First, the main building is centered on the obvious longitudinal axis. Starting from three doors, there are several halls. There is a cloister connecting several courtyards in the middle.
Second, on both sides of the main building, imitating the layout of the first residence of the imperial court, a number of small courtyards are arranged, each with its own purpose, such as Pure Land Courtyard, Confucian Classics College and Library Courtyard. For example, the famous Zhangjing Temple in Chang 'an has 48 courtyards, and the Dahuayan Temple in Wutai Mountain has 15 courtyards. There are also cloisters connecting the courtyards. Corridors in main buildings and affiliated buildings are often painted with murals and become galleries.
Third, the location of the tower is gradually independent from the center of the whole temple. In front of the main hall, there are usually two small, usually solid towers standing side by side, or there is a tower courtyard outside the front, back and central axis of the main hall. Monks' tombs often stand outside temples. All these are related to the gradual study of teachings and righteousness by the Buddhist community at that time, as well as the neglect of worshipping and walking around the tower.
Fourth, in addition, the cornices of cave temples have appeared in large numbers, changing from imitation wood to solid wood structure. A large number of arched roofs, overlapping roofs and rear screens appear, all of which show the process of China Grottoes becoming more nationalized.
Fifth, in the Tang Dynasty, the folk sayings and sayings in temples had the nature of folk culture and entertainment, and the Buddhist temples had theatres, which made them more public.
6. The temple economy has developed greatly and the living area has expanded. Not only monasteries, fasting halls, warehouses, kitchens, etc. For monks to live in, and some big Buddhist temples also have mills and vegetable gardens. Many Buddhist temples rent houses to lay people to live in, which has the nature of a guest house.
Aerial view of the restoration of Daxing Mountain Temple in Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty
Murals of Beige Temple in Wutai Mountain in Tang Dynasty
A large number of Buddhist temple murals in the Tang Dynasty preserved in Dunhuang Grottoes mostly reflect the bright and cheerful scene of the pure land of western bliss. Although these murals only show the main parts of Buddhist temples, they have shown that the group layout of Buddhist temples in the Tang Dynasty has reached a very high level-the overall image is grand and cheerful, and the single form is rich and colorful, with rich colors but not gaudy. When they appear in front of your eyes, it seems that your spirit rises with them, melts into the whirlpool of colors with the flying sky, and goes straight to the Elysium and bathes in the Buddha's light. This happy and gorgeous Buddhist temple is permeated with the positive affirmation of reality and life and the healthy and progressive spirit of the Tang people everywhere.
The courtyard of the Buddhist temple in the Tang Dynasty in Dunhuang murals: the south wall of Cave 48 in the prosperous Tang Dynasty; Maitreya sutra.
The north wall view of Dunhuang Cave 72 has changed. The south wall view of Cave 72 in Dunhuang has changed. The scenery of Cave 27 in Dunhuang has changed. Unfortunately, the splendid temples of the Tang Dynasty in murals have no traces on the land of China. The existing Phoenix Temple in Byodoin Temple, Japan, was built in 2005, and still retains the charm of the Tang Buddhist Temple in Dunhuang murals. The design concept of the Phoenix Hall imitates the pure land of bliss, and the form and color strive to be gorgeous and cheerful. Its plane is shaped like a phoenix spreading its wings and flying, hence the name. The main hall is the phoenix body, the left and right cloisters are the wings of the wind, and the back cloister is the phoenix tail. Planes are full of changes and movements. The roof of the main hall leans against the top of the mountain, with double eaves, and the decoration sits under the eaves of the two wings, and the corner part rises to make a pyramid-shaped roof. There is a bronze phoenix at each end of the roof of the main hall, and various bronze ornaments are decorated on the door and under the eaves. There are exquisite paintings and sculptures in the hall, and they are also decorated with gold foil, pearl jade, metal and other scientific and technological means through carving. At that time, the nobles yearned for the pure land of Chinese and Western Buddhism, so they developed this gorgeous Tang Buddhist temple building.
