It comes from transformation. But people keep asking: why are there no signs of the remaining apes evolving into adults?
After the emergence of genetic science, people asked: Can people adapt like machines? Why are all of them?
All myths believe that "God created man"?
Is Darwin's theory of evolution the only correct one?
/kloc-In the 9th century, a great naturalist was born in England, who discovered a set of biological evolution theories that shocked the whole world. His name is Darwin.
183 1 year, as a naturalist, he participated in the round-the-world voyage of the naval battleship Beagle, and sailed in South America for five years, making a wide investigation of tropical and subtropical flora and fauna. After Darwin returned to China from 65438 to 0836, he mainly engaged in scientific experiments and writings. Based on a large number of observations and experiments in the biological world, he believes that the main reason for the formation of species and their adaptability and diversity lies in natural selection, and organisms constantly mutate to adapt to the natural environment and compete with each other. Survivable variation is enhanced by genetic generation, and vice versa. To sum up: natural selection, survival of the fittest, survival of the fittest. Darwin's theory laid the foundation of evolutionary biology. He also applied the theory of evolution to the thinking of human development, expounded the status of human beings in the animal kingdom and the basis for their evolution from animals, and concluded that human beings originated from apes.
Darwin put forward the theory that human beings originated from apes in the Origin of Species, which has been gradually accepted by the scientific community after fierce turmoil and debate in academic and religious circles. In his later years, paleontologists formed the theory of modern human origin on the basis of Darwin's theory through the study of paleontological fossils. In their view, human beings have evolved from millions of years of alternating changes. This theory comes from other disciplines, such as embryology and comparative anatomy. Modern biology and biochemistry have found evidence. According to these evidences, people speculate that the general pattern of biological evolution on earth is invertebrates-vertebrates-mammals-primates-apes-humans. Marx appreciated Darwin's theory of evolution very much, and thought that labor played a decisive role in the evolution from apes to humans.
In modern times, it is generally believed that human beings evolved from a kind of ancient apes, which appeared on the earth as early as 30 million years ago and were smaller than modern apes. The so-called "Lamarcosaurus" in archaeology lived about 1 4 million years ago, with a height of just over1m and a weight of about 15-20 kg. The so-called Australopithecus lived about 5 million-/kloc-0 million years ago. We humans evolved from a branch of Australopithecus. About 2-3 million years ago, a branch of Australopithecus broke away from Australopithecus and evolved towards humans. According to the discovery of fossils, the history of human development after leaving the apes is generally divided into three stages:
The first stage is the ape-man stage, which began about 2-3 million years ago. At this time, the ape-man will make some rough stone tools, with a brain capacity of about 6.3-700 ml, and can hunt. There are many fossils of late apes. Yuanmou Man, Lantian Man, Peking Man (Zhoukoudian) discovered in China and Niche Man discovered in Tanzania are all representative fossils of this period. At this time, the ape-man is very close to modern people, and the stone tools made are also diverse. There are shredding devices for hunting and cutting animal bones, as well as scrapers for peeling and cutting animal meat. The most progressive thing is that the ape-man at this time already knew how to use fire and how to keep it for a long time. It is generally believed that the ape-man stage ended about 300 thousand years ago.
The second stage is the occupation stage, or the early homo sapiens stage. Maba people (Guangdong), Ziyang people (Hubei) and Dingcun people (Shanxi) found in China are also representatives of fossils unearthed in this period. The ancient people's brain capacity was further increased, reaching the level of modern people. The brain structure is much more complicated than that of apes, and the stone tools they made are much more regular than that of apes. With stone balls and various pointed stone tools, artificial fires can be made, and the custom of burial began. I don't know whether it's to hide shame or to keep warm, so they start to wear so-called clothes instead of being naked. Moreover, in different parts of the world, the physique of ancient people began to differentiate and there were obvious differences. The ancients lived about 20 15000 years ago.
The third stage is the newcomer stage, also known as the late Homo sapiens stage. Since about 50,000 years ago, the fossils of new humans have almost no difference in posture from modern people. The stone tools they made are quite exquisite and varied in shape. All kinds of stone tools have been divided in use, and bone tools and horn tools have appeared. The new people even made decorations and carried out artistic activities such as painting and sculpture. About 10,000 years ago, grinded stone tools appeared. Newcomers are also called Krumanou people, because in 1868, five skeletons were found in caves in the Krumanou region of southwest France. These skeletons are difficult to distinguish from modern people, but they are taller than modern people. According to analysis, it lived about 3 10000-40000 years ago and is considered as a fossil representative of new human beings. The fossils of Liujiang man (Guangxi) and Neanderthal man (Beijing) found in China also belong to the representative of this period. Since then, mankind has entered the development stage of modern people.
