The Yellow River with the largest sediment concentration in the world.
The Yellow River is a big river in the north of China, with a total length of about 5,464 kilometers and a drainage area of about 752,443 square kilometers. The sixth longest river in the world and the second longest river in China.
The Yellow River originates from Zhaqu of ChaHasila Mountain in Bayan Kara Mountain range of Qinghai Province, Kariqu at the northern foot, and Yuegu Zonglie music to the west of Xingsuhai. How many? Glyph. It flows from west to east through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces, and finally flows into the Bohai Sea.
The middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River are dominated by mountains, while the middle and lower reaches are dominated by plains and hills. Because the middle section of the river flows through the Loess Plateau in China and carries a lot of sediment, it is also called the river with the largest sediment concentration in the world. However, in the history of China, the diversion of the lower Yellow River has brought great influence to human civilization. It is what China people call the most important birthplace of Chinese civilization. Mother river? . Almost1600 million tons of sediment is produced every year, of which1200 million tons flows into the sea, and the remaining 400 million tons remain in the lower reaches of the Yellow River for many years, forming an alluvial plain, which is conducive to planting. [ 1]
historical changes
The gestation, birth and development of the Yellow River are controlled by geological processes in geological history. The tectonic movements caused by crustal changes are external forces, and the erosion, transportation and accumulation generated by itself under hydrogeological conditions are internal forces. In the historical process of becoming a river, it keeps moving forward and keeps pace with the times. Soil erosion in the Loess Plateau and sediment deposition in the lower reaches of the Yellow River began in prehistoric geological times, and have been increasingly influenced by human activities since then. According to various studies, the ancient Yellow River has three stages of development: the early Pleistocene from Tertiary to Quaternary is the gestation period of the ancient Yellow River. The middle Pleistocene in Quaternary (110.5 million years ago) was the birth period of the ancient Yellow River. In the late Pleistocene (654.38+ 10,000 years ago ~ 654.38+ 10,000 years ago), the Yellow River formed a marine water system.
In the historical period, the Yellow River has also evolved in the upper and middle reaches of the plain, and some of them have changed greatly. For example, the Hetao reach in Inner Mongolia, below Dengkou before 1850, is mainly divided into two tributaries, the northern branch is the mainstream, the Wu Jia at the foot of Yinshan Mountain, and the southern branch is the present Yellow River. 1850, the downstream of Wu Jia, north of Xishanzui, was blocked and cut off for about 15 km, and the south branch became the mainstream, while the north branch became the backwater channel of Houtao Irrigation Area. The river from Longmen to Tongguan also fluctuates greatly. However, the evolution of these reaches has little influence on the development of the whole Yellow River. The changes of the Yellow River mainly occur in the lower reaches.
Historically, the rivers in the lower reaches of the Yellow River changed from Haihe River in the north to Jianghuai River in the south. According to historical documents, the lower Yellow River burst 1500 times and changed its course more than 20 times.
Mainstream survey
Huangheyuan
The area above Duoshi Gorge in maduo county, Qinghai Province is Heyuan District, with an area of 22,800 square kilometers. The source area of the Yellow River in maduo county, Qinghai Province is a part of Qinghai Plateau, belonging to the wide valley zone of lake basin, with an altitude of more than 4,200 meters. The mountains around the basin are majestic, with Yaradze Mountain in the west, Qingshan Mountain in Anima (also known as Jishi Mountain) in the east, Buerhanbuda Mountain in the north, Bayan Kara and the Yangtze River Basin in the south. Yogu Zonglie at the western end of the lake basin is the birthplace of the Yellow River.
There are three branches above Xinghai: Zhaqu, Yuegu Zonglie and Kariqu. Zhaqu, which lives in the northernmost part, originated in Cha Hasila Mountain. This river is 70 kilometers long and narrow, with few tributaries and limited water, and it is cut off for most of the year. The moon valley is located in the west of Xinghai, in the middle of the three sources. Originated in the southwest corner of Yue Guile Zong Basin, it is 4750 meters above sea level, with little water. It is a stream with a width of 1.0- 1.5 meters and a depth of 0. 1-0.2 meters. Kaliqu, a tributary in the south, originated at the northern foot of Geziya Mountain, a branch of bayan har, with an altitude of 4,800 meters. Five springs gushed out of the valley and merged into a small river with a width of about 3 meters, a depth of 0.3-0.5 meters and a flow rate of about 3 meters per second. This river has water all the year round.
