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How to evaluate Li Dingguo of Yunnan-Guizhou Army?
In the third year of Li Yong (A.D. 1649), Jin Shenghuan and Li Chengdong were killed one after another, and He Tengjiao and Du Yinxi, the important ministers of Nanming, also died one after another. It was an unusually dark year for the Li Yong regime in Nanming.

At this time, south of the Yangtze River, in addition to the Qing Army Group and Liaodong Army Group, there are three powerful factions.

The first powerful faction was the military group, which was the former headquarters of Zhang He and controlled the southwest region.

The second largest strength faction is Zheng Chenggong Military Group, the son of Zheng Zhilong, which controls the coastal areas of Fujian.

The third powerful faction is Zhu Yihai Military Group, which is the king of Lu in the Ming Dynasty and controls the coastal areas of Zhejiang.

Today, we are concerned about what happened inside the Yunnan-Guizhou military group represented by Sun Kewang, which has the greatest strength.

At first, the Yunnan-Guizhou military group had little contact with the Li Yong regime in Nanming. Sun Kewang and Li Dingguo were kings of Yunnan-Guizhou region, and Sun Kewang became king. However, with the elimination of Jin Shenghuan and Li Chengdong, Sun Kewang seized the opportunity and began to do things in the name of Li Yong regime.

Li Yong came to the territory of Sun Kewang, and Sun Kewang settled him in a remote small county (Anlongju). This perfunctory attitude can hardly convince us that Sun Kewang really took Emperor Li Yong as his master.

The former Emperor Xiandi of Han Dynasty was also a poor emperor, but in terms of form, Emperor Xiandi of Han Dynasty was still a real emperor, and the emperor should be very imposing.

On the other hand, Emperor Li Yong, who was also a puppet emperor, didn't even have an external style. He looks like a poor man who fled the country.

Sun Kewang lives in a big city, while Li Yong lives in a small county. Sun Kewang lived in a tall and magnificent palace, and Emperor Li Yong lived in a humble house. Sun Kewang didn't even bother to look at the face of Emperor Li Yong. He only sent a general to protect him in a small county. This kind of protection is more of a kind of monitoring.

One day, the general in charge of protecting Emperor Li Yong saw a beautiful woman beside him, so he put her on the bed. What's this called?

Li Yong cried for a long time. Sun Kewang had to punish the general symbolically, but the general was still highly valued by Sun Kewang.

In the fifth year of Li Yong (A.D. 165 1), some officials of Li Yong regime did not want to continue to look at Sun Kewang's face, so they immediately turned against each other, dragged them out and killed them directly, and forced Emperor Li Yong to stand on his own feet as the king of Qin. This is the famous "prison of eighteen gentlemen".

Look at the treatment of Emperor Li Yong and the ending of courtiers in Li Yong. If Sun Kewang can be called a loyal and patriotic courtier, who is a traitor?

Emperor Li Yong, under the control of Sun Kewang, lacked the dignity of the emperor. In desperation, Li Yong secretly told Li Dingguo: You must find a way to save yourself!

Sun Kewang, Li Dingguo, Liu Wenxiu and Ai Nengqi (successor Bai Wenxuan) are the four generals of Yunnan-Guizhou military group. There is no strict distinction between them, but they exist in the form of loose alliance.

Sun Kewang is on par with Li Dingguo, Liu Wenxiu and Ai Nengqi. After entering Yunnan, he was promoted to the head, but after all, he was not as good as Zhang. Li Dingguo, armed to the teeth, pretends to be the master of "Xifu" and "Xifu" and is obedient to Sun. -"History of Nanming" from Gu Cheng

Since Sun Kewang has no absolute authority, no one can expect to subdue anyone when there is internal conflict. In this context, Li Dingguo, which has always been dissatisfied with Sun Kewang, broke away from Sun Kewang's control and developed eastward alone.

When Li Dingguo received a tip-off from Li Yong, he was still gathering strength and didn't want to have a conflict with Sun Kewang. But in the four years of Li Dingguo's eastward advance, it didn't go smoothly, and finally it had to return to Yunnan-Guizhou area.

Two tigers are not allowed in one mountain. The contradiction that was eliminated with Li Dingguo's departure is now intensifying.