It is undeniable that many scientists have made great efforts to improve this evolutionary system. Moreover, many sociologists, especially some philosophers, have also made many contributions in the process of maintaining the theory of biological evolution. Thanks to the efforts of these outstanding figures, the theory of biological evolution has become one of the unshakable theories in the world today.
However, no matter how many people defend it, it is still just a hypothesis, and it is one of many hypotheses in the world. We should always remember a sentence, which was said by Marx. He said, "As long as natural science is thinking, its development form is hypothesis." Since it is a hypothesis, it is necessary to allow others to have room for discussion and allow others to express different views. It is unscientific to blindly use one hypothesis to exclude other hypotheses, which is a mockery of Marx's spirit.
So, is this system established by historians, archaeologists, biologists and philosophers really solid?
Can apes become human now?
The whole theory of human evolution founded by Darwin has an essential premise, that is, the great change of climate at that time made a large area of forests disappear, and apes were forced to descend from trees to the ground under such circumstances, and the evolution process from apes to humans began. If this condition does not exist, then the whole human evolution system cannot be established.
Australopithecus originated from the Rift Valley in East Africa has always been regarded as the ancestor of human beings, and Lulu's fossils were found here. Therefore, the change of natural environment in the Rift Valley in East Africa has become the key to support the theory of human evolution. Scientists say that 5 million-1.20 thousand years ago, due to the sudden cold weather in East Africa, the tropical rain forest disappeared in a large area, forcing Australopithecus, the distant ancestor of mankind, to descend from trees to the open grassland and climb on all fours to practice walking on two feet. As a result, Australopithecus took off his animal hair and finally became a man.
The premise of this evolution is just a hypothesis. Of course, many people hope that this hypothesis can be established in order to solve the problem of human origin once and for all. However, recent investigations by some scientists in East Africa have made the crucial premise of environmental change in Darwin's theory of human evolution suddenly disappear.
The Kingston Archaeological Team of Yale University made a very detailed investigation and study on the geography and climate of East Africa. They detected the isotopes of carbonized soil in Tugen Mountain, the southern tip of the Great Rift Valley in Kenya, and found that since 654.38+55 million years ago, the mixture of rainforest and grassland in the Great Rift Valley in East Africa is exactly the same as today, and there is no such traditional climate change. You know, the archaeological fossils of ancient humans in East Africa are no more than 4 million years old. In other words, African apes can actually complete the evolution from animals to humans under virtual natural conditions. Is this ridiculous? The archaeological team wrote in the final report: "The evolution of human beings is a rather complicated process. This may force us to look for other factors to explain why humans walk in the fields: for food, to occupy a better ecological environment; Competition from other species, and so on. " In this way, if people want to establish their own theories, they have to force East African apes to walk in the fields. Whether these orangutans like it or not, they must come down. Even if it is not a real natural environment change, we should create a virtual real natural environment change. It seems that our theory of evolution is too fragile and overbearing.
Moreover, paleontological fossils found in archaeology are the main evidence to support the evolutionary theory of ape human ancestors, but it is also in this respect that their fragile nature is shown.
First of all, the number of human fossils discovered in our archaeology is very small now. The farther we go, the fewer fossils there are. Archaeologists can often make inferences plausibly based on a few teeth or a skull fossil, and the evidence is obviously insufficient.
At the beginning of 1995, the Chinese Academy of Sciences published a summary article, introducing the main achievements of ancient human archaeology in China in the past 50 years. After reading this article, I obviously feel that the evidence is insufficient. For example, the famous Yuanmou ape-man found two inner incisors, one left and one right; Lantian ape-man has only one mandible; Dingcun people only have three teeth and a small skull; Maba people only have an incomplete skull; Liujiang people have only one complete skull, four complete thoracic vertebrae and five ribs; Ziyang people only have one skull, and the hard palate is complete; The cave is a little crowded, with three complete skulls, dozens of teeth and some vertebrae. You know, it took 6.5438+0.5 million years from Yuanmou ape-man to Neanderthal, and it's incredible that we can outline the human development history of 6.5438+0.5 million years with only a little information. How can you be sure whether it is a human or an ape or something with a small skull? In any case, there is always a vague feeling when looking at the conclusions given by paleoanthropologists.
