The establishment and unification of Sui and Tang Dynasties (1)
1. Compilation: 58 1 (Emperor Wendi of Sui established the Sui Dynasty, with Chang 'an as its capital, and Emperor Wendi of Sui was Wendi).
2. Unification: 589 (Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty destroyed the Chen Dynasty and unified the whole country)
3. Death: 6 18 (Yang Di II died)
4. The significance of unifying the whole country in Sui Dynasty: It ended the long-term division and conformed to the historical development trend of unifying a multi-ethnic country.
imperial examination system
1. Founding of the People's Republic of China (Sui Dynasty): Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty initiated the system of selecting talents by examination; The establishment of Jinshi in Yang Di marked the formal establishment of the imperial examination system.
2. Supreme Goodness (Tang Dynasty): Emperor Taizong: Add examination subjects, and Jinshi is the most important. Wu Zetian: The first entrance examination.
3. Positive influence: ① The establishment of the imperial examination system is a great change in the system of selecting officials in ancient China, which strengthened the power of the emperor to choose officials and employ people, expanded the scope of selecting officials, enabled talented people to participate in politics, and promoted the development of education. (2) The imperial examination system became the main system for selecting officials in past dynasties, which lasted for more than 1300 years.
4. Negative influence: it fetters people's thinking, ignores practical knowledge and hinders the development of science and technology in China.
Emperor Taizong (Li Shimin) and the Rule of Zhenguan 1. The main measures taken by Emperor Taizong are as follows: (1) ideologically, we should learn the lesson of Sui's quick death, be diligent in political affairs, be modest in coachable, and keep our word (reuse); Recruit talents, know people and be good at their duties (reuse Fang, Du Ruhui, etc. )
2. Political aspects. Further improve the system of three provinces and six halls; Formulate laws to reduce punishment; Adding imperial examination subjects and encouraging scholars to apply for examinations, Jinshi has gradually become the most important subject; Strictly assess the political achievements of officials at all levels.
(3) Economic aspects. Reduce the labor burden of the people and encourage the development of agricultural production.
4 military aspects. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, he defeated East and West Turks successively and strengthened his rule over the Western Regions. (In the Tang Dynasty, the governor of Anxi and the governor of Beiting were established to strengthen the management of the western regions)
2. Results: During the reign of Emperor Taizong, the politics was relatively clear, the economy developed further, the national strength was enhanced, and the culture and education were prosperous, which was called "the rule of Zhenguan" in history.
Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty and "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng" (the most prosperous period of Tang Dynasty) 1. Background: Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was versatile and well-governed. After the accession to the throne, stabilize the political situation and make great efforts to govern.
2. Measures (1) Reuse talents, and the sages Yao Chong and Song Jing appeared.
(2) Rectify bureaucracy and reduce redundant staff.
(3) Developing economy and reforming tax system.
(4) Attach importance to cultural education and compile and revise classics.
3. Performance: In the early days of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, political stability, economic prosperity, enrichment of the national treasury and people's life were stable. The national strength of the Tang Dynasty reached unprecedented strength and entered its heyday, which was called "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng" in history.
Measures to strengthen centralization in the Song Dynasty (1) militarily
1. Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin released their control of our army by "relieving soldiers with a glass of wine".
2. Establish the Central Imperial Army, and bring elite soldiers from all over the country under the jurisdiction of the Beijing Imperial Army.
3. Set up the Privy Council and implement a "more law-abiding order".
4. In order to strengthen centralization and prevent the general from seizing power. Song Taizu cut off the important imperial post of comprehensive inspection.
(2) Economically
There are four divisions in each road, which are transshipment ambassadors.
(3) politically
1. The Prime Minister is no longer the leader of three provinces, and the other is the flat chapter affairs under the same book.
2. Together with the deputy minister who participates in the discussion of state affairs, it is commonly known as being in power, and together with the Prime Minister, it is called "domination".
3. Set up the Privy Council to manage the army.
4. Set up three departments to manage finance.
5. Establish a special area at the local level.
Four great inventions of papermaking: papermaking is one of the four great inventions in China. Paper is the crystallization of the long-term experience and wisdom of the working people in ancient China, and it is an outstanding invention in the history of human civilization.
Compass, called Sina in ancient times, is mainly composed of magnetic needles installed on the shaft. Under the action of natural geomagnetic field, the magnetic needle can rotate freely and keep in the tangential direction of magnetic meridian. The north pole of the magnetic needle points to the north pole, so this property can be used to identify the direction.
Gunpowder is one of the four great inventions in China, which has changed the history of human wars.
Printing is one of the four great inventions of working people in ancient China. Engraving printing was invented in the Tang Dynasty and was widely used in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. In Song Renzong, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing. Although movable type printing appeared in Song Dynasty, it was not widely used, while block printing was still widely used.