai and other criminals skillfully used the strategy of staying away from Miyake, realizing the scene of "avoiding the minister and following him"; If Chu Yuzi ignored the way to advance and retreat, then Yu Zi has fallen into the quagmire of "Chu Qu Jin Zhi" and cannot extricate himself. If a child commits a crime and is not afraid of his annoyance and speaks frankly and bluntly, then morale will have an impact on the success or failure of the war, which can also be seen. In the battle, Luan Wuzi expected Chu, and he repeatedly called out the introduction: "The teacher is straight and strong, and the song is old"; "I am crooked and straight, not old"; Morale is crucial to the success or failure of the war.
After the Duke of Deng Jin had a virtual teacher, he thought that the army could be used for fighting, so he said, "Cut down its wood to benefit its soldiers." The so-called logging is beneficial to soldiers, that is, "cutting its wood", so it is also beneficial to its soldiers. After 20 years of civil strife, the state of Jin has not recovered its vitality and its strength is not strong. The general army is afraid that it is not fully equipped and refined enough. Soldiers go to war to defend their country. What if there are some shortcomings? Stone is made from local materials and its wood is cut down. As a sharp stick, it is beneficial to assassination and attack, so it is called "beneficial to its soldiers". However, logging is beneficial to soldiers, and the battle of Chengpu has no real impact. As for the number of troops, does it affect the success or failure of the war? When Zuo Zhuan narrates the war, it can be seen that there are two forces in Chu: in the twenty-seventh year of Gong, Jia commented, "After three hundred times, you can't enter!" Du Fu's annotation "Three Hundred Times" is 22,500 people, and the data may be inaccurate. King Chu Cheng ordered Yu Zi to go to the Song Dynasty, so he could not be promoted. Yu Zi asked Barber to fight hard, but the king was angry, so he didn't learn from him. "Only the western light, the east, if the six soldiers really followed. "From this point of view, when Yu Zi surrounded the Song Dynasty, the basic forces of Chu were already there, plus six soldiers from Xiguang, Dongfang and Jo? o, plus Cai Chen and other allies. Therefore, the academic community estimates that there are 150,000 or 200,000 troops. The Jin army has Xia Jun, and there are about 50,000 people. In a word, the strength of Chu army should be more than three times that of 8 Jin Army. The battle of Chengpu resulted in the victory of Jin and the defeat of Chu, and defeated the powerful Chu with the strategy of the art of war, which became a typical example of the use of troops in the March of later generations.
(viii) Conclusion
The narration of war in Zuo Zhuan often draws lessons from the strategy of Sun Tzu's Art of War, so famous military strategists in past dynasties have studied it more. There are many military strategists in the sub-volume of Sikuquanshu Cunmu Series, which records the interpretation of the military strategy of Zuo Zhuan in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Chen's On the Art of War of Zuo Shi in Ming Dynasty, Song Zhengbi's Zuo Shi's Strategy, Wei's Zuo Shi's Strategy in Qing Dynasty and Zuo Shi's Strategy are all better authors. Chen has a "Outline of Zuo Zhuan's Army", which lists many military strategies in Zuo Zhuan, and said: "There are thousands of chapters in every sentence, and there are no mistakes in many ways; Unified nine armies, hundreds of millions of brigades, no division. "
"A Brief Introduction to the Left Army" also said: "Who can escape from the territory of ancient and modern military strategists without escaping from it? Those who have tasted Jibo's famous doctor Zuo's birth are almost servants. " Li Yuanchun's Preface to Zuo Zhuan's The Art of War uses many strategies, such as strangeness, military potential, strength, reality, contingency, checking up the plan, foreseeing the enemy's situation, etc. Either Sun Zihe has not made it clear, or Sun Zihe has not made it clear. Only Zuo Zhuan started first, and only later generations are still using it endlessly.
As far as the strategy of Sun Tzu's Art of War is concerned, this list may be transformed into a classic of guiding the way and governing the country, and it can also be used as a treasure of enterprise management. The business world is like a battlefield. They should improvise, foresee the enemy, know people, take the lead, encourage people and employ many people. If you do too much and start a meeting, you will keep going. Why cling to the Syrian war?
(Author: Chinese Department of Hong Kong Shue Yan University)