This problem also exists in the study of ancient humans abroad. The first issue of Fossil magazine 1995 reported that a press conference was held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. At the meeting, scientists showed the fossils of human ancestors about 4.5 million years ago, which were named Australopithecus. Evidence: a small piece behind Toucheng, some fragments of ear bones and teeth. 1856, an incomplete skull and several leg bones were found in a cave in the Neanderthal valley near the city of Dover, Dissel. Since then, Neanderthals have become synonymous with early Homo sapiens. Although some discoveries were made later, the evidence was insufficient.
In fact, as early as the19th century, Huxley in Britain pointed out that it was impossible for human beings to evolve directly from apes, and there was a huge fossil gap in the middle. Archaeology has also confirmed that there is a fossil gap of 40 thousand years after the so-called new human beings. Where have all these 40,000-year-old apes gone? Did you run to another planet to complete the evolution? In fact, not only humans, but almost all living things have no fossils in the middle of evolution. In order to solve this embarrassment, scientists have to put forward the "catastrophe theory", that is, the evolution of organisms is not gradually completed, but suddenly occurs in a specific environment. But this is also a hypothesis, and there is no evidence.
Secondly, there are also many problems in archaeological identification. At present, carbon-14 method is usually used in archaeological determination, but carbon-14 is very unstable. The older you get, the greater the gap. There is an error of tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of years in the determination of human fossils. For example, Yuanmou ape-man is 6.5438+0.7 million-6.5438+0.00 million years, with a difference of 700,000 years, and Lantian ape-man is 6.5438+0.65438+0.5 million-750,000 years, with a difference of 400,000 years.
Moreover, the research on the origin of human beings is not long. At the beginning of the 20th century, some scholars believed that human beings appeared about 4000 years ago. Later, after archaeological discoveries, the age gradually moved up by 654.38+ 1 10,000 years and 25,000 years, and the result was set at 40,000 years. Later, American scientists put forward the theory of 654.38+ million years, and now they put forward the theory of 4.5 million years. This great turmoil itself also illustrates some problems, and it is accompanied by considerable academic debate.
So many people are skeptical about this evolutionary model. Although there is a lot of archaeological evidence in the evolution from apes to humans, it is not difficult to find many problems after careful analysis, such as what is the transition type from apes to ancients? How did the ancients leap to a new human being? What force made them change? Why is there a lack of intermediate fossils?
Some people have questioned from an evolutionary point of view: vertebrates all touch the ground, which disperses the pressure on the spine and is reasonable from a biological point of view. However, people walk upright, and the stress on the spine of Homo erectus is too concentrated, but it is not as reasonable as walking on all limbs of vertebrates. Why did this evolution happen? Evolution or degradation?
Now there is a problem to pay attention to. Because the biggest difference between humans and animals (in appearance) is that humans can walk upright while animals are crawling, we always try our best to explain this difference. Because humans are much more advanced than animals, we always determine the rationality of this difference first, and always regard this difference as evolutionary evidence from beginning to end. Is this also a misunderstanding? Everyone is discussing the benefits of walking upright, because we are walking upright. Why not analyze the benefits of walking on all fours?
According to the general idea, the division of labor between human hands and feet is formed in the process of labor, and the change of natural environment drives apes out of the jungle, thus making forelimbs evolve into arms. The investigation in the Rift Valley in East Africa has confirmed that this prerequisite does not exist at least in East Africa. So where is the environment to promote the division of labor between hands and feet of apes? At the same time, we found that Lantian ape-man and Neanderthal lived not in the great plains or grasslands, but in mountainous areas with dense plants, and the living environment of apes in other parts of the world was basically similar. Under this natural condition, isn't it more advantageous to walk on all fours than to walk only on hind legs? How did the evolution of sibling differentiation happen?