Although the real object of the Pure Land Sect Temple-Phoenix Hall in Byodoin Temple is more exquisite, it seems to lack the grandeur of some authentic Tang Dynasty buildings. Fortunately, a few years ago, China and Japan cooperated to build a lotus garden imitating the Tang Buddhist Temple in Hong Kong, and its design was taken from the Buddhist temple pattern on the north wall of Cave 72 of Mogao Grottoes-the spacious, beautiful and peaceful Tang Temple finally reappeared in China more than 000 years later!
Imitation of the Buddhist Temple in Tang Dynasty —— Zhilian Jingyuan in Hong Kong
Zhilian Jingyuan Tianwang Temple
Details of the restoration of Daxing Mountain Temple in Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty
Palace hall
The architecture of the Tang Dynasty emphasizes the harmony and truth of the whole, with rich and simple shapes. It mostly adopts a concave roof, and the corners are very gentle and generous. It attaches importance to natural beauty, is frank and calm, and its internal space combination changes moderately. It can be summed up in four words, with valuable original spirit, which can be called the development peak of China architectural art!
Xi Ankonghai Memorial Hall
The facade of Seiryuji Air Sea Memorial Hall was built at the top of the mountain, which continued the two-stage modeling of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, but the curve became softer without fatigue. The profile of Seiryuji Air Sea Memorial Hall is full, steady and layered. Braces and herringbone arches show the beauty of the structure.
Pavilion Architecture in Fairy Mountain Pavilion Painting in Tang Dynasty
main hall of nanchan temple
Nanchan Temple Hall is the earliest existing wooden structure building in China, which is located next to Li Jiazhuang, Dongye Town, Wutai County. The temple was built in Jianzhong, Tang Dezong for three years. The main hall is three rooms wide and deep, and the plane is nearly square. It rests on the top of the mountain with a single eaves, with a flat roof and far-reaching eaves. The board door is installed in the open room, and the straight lattice window is installed in the second room. The forehead at the corner is not in the head, and the diaphragm forehead is not patted. The bucket is five storeys, with double copy and single arch. Although the temple is small in area, it makes people feel deep in internal force; Like a soldier with his head held high, ready to go, full of confidence and strength!
main hall of nanchan temple
Restoration elevation of the main hall of Nanchan Temple
Beixing Temple was established in Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the names of Wuke Temple frequently appeared in various biographies. According to the records of the Five Dynasties, there used to be a three-story and seven-room Maitreya Pavilion with a height of nine feet and five feet in the temple. According to the topography, the pavilion may be built on the platform on the second floor, which is the main body of the whole temple. At that time, it coexisted with the East Hall and flourished for a while. Judging from the relics in the temple, it was also built in Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. The existing wooden structures, clay sculptures, murals and ink in the Tang Dynasty in the temple complement the tombs and stone carvings of Wei, Jin and Tang Dynasties inside and outside the temple, and are the treasures of China's historical relics. The East Hall is the main hall of the temple, which is located in the courtyard on the top floor. It is the tallest of all buildings and has an overwhelming style, overlooking the whole temple.
Beigaosi East Hall
The main hall is seven rooms wide and four rooms deep, with a single roof and a total area of 677 square meters. The main hall is simple in appearance, with columns, foreheads, arches, doors, windows and walls painted with earth red, but not painted. There are five panel doors in front of the Buddha Hall and two straight lattice windows at the end. The eaves of the hall are far-reaching, and the roof of the hall is paved with slab tiles and ridge tiles. The two ends of the main ridge are decorated with glass kisses. Although the two kisses in Yuan Dynasty brought out the best in each other, they were tall and vigorous, and they still followed the shape of Tang Dynasty. The cornice stigma is slightly inward, and the corner column is enlarged, so the side foot and the rise are very obvious. The plane of the temple consists of eaves columns and inner columns, and the Zhou Hecheng is divided into two grooves, an inner groove and an outer groove. Between the outer eaves column and the inner column, one is deep, like a circle of cloisters; There are no columns in the area with two rooms deep and five rooms wide in the inner tank. The inner channel beam is the connecting material between the front and inner columns. There are two kinds of temples and beams, namely, grass. The light is under the ceiling, the grass is above the ceiling without an axe. The ceiling is made of very small squares, just like in the Japanese balance era. This is also an example of a hall built for the Tang Dynasty. It is an inherent law of architecture in the Tang Dynasty that the short column is replaced by a big fork hand on a flat beam, and the apex of the intersection of the two fork hands intersects with the arch, so that the arch supports wood and spine. The stigma covers the basin, and all the columns on the front eaves cover the basin, decorated with precious lotus flowers. There is a rib in the middle of each petal, with elliptical bubbles protruding from both sides of the rib, and the tip of the petal is rolled up like a wishful head, which is the most common style in Tang Dynasty. In a word, the East Hall shows a high degree of unity of structure and art, and has the obvious characteristics of wooden structures in Tang Dynasty. Although it was 75 years later than the main hall of nanzenji, its scale was far better than this, and there were few changes in the later repairs. Therefore, the East Hall is generally regarded as a model of China's imitation of Tang architecture.
