1, read through the material and make clear the theme.

When doing material problems, proposers often establish a theme first, and then look for materials and design problems around this theme. So generally speaking, every material analysis question will have a theme. When solving the material problem, we should first grasp the author's proposition intention or the theme of the material as much as possible by browsing the material, so that we can quickly mobilize the knowledge points we have learned, thus clarifying the problem, concentrating our thinking and laying the foundation for the next step.

2. Read the material carefully and analyze the problem (a very important link).

After clarifying the subject of the material, we should carefully analyze the questions raised by the proposer, and clarify what the author asks and needs to answer by analyzing the keywords and words in the rhetorical question. Then, according to these questions, read the materials carefully, try to understand the meaning of each material, and roughly form the idea of answering questions. In the process of reading, we should analyze and study word by word, and never let go of any part of the material, including topics and quotations. Especially the information about time, place and people in the materials is often the breakthrough to solve the problem.

3, information extraction, processing and sorting

Most of the answers to the questions raised in the material analysis questions should be extracted from the materials, so at this time, we should combine the questions and materials, find the information according to the ideas after carefully reading the materials, and extract all the information related to the questions and write them on the draft paper for later use. Whether you can find out all the relevant information in the material depends on the reader's reading comprehension ability and historical knowledge. Then, filter the found information, eliminate unnecessary and repetitive information, summarize and sort out these information according to your own knowledge, and make an outline to prepare for the answer.

4. Review the outline and express it fluently.

After the above steps are completed, I have to browse the materials and their questions for the last time to check whether the outline I listed is correct. I can finally write the answer on the test paper. When answering questions, you must follow the outline, be concise in one go, and avoid wordiness, wordlessness, alteration and irrelevant answers.

Read the following materials:

In the second year of Yongle, people were forbidden to go to sea. At that time, Fujian coastal residents privately carried Haitang to communicate with foreign countries, because they thought Kou, County and County were famous for it. Then ordered a ban on civilian ships. The original seagoing ship was changed into a flat-headed ship, and a company prevented it from entering and leaving.

-"Yongle Dadian" Volume 27

Material 2 In the first year of Shunzhi, the Qing government issued the order of "moving coastal residents in Shandong to the north and Guangdong to the south", and all coastal ships were burned and were not allowed to go into the water. Where there is a fence in the river, goods are not allowed to cross the border, and they are always on guard, and offenders will die.

-"Taiwan Province province" volume 12.

Food and clothing don't need materials and supplies, so China doesn't lack them. If not, there will be no reason for the troubles between inside and outside. Although I want to spy on me, I can't get it!

-Compilation of Coastal Defence, Volume 7

① Summarize the similarities of overseas trade policies in Ming and Qing Dynasties according to the materials.

② According to the above materials, compare the differences of overseas trade policies between the two countries.

(3) Please make an objective evaluation of the above policies based on your knowledge.

Stepwise analysis

Step 1: browse the information and determine the theme.

From the description of time and content in the Second Year of Yongle and the First Year of Shunzhi, we can see that this topic examines "overseas policies in the Ming and Qing Dynasties"-this is the theme of this topic. At this time, we should immediately put relevant knowledge about this topic from our minds, such as Zheng He's voyages to the West, overseas Chinese's development of Nanyang, Qi Jiguang's fight against Japanese pirates, Portuguese occupation of Macau, Zheng Chenggong's recovery of Taiwan Province Province, the struggle against Russia, opium smuggling and the anti-smoking movement, and foreign policy "closed door", so as to lay the foundation for further reading.

Step 2: Analyze the problem and read the material carefully.

Obviously, this topic is to compare the similarities and differences of overseas trade policies in Ming and Qing Dynasties and summarize their historical influence. With this question, it is the key to solve this problem to read the materials carefully and understand the specific meaning of each paragraph. For example, the quotation of "Taiwan Province Province" in Material 2 is very important, which implies the mentality and purpose of the Qing government when formulating policies at that time, that is, "I am afraid that the anti-Qing forces will grow and maintain the long-term rule of the Qing Dynasty."

Step 3: Extract information and process it.

First, take questions to the materials to find effective information, such as the first question, "No people going into the sea" in material 1, "No people going into the water" and "No people crossing the border" in material 2, and "Internal and external barriers" in material 3. The second question, "Because I thought it was Kou" in the material 1, and "If you want to spy on me without any reason to make trouble, how can you get it?" It is the important material information of this topic.