Furthermore, the quantitative determination of plasma protein molecular differences shows that human beings are closest to apes and black apes. About 40 million years ago, people broke up with the great apes and the black apes. Strangely, after 40 million years, the great apes and the black apes have hardly changed. They will always belong to primate mammals. According to the current level of evolution, they will not evolve into homo sapiens and modern people after 40 million years. If evolution is a universal law in the biological world, then this law should be applicable to the evolution of all living things. Since an ape has evolved into a human, why haven't we found other apes that are evolving? Or why haven't other apes evolved into adults so far? Why is it that only human evolution on earth has reached such a speed?
If we consider the whole biological world of the earth, although the evolution of animals will be very different in form, they should have the characteristics of synchronous evolution in function and characteristics. Look at the animals around us! Many characteristics and functions of mammals are the same, from which we can see that they have evolved along an essentially identical trajectory. However, we humans are the miracle of the whole animal kingdom, and our evolutionary trajectory is fundamentally different from theirs. This is totally different. We can't find any animals that walk upright except people. If walking upright marks the evolution of animals, then this evolution should not only be reflected in humans, but also in other animals, which conforms to the law of animal evolution on the whole earth. However, in other animals, we don't see any tendency to walk upright. Why? So, how did our evolutionary pedigree come from?
We live on the earth and have a fairly intuitive understanding of the evolution of life in nature. Evolution is for better survival, but what are the prerequisites for better survival in nature? Run fast, you can have more opportunities to catch food and avoid attacks; Smart body can make you cleverly avoid the attack of natural enemies; Sharp-eyed, able to find food or attack opponents earlier; Strong, can easily defeat opponents and protect themselves; The minions are very sharp and can have extremely effective offensive weapons. But have we evolved to these conditions? No, not. Evolution didn't give us speed, dexterity, eagle eye, and strength, Tiger Claw. We have nothing. So, why did nature evolve human beings in this way? What is the rationality of this evolution? I can't tell at all. It can be said that we humans have been out of tune with this natural society since our birth. Either we are wrong or nature is wrong.
Today, there are still many people who believe that human evolution stems from natural pressures, including ocean currents, glaciers, tilt of the earth's axis, climate, biological changes and so on. However, human beings have lived on the earth since birth, and like many animals on the earth, they have experienced various pressures from nature. Because this pressure is universal, the changes caused by pressure should also converge. But the evolutionary path of human beings has nothing in common with other animals. Why?
When it comes to the intelligence of human beings and other animals, Darwin's theory of evolution is even more difficult. Intelligence is the fundamental difference between human beings and animals, and no one can avoid it.
Human intelligence has come for no reason. There should be two conditions for the development of intelligence: first, the relatively difficult living environment, in order to survive, we need to use more intelligence to get food; Second, animals live in groups, which can form a certain social model and need higher intelligence to deal with it. These two conditions are in line with our human beings. We used to have a relatively difficult living environment, and we are also social animals. But the problem is that this theory is not universal at all. For many animals, the current living environment is more difficult than ever. Human killing and environmental pollution have made many animals almost extinct. Social animals on the earth are not only humans, but also ants. When these two conditions are met, what is the level of intellectual development of other animals? This is a question that does not need to be answered.
The problem of race is also a mystery that evolution cannot explain. At present, there are basically four major races in the world: yellow, white, black and brown. These four races are distributed all over the world. As far as their living areas are concerned, the yellow race is basically in Asia, the white race is basically in Europe, the black race is basically in Africa, and the brown race is in Australia. The American Indians belong to the yellow race, that is, the Mongolian race. The difference between these four races lies not only in skin color, but also in physiological structure. For example, the red blood cells contained in black people's blood are different from those of yellow people, which can transport more oxygen, so black people have unique conditions in sports; The taste system of the yellow race is the most developed in the world, so Chinese food is also full of five flavors and various patterns; White people's taste system is very slow, so they should eat simply, and so on.
If the theory of evolution is correct, then these four species should have evolved from four kinds of apes. However, the theory of evolution asserts that the evolution from apes to humans is an accidental phenomenon in nature. There is only one kind of apes on the earth that evolved into humans, and it is impossible to generally adapt to the evolutionary model of primates. Isn't this a contradiction in itself? Since one ape has evolved into a human, why can't other apes evolve into adults? Since only one kind of ape can evolve into an adult, how did the four-color race come from? It is against the theory of evolution to say that four different colors of apes evolved into four-color races, and we can't find any evidence to prove that Kprusoian, white apes, black apes and brown apes once existed on the earth.