Elevation of East Hall of Beigao Temple
Nara Tangzhaoti Temple
The Tangzhaoti Temple in Nara was built by Emperor Shengwu in 759 after the famous Jian Zhen monk crossed to Japan. The existing Jintang was established by disciple Ru Bao after the death of Jian Zhen. It is magnificent and still retains the style of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, which is the architectural feature of Honda Ping era. Much like the later Beige Temple Hall in China: seven rooms wide and four rooms deep, with a single eaves and a roof, but occupying a front porch, so the indoor space is cramped; In addition, its roof was rebuilt in modern times, steeper than the original Tang roof; Its arch structure and wall treatment are also different from the East Hall of Beigao Temple.
Tang Zhao ti Jin si Tang
In 963, in order to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the death of Jian Zhen, the famous architect Liang Sicheng designed and built a memorial hall in daming temple, Yangzhou, imitating the Jintang Temple in the Tang Dynasty. The memorial hall is five rooms wide and three rooms deep, with spindle-shaped columns, a bucket arch with a stigma, a single-eaves palace roof, and owl tails at both ends of the main ridge. There is a square well in the hall, imitating the painted ceiling of the Tang Dynasty, and in the middle is the statue of the master Jian Zhen.
Jian Zhen Memorial Hall
The bell tower of Kaiyuan Temple in Zhengding, Hebei Province is a two-story pavilion-like building with brick and wood structure, and its plane is square. There are three bays and three bays, with a building area of 35 square meters. Rest on the top of the mountain with a single eaves and green tiles, 4 meters high. Its large wooden structure, column net and bucket arch all show the style of Tang Dynasty.
Kaiyuan temple bell tower
The main hall of Wulong Temple was built in the fifth year of Tang Dahe, with five wide rooms, three deep rooms, four rafters and a single eaves resting on the top of the mountain. The stigma bucket arch is made of five shops and two copies, and the arch petals are sharp and angular. The inner frame is covered with huge bucket arches and strong forks and short columns, forming a very gentle slope, which can only be compared with Wutai Mountain and nanzenji. There are no columns in the temple, but all the beams are exposed.
The whole building structure is simple, simple and vigorous. Although the tiles and walls were rebuilt for later generations and lacked repair, they could not conceal the strength of the buildings in the Tang Dynasty.
Wulongsi main hall
Dacheng Hall of Zhengding Confucian Temple in Hebei Province, with five rooms wide and three rooms deep, covers an area of 650 square meters. The single eaves rest on the top of the mountain, the slope is gentle, the column rolls obviously, the stigma is not popper, only the column quantity is used. The stigma bucket arch is particularly large, and the gap is paved into a featureless arch. Only the square stigma is engraved with a shadow arch. The beam frame consists of humps and inclined columns. In 933, Liang Sicheng, a famous architect, inspected Dacheng Hall of the Confucian Temple and thought it was a relic from the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties. He said that the architectural framework is so simple and clear that such rationalization is really rare.
Zhengding county Confucian temple Dacheng hall
Shanxi Pingshun Dayun Academy was built in Tianfu three years at the end of Jin Dynasty, formerly known as Xianyan Academy, and renamed in Song Dynasty. The Great Buddha Hall in the courtyard is a relic built for the first time. Wide and deep three halls, single eaves resting on the top of the mountain, glass kiss.