Organize the information according to the meaning of the material and the knowledge learned. The "similarity" in the first question is well summed up, that is, "there is no sea"; The "difference" in the second question should be based on the meaning in the material and the knowledge we have learned, and the key difference between "shipwreck" and "consolidation" can be obtained. Third, understand its historical influence from the perspective of foreign trade.

In this way, the outline of the answer to this question has been initially formed.

Step 4: Review the outline and express it fluently.

According to the above outline, write your answers on the test paper. Pay attention to make an appropriate summary in concise and standardized language, don't copy the materials or simply translate them, avoid "generalizing" and answer questions in a targeted manner.

Reference answer

(1) Private ships are not allowed to go out to sea, and overseas trade is prohibited.

(2) The Ming Dynasty was designed to prevent residents from contacting foreign enemies, which led to maritime disasters; The purpose of the Qing Dynasty was to prevent residents from contacting the coastal anti-Qing forces and threatening their rule.

(3) The sea ban policy in Ming and Qing Dynasties was not conducive to the economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries and the budding growth of Chinese capitalism, which was an important reason for the poverty and beatings in modern China.

When solving the problem of material analysis, we should pay special attention to the following two points:

1, the answer to the material question must be closely related to the material. The above four steps have never been separated from the material, and the key steps should be placed in the second and third steps. These two steps are done, and writing the answer should be quick and accurate. However, it is easy for candidates to ignore these two links. Many candidates are afraid that time is not enough, often because they haven't finished reading the materials and don't fully understand the meaning, so they write in a hurry. The result is too far from the point, irrelevant and low hit rate. Therefore, when answering material questions (including questions and answers), we must develop the good habit of "making the meaning of the question clear and outlining it".

2. When writing the answer, try to use your own language according to the language environment of the material and the effective information extracted. Don't copy the expression in the textbook, the teacher's lecture and the original words in the material. At the same time, the language should be refined and fluent, and the writing should be clear and standardized.

It can be seen that there are special laws and methods to solve material problems. If candidates can well implement the "four-step method" to solve material analysis problems, they will certainly achieve satisfactory results in the college entrance examination.

On the problem-solving methods of question and answer

I. Types of questions and answers

According to the nature and requirements of questions, questions can be divided into narrative, comprehensive, analytical, comparative, critical and material types.

1. Narrative Title: Directly describe the reasons (or backgrounds), processes and significance (or nature, influence, function and evaluation) of historical events, historical phenomena or activities of historical figures in a certain order.

2. Comprehensive questions: systematically summarize the historical contents scattered in different chapters, different countries and different historical periods, but with certain connections, express them through integration, and draw appropriate conclusions. It is more difficult.

3. Analysis topic: decompose complex historical events, phenomena or contents into background, causes, nature, characteristics, results, significance, functions, experiences and lessons. To reveal its essence and draw a conclusion. What does it say? What are the revelations and so on.

4. Comparison topic: Summarize two or more historical events or historical figures, find out their similarities and compare them, seek common ground while reserving differences, and analyze differences, so as to deepen the understanding of the nature of historical events. This is a common method to understand and analyze historical problems.

5. Comments: First, make a comprehensive induction and summary description of historical events, historical phenomena and human activities, and then give an evaluation of historical materialism according to the specific situation at that time. When evaluating historical figures, we should also pay attention to the background of the times and comment realistically. You can talk first and then comment, or you can talk while talking.

6. Material question and answer: that is, the integration of material analysis questions (including charts and pictures) and question and answer questions. Formally, it consists of two parts: one is matter; The second is to ask questions. In recent years, almost all the subjective questions in the college entrance examination have adopted this form.

Second, the structure and function of question and answer

1. Structure of questions and answers. Any question with clear meaning and complete expression has four basic components, namely: prompt item, restrictive item, central item and answer item.

2. The function of question-and-answer structure.

(1) Prompt item: the way to limit the answer, including the way of thinking and expression of the candidate's answer.

(2) Qualifiers: indicate the known conditions of the solution, such as time, space, historical facts, opinions, quotations, etc.

(3) Central Item: Specify the content on which the answer is based. Central projects are ever-changing, and none of them are the same. It involves political, economic, institutional, people, international relations and other knowledge fields. The central item is the core part of the construction, and the other three items are subordinate to the central item.

(4) Answer item: specify an "unknown" answer. Common answers include reasons, processes, results, properties, characteristics, meanings, influences, similarities and differences, etc. There are "what", "how", "what", "how" and "why", which are both answers and hints. These four structures coexist in the topic, appearing at different times and changing positions. However, the four are interdependent, reasonable and unified, and jointly play the role of examination ability.