The earliest record about the source of the Yellow River is Shangshu in the Warring States Period. Yu Gong, right? Guide the river to accumulate stones, as for Longmen? Said. What do you mean? Jishi? Near Xunhua Salar Autonomous County, Qinghai Province, there is still a considerable distance from Heyuan. In the ninth year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign (AD 635), Hou and Li Daozong were ordered to attack Tuguhun, and soldiers went to Xingsuchuan (i.e. Xingsuhai) and Dabaihai (i.e. Zhaling Lake) to see Jishi Mountain and Heyuan. In the first year of Changqing in Tang Muzong (AD 82 1), Liu sent an envoy to Tibet, passing through the Heyuan area, and learned that the Heyuan was out of Zishan (now Bayan Kara).
It was from the Yuan Dynasty to the seventeenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1280) that Sai-jo ordered Rong Lu Gongdu to recruit envoys and Penguin Khufu searched for the source of the river. It took four months to find out the location of the two great lakes. Erguze? , collective? Aranuer? ), and traced back to Xinghai, and then drew the earliest map of the source area of the Yellow River.
In the 43rd year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1704), he ordered Laxi and Lan Shu to explore the source of this river. After exploring the source, they drew a map of Xingyuan, wrote a record of the source of a river, and pointed out? From Sanhe? East flows into Zhaling Lake, which can be used as the source of the Yellow River. In the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi (17 17), Lama Churchen Zangbu and Ramchamba were sent to Heyuan for surveying and mapping. Qi pointed out in "A Brief Introduction to Waterways" written during the Qianlong period that there are three rivers in the upper source of the Yellow River (Zhaqu in the north source, Yuegu Zonglie in the middle source (i.e. Maqu) and Kariqu in the south source), and the middle one is called Aritan River (i.e. Maqu). Does it belong to the Yellow River? Born? .
1952, the Yellow River Committee organized an investigation team on the source of the Yellow River to investigate the possibility of transferring water from the source of the Yellow River and Tongtian River to the Yellow River, which lasted for 4 months and confirmed that Maqu in history was the positive source of the Yellow River.
1978 Qinghai Provincial People's Government and Qinghai Military Region invited relevant units to form an investigation team to conduct on-the-spot investigation, and put forward the suggestion that Kari Qu is the source of the river (according to the article "Many Counties", the southern source is Kari Qu, which originated from various Dongya and Nazareth, so it should be regarded as the original source for three reasons: first, it has a long history, second, the water color is the same as that of Maqu, and third, the water quantity [6 Kariqu basin covers an area of 3 126 square kilometers, and Yuegu Zonglequ basin covers an area of 2,372 square kilometers. Near the intersection of Kariqu and Guzong Liequ, the measured flow of Kariqu is 6.3 m3/s, and that of Yogu Liequ is 2.5m3/s. Through the investigation of the source of 1978 Yellow River, it is determined that Kariqu is the main source of the Yellow River. [5] )。
1985, according to the historical tradition and opinions of various factions, the Yellow River Committee confirmed Maqu as the main source of the Yellow River, located in the southwest corner of the Yogu Zonglie Basin, with an east longitude of 95? 59? 24? 35 north latitude? 0 1? 18? , set up the symbol of Heyuan. [4]
In 2008, the scientific investigation team of Sanjiangyuan came to the conclusion that since the length of Kariqu is 36.54 kilometers longer than that of Beyogu Zonglie, and the flow rate is twice that of Beyogu Zonglie, according to three international standards for determining the positive source of the river, namely? Heyuan is only long, but the flow is only large, which is consistent with the mainstream direction? Considering the basin area, river development period and historical habits, the expedition team suggested that the source of the Yellow River should be located in Kariqu after the scientific research results passed the review and were approved by legal procedures. [7]