Dayunyuan Buddhist temple
Guo Si Temple in Pingyao Town was built by the royal family in the seventh year of Northern Han Dynasty. The layout is rigorous, and its Ten Thousand Buddhas Hall is a relic of the Five Dynasties. The three halls of ten thousand buddhas are three wide and three deep, with a single eaves resting on the top of the mountain. The beam frame has six rafters and two floors, and there are four rafters and one peace beam on it. Four rafters facing each other, three columns under the eaves. Stigma Dougong and Mingshibu Dougong are five shops with double copy. Corner bucket arch has inclined arch, cylindrical square forehead and far eaves.
The overall beam frame of the Wanfo Hall is rigorous in structure, with standard materials, mechanical principles, exquisite craftsmanship and fine workmanship, which has remained unchanged for more than 1,000 years.
Zhenguo Temple Wanfo Hall
The Daxiong Hall of Hualin Temple in Fuzhou was built in the second year of Gande in the Northern Song Dynasty, and it is the only remaining Song Dynasty building in the temple. 1958 cultural relics survey found that it was once designated as a building in the Southern Song Dynasty. After several investigations, it is confirmed that its style and style are quite a legacy of Sui and Tang Dynasties, and its construction time is not later than the end of the Five Dynasties and the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty. This is consistent with the historical records such as the Records of Three Mountains in the Song Dynasty. When Wu Yueguo occupied Fuzhou, he was stationed in Qianjia for 18 years to build Buddhist temples such as Hualin Temple and demolish buildings such as the Five Dynasties Palace in Fujian. Therefore, the author thinks that although this temple was built in the Song Dynasty, it can better reflect the characteristics of the five dynasties architecture.
Hualinsi main hall
The main hall faces south, 2.8 meters high, three rooms wide and four rooms deep. In front of the main hall, there is an open gallery with a slightly square plane, resting on the top of the mountain, with a single eaves and eight rafters and four columns. The cornice shop is composed of seven double-copied and three-convex arches, and the stigma and patching shop are composed of seven double-copied and double-convex arches. The bottom of the bucket is dish-shaped and the materials used are huge. Except for corner paving, the others are all made of a single material. Beams, front eaves and front eaves are all moon beams, which are made of thick logs and have a nearly circular cross section. There is no Popper square on the forehead, and the front eaves are paved with buckets to sit directly on the forehead.
Elevation of Hualin Temple Hall
The eight wooden columns in the main hall are shuttle columns, and the proportion of eaves columns is short, and the diameter of noble columns is less than 8 times. Moreover, the method of crushing and killing two ends of columns with large middle diameter, small bottom diameter and small upper diameter in old buildings is adopted. This form was very popular in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, but it was extremely rare in China after the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The application of Yunfeng with free and smooth contour formed by asymmetric curves on beams is dynamic. Angzui curve is cut into three sections, and the foot of the line is slightly carved along the contour of the curve, which is lively and natural. The ingenious combination of decorative components, shallow carving and color painting, simple and rough lines all have unique styles, which are rare in China. The main hall is of high grade-the cross-sectional height of the bucket arches used in the three halls ranges from 30 to 34 cm, with a special height of 37 cm. The measured full height is 47 cm, and the standard full height is 45 cm. The components are large in size-the front eaves column and the inner column are 64-67.5cm in diameter, the column head is square 68cm, the ridge purlin and the moon beam are about 50cm in diameter, the corner of the outer eaves is paved with a body more than 8 meters long, and the cloud hump is nearly 3 meters long and about 1 m high. The structure is flexible and changeable-for example, the horizontal purlins in the mountain cracks are out of the international beam frame, the columns in the mountain shop are turned inward, and the treatment is bold and clever, and the arch insertion and Yunfeng are widely used.
In the early main hall, there were many arches without petals, and the application of food buckets, shuttle columns and various hump shapes was rare in the Song Dynasty. Some can be traced back to the Sui, Tang and Six Dynasties, or find precedents in early Japanese architecture equivalent to the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Some of them are not found in the architectural relics of the Tang Dynasty in the north, and they are also rare in China. Hualin Temple Hall is the oldest wooden building in the south of the Yangtze River, and its construction method is unique among the wooden buildings in China in Tang and Song Dynasties, which has a great influence on the Buddha statues and Tianzhu statues in Kamakura period.
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