If the four-color race is indeed evolved from apes, what is the relationship between this variation and natural survival? As we all know, according to the viewpoint of evolution, biological variation is only to better adapt to the natural environment, and only the variation suitable for survival can be preserved. So why did this evolutionary ape mutate like this? Africa is basically on both sides of the equator and belongs to the tropical region. If African black apes want to mutate, they should also mutate into white, which can reflect some rays of the sun. This makes sense in physics, but African people are black. How do you explain this? The problem is that if Africans are black, it is natural. What about American Indians? They live near the equator and receive as much ultraviolet light as Africans. Why is it not black? Let's talk about white people. At present, the hometown of European whites is basically 30 north latitude, which has passed the Tropic of Cancer. Like some countries in northern Europe, the latitude of life is very high. Isn't black skin more heat-absorbing and heat-insulating? But they are all white, like ice and snow. Why?
If the problem of race is not solved, the theory of evolution will not be popular in the end, and more people will rise up against it. So far, there is no explanation about ethnic issues that makes people seem reasonable. No wonder Professor Munster, a senior citizen of Tokyo University in Japan, said, "As for racial differences, we can at least point out one kind or another. As for why they are the same, the answer is completely unclear. "
In the past hundred years, people have found some very rare races all over the world. The existence of these races is a criticism that Darwin originated from apes.
May 7 1996 Beijing Evening News quoted Xinhua News Agency and Radio International as saying that American scientists discovered anthropoid fossils 200 million years ago in Antarctica. Coincidentally, Dr. Raton, a professor of botany at the University of Paris, France, discovered a strange ethnic tribe in the virgin forest of Zaire, Africa. Their vertebrae all protrude out of the body, and some are several centimeters long, which are very similar to the familiar carnivorous dinosaurs and are called "dinosaur people". Dr Rattan speculated that these people "seem to have evolved directly from prehistoric reptiles". However, she refused to disclose the exact location of the tribe, saying only that it was in the dense forest about 480 kilometers southwest of the famous Stinlai Waterfall in Zaire. Who are the ancestors of these dinosaur people? I'm afraid it's not an ape! Because no apes with horns on their backs have been found on earth.
1958, Dr. Lotan of the National Oceanographic Society of the United States photographed some wonderful footprints of similar people at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean three miles deep. 1968, Mooney, an underwater photographer in Miami, USA, saw a strange creature at the bottom of the sea. His face is like a monkey, his neck is four times longer than that of a human, and his eyes are much bigger than that of a human. In 1930s, "transparent scorpions" were found many times in the swamp area on the outskirts of Bevi, South Carolina, USA. They are 2 meters tall and have a big tail. They have only three fingers in each hand and can walk upright with amazing strength. You can easily overturn the car. Who are the ancestors of these humanoid creatures living in water and swamps?
Wei Xi, a physiologist at the University of California Institute of Technology, found a blue-skinned race at an altitude of 6600 meters in the Andes of Chile. Not only in South America, people found blue-skinned people in the Himalayas, but also in West Africa. According to race, this is a brand-new race.
In the primitive rain forest of the Amazon River in Ecuador, a primitive tribe was discovered. Other parts of their bodies are the same as people, except that their eyes are prominent, their hands and feet are like frog feet, and there is a short webbed toes in the middle. People call them "natives". In addition, "ostrich people" have also been found in southern Africa. They only have two toes, forming an included angle, toenails and short webbed toes. Where did these people come from?
More and more evidence proves that the origin of human beings has always been an ancient and brand-new problem, and the hypothesis about the origin of human beings in Darwin's theory of evolution can not finally solve this problem that people have been concerned about. So far, the question "Where did humans come from?". Still intact, as fresh as when humans first asked this question. 199 1 year, the Japanese popular science periodical "Science Asahi" screened out seven difficult problems from the major topics in the contemporary scientific community and put forward seven mysteries of the modern scientific world:
1. The formation of the universe;
2. The tenth planet in the solar system;
3. The origin of life;
4. Composition of biological forms;
5. The extinction of dinosaurs;
6. The origin of mankind;
7. El Nino phenomenon.
In fact, the American scientific community has also listed the origin of human beings as one of the six unsolved problems in modern science. Furthermore, as early as19th century, Huxley in England questioned Darwin's theory of human origin. The 20th century is coming to an end. Before entering the 2 1 century, we humans should have the right to know: where do we come from? What is the real purpose of our coming into this world?