Three. Read, check and answer questions.

1, reading questions: Read all the questions carefully, read more and understand the meaning of the material.

2. Examining questions is a crucial step in question and answer. In the college entrance examination, there are many candidates whose answers are not ideal. In addition to the defects in knowledge and thinking ability, it is very important that they fail to understand the meaning of the question and grasp the train of thought, and even answer irrelevant questions. Even if they have enough knowledge, they will not play a role. How to examine the questions should pay attention to the following points: Examining the questions before the exam is a comprehensive and flexible application of scientific knowledge and thinking ability in a short time. Whether candidates can quickly understand what questions to ask, what questions to answer, and whether they can dig deep into the questions is actually an information processing ability. Pay attention to the following points when reviewing questions:

First, the trial requirements. First, make clear the specific requirements of the test questions and learn to analyze the structural components of the test questions. Generally speaking, a complete and clear historical question consists of four parts: prompt, qualifier, trunk (also called central item) and answer. Only by analyzing the structural components of the test questions clearly can we grasp the meaning of the questions completely and accurately.

Second, dig deep into the meaning of the question and break through the key and difficult points.

Third, the type of examination. When reviewing the questions, you should also decide what kind of questions this question belongs to. As mentioned above, historical questions can be roughly divided into five types: narrative questions, comprehensive questions, analysis questions, comparison questions, comment questions and material questions. Different types of test questions have different special requirements, and the forms and methods of answering questions are not the same. Therefore, judging the question type helps to strengthen the pertinence of the answer. In addition, if there are several questions in a test question, it is necessary to pay attention to whether these questions belong to the same type. Because there are several questions in an exam, it is not uncommon for different questions to belong to different types.

Fourth, try to answer the key points. The ways and angles of asking questions are different, and the key points of answering questions are different. Determining the key points of answering questions is conducive to obtaining local organization materials in detail and scientifically allocating answering time.

3. Standardize the answer.

First, the combination of correct views and historical theories: the combination of correct views and historical theories is the most basic requirement for answering questions. "History" refers to a specific time, place, people and events; "On" refers to the basic concepts or viewpoints of dialectical materialism and historical materialism. The combination of history and theory is to use the basic viewpoint of historical materialism to analyze historical facts, draw a correct evaluation or conclusion, and unify materials (historical facts) and viewpoints. Narrating historical facts is the basis of answering questions, just like "painting dragons"; Brief analysis and comments are the soul of answering questions (that is, the candidate's position and political direction), just like "clearing the field". Answering questions should not only oppose the accumulation of materials that lack analysis, but also oppose the generalization that lacks historical facts.

Second, the narrative is orderly and the argument is powerful: although various types of historical questions have their own characteristics and the focus of ability examination, they cannot be answered without the narrative of historical facts and the analysis, comment and argument of historical issues. Narrating historical facts should be in order, or in chronological order, or in spatial order, or in logical order, so as to avoid confusion and inversion. To analyze historical facts, evaluate historical events and figures, and demonstrate whether a certain viewpoint is correct, we must grasp the main points, make sense, and demonstrate forcefully.

Third, the details are appropriate and the main points are comprehensive: the key points of the test questions should be answered in detail, and the main points should be explained clearly; For non-key parts, we must write short answers less, seek simplicity from complexity, and choose the essence from complexity. This is to answer the question "to the point". When there are many questions involved, every key point of the answer should be concise; The questions require less content, and the answers should be relatively detailed and specific.

Fourth, the writing is accurate and clear: some candidates write poorly when answering questions, and they are incoherent and can't be summarized. They write a long article, which is irrelevant and can't understand what he is saying. Some candidates use "multiple-answer tactics", regardless of whether it has anything to do with the meaning of the question, so that the marking teacher can "pick up the garbage". This is all undesirable. A good answer should be accurate and concise. This requires learning to refine and summarize. In addition, in the form of writing the answer, it is necessary to divide it into sections according to the meaning of the question and the content of the answer, and each point in each section should be numbered, so as to be "divided, focused, organized and serialized", so as to make it clear at a glance.

Fifth, check carefully and correct in time: check questions and answers carefully and strictly. See if there is any deviation in the exam, whether the meaning of the question is accurate, whether the main points are complete and whether the answers are complete. If you pass the inspection, you should correct it in time, so that the questions are answered clearly, the writing is standardized, and there are no typos.