Judging from the strength comparison between the two sides, Li Dingguo has been away for several years, and Yunnan-Guizhou region has become the home of Sun Kewang, but Liu Wenxiu, the powerful faction of Yunnan-Guizhou military group, firmly supports Li Dingguo. Li Dingguo, whose power increased greatly, suddenly took action and brought the emperor Li Yong to Kunming. This year is the tenth year of Li Yong (A.D. 1656).

Emperor Li Yong finally left a remote small town and came to a big city. He lived in a tall and magnificent palace, and the civil and military officials took their positions and began to report their work decently.

Faced with this situation, not only Li Yong was deeply moved, but later readers also thought that Li Dingguo was loyal.

But in my opinion, Li Dingguo is not a loyal minister. The scene in which Li Yong was met in Kunming is very similar to that in Xuchang.

There is an objective fact that must be acknowledged: Emperor Xian of Han and Li Yong share the same fate. Wherever they go, no matter who their courtiers are, they can't get rid of the fate of the puppet emperor.

Cao Cao was identified as a traitor, and Li Dingguo was praised as a loyal minister, just because they lived in different environments. There is no essential difference in objectively evaluating their behavior.

Ma Jixiang, the last imperial guard of Daming, was a trusted minister and confidant of Li Yong. However, with the change of the situation, Ma Jixiang has already become a pawn of the establishment, monitoring Li Yong's every move for them. At first, he served Sun Kewang; Later, he served Li Dingguo.

When the history books recorded this matter, it was said that Li Dingguo was too honest and frank and was cheated by Ma Jixiang, so he would reuse Ma Jixiang.

When Ji Xiang saw Dingguo, he bowed his head first and praised Dingguo for its eternity. From then on, the history of history will last forever. Ji Xiang saw color at this time today and died immortal. Others are bitter, not enough to distinguish. Guo Ding was very happy. He shook hands and talked with Ji Xiang, but he hated meeting too late. Luck will take a few days or so, and flattery is all-encompassing; All the people, left and right, inside and outside, said to Jixiang in unison. The country is illiterate and straightforward; I didn't expect it to be made by luck and fell into the operation. -Ji, A Brief History of the Ming Dynasty, Volume 16

This view of history is too romantic.

Li Dingguo is a war fighter, but not a political idiot. With Liu Wenxiu around, how could he not know who Ma Jixiang is? Li Dingguo won't bully Li Yong like Sun Kewang, but it's normal to find someone to keep an eye on Li Yong and not make trouble for himself.

Look at Li Dingguo's behavior. What's the difference between him and Cao Cao? To put it mildly, there is not much difference between Li Dingguo and Sun Kewang, except that he eats better.

Ma Jixiang's behavior may be because people can't help themselves in the Jianghu. Between the puppet emperor and the powerful faction, he must take sides in advance, or he will come to a bad end. However, as a trusted minister and confidant of the emperor, Ma Jixiang's activities of eating out all day are despicable in itself.

Li Yong was very dissatisfied with this, but he was afraid to get angry with Li Dingguo, so he had to hold his nose and admit this established fact.

Li Dingguo's control over Li Yong means the complete division of the Yunnan-Guizhou military group. Before this, although the Yunnan-Guizhou military group had been divided into two factions, it did not use force after all. However, with the change of Li Yong's ownership, Sun Kewang couldn't bear it, and the Yunnan-Guizhou military group officially began to merge.

In August of the 11th year of Li Yong (A.D. 1657), Sun Kewang stationed in Guiyang led a hundred thousand troops to attack Li Dingguo in Yunnan.

Powerful Liu Wenxiu stood on Li Dingguo's side, but their strength was not as good as Sun Kewang's. However, Sun Kewang's striker Bai Wenxuan (Ai Nengqi's successor) defected at the cold feet, and the three parties joined forces to directly defeat Sun Kewang and fled. This battle is a famous "great victory".

Guo Ding and Wen Xiu saw the anthology, Wissing attacked it, and the flag was gradually chaotic; Because the army is called to March forward bravely, they will be defeated and flee. -Ji, "Ming slightly" Volume 16

Li Dingguo won, but at a great cost. Yunnan-Guizhou military clique was weakened, and Sun Kewang surrendered to the Qing Dynasty.

A year after Li Dingguo defeated Sun Kewang, the Qing army attacked Yunnan-Guizhou area on a large scale, and there was another rebellion within Yunnan-Guizhou military group, which was finally destroyed by the Qing army.