Section 3 Humans have been asking: Where do we come from?
Because Darwin's theory on the origin of human beings can't be perfect and can't explain people's doubts, this theory has been doubted by many people in the world, especially in the past decade, the scientific community has criticized a lot, and anti-Darwin people have found more and more evidence, including fossils, races, natural environment, genes and other evidence. In recent years, the discussion on the origin of human beings has gradually warmed up around the world, and people have put forward new hypotheses on the origin of human beings from different angles.
The hypothesis that human beings originated from aliens is the latest hypothesis in the west in recent years. It was put forward by Matisse, a western scientist, based on a skull fossil found in San Diego. After studying the skull, he thought that the intelligence of the race represented by the skull was much higher than that of today's human beings, thus speculating that it was the remains of an alien, and then putting forward the hypothesis that human ancestors were aliens. He described this hypothesis as follows: About 50,000 years ago, a group of aliens came from the depths of the universe, and they were highly intelligent. When they found that the gravitational environment of the earth was not suitable for their life, they chose the female apes with higher intelligence on the earth to hybridize, and the offspring they gave birth to were human beings. So aliens are the ancestors of human beings.
Some scientists have put forward the hypothesis that human beings originated from marine life based on the evidence that human characteristics are very close to marine life.
In the past year or two, some people have advocated the "big four seasons". According to the fact that the solar system revolves around the Milky Way, they assume that the solar system revolves around the center of the Milky Way and the earth revolves around the sun, which is called the "big four seasons". During the alternation of four seasons, human beings are constantly changing their way of life according to the changes of natural environment. For example, when summer comes, the earth becomes a pure water planet. In order to adapt to this change, human beings have gradually changed from terrestrial animals to aquatic animals, which is why the human body surface has the characteristics of marine life; In late summer and early autumn, the water on the earth gradually receded, and human beings changed from marine life to land life. This is an imaginative assumption.
No matter what kind of hypothesis about the origin of human beings, there are fatal weaknesses, which are basically impossible to justify. In this way, the mystery of human origin truly becomes an eternal mystery. For thousands of years, people have been asking: Where do we come from?
It is not difficult to see that all kinds of assumptions about the origin of modern human beings can be divided into two categories in thinking: one is to attribute the origin of human beings to accidental events outside the earth, that is, human beings are not the result of the biological evolution of the earth itself, but are created by highly intelligent creatures from the depths of the universe, just like aliens create human beings; One insists that the origin of human beings can only be considered from the development of the earth itself. No matter how it changes, human beings will always be the result of the biological evolution of the earth itself, just like biological evolution. These two kinds of thinking have their own reasons and weaknesses. In all fairness, it is no wonder that the theory that human beings originated from the earth and the evolution of life itself is more evidence (whether this evidence is sufficient or not). After all, the theory of biological evolution has developed for more than 100 years, while other hypotheses can only struggle in the cracks, and there is no force involved at all.
But historically, the view that human beings originated from accidental factors outside the earth is even older. As early as 6000 years ago, our ancestors were thinking about the origin and put forward a worldwide hypothesis that human beings were created by Almighty God. This hypothesis is essentially the same as the hypothesis that aliens created humans. It can be seen that the development of human thinking has great limitations and its historical continuity can not be ignored.
However, the view that God created man has been thoroughly criticized by modern science because it is religious and idealistic. Orthodoxy believes that God is imagined by primitive people. Since there is no God, the statement that God created man is of course nonsense.
Can people be made like machines?
In the prehistoric Genesis mythology of almost all nations in the world, when explaining the origin of human beings, it is said that God created human beings, Christianity said that God created human beings, and China myth said that Nu Wa or Huangdi created human beings ... Then, there is a purely technical question: Can human beings be created?
Creation and invention are the strengths of modern people. From 600,000 years ago (scholars have a lot of disputes about the starting time of the Stone Age, 200,000 to 300,000 years ago, I think we should stick to the 600,000-year theory), mankind invented the first stone tool and embarked on the road of manufacturing, and our civilization is based on manufacturing. With the further development of science, people's manufacturing skills are getting higher and higher. We can not only make inanimate things, such as beds, telephones, machines, cars, etc. , but also on the basis of life to recreate a new life.