The basic feature of the global view of history is to study the whole human history as a whole. Its research objects include not only Europe, but also the vast Asia, Africa and Latin America. Stavri and Anoos described the global view of history in their masterpiece A General History of the World as follows: they studied the history of the whole world, not the history of a certain country or region; It concerns all mankind, not just Europeans or non-Europeans. In addition, global history is not equal to the simple addition of national history or regional history, but focuses on revealing the interrelationship and influence of different regions and national history.

This requires us to focus on how the world moved from isolation to integration when studying world history; Focus on the development of the western route, colonial expansion, industrial revolution, world market, capitalist world system, globalization and other issues. At the same time, when studying the history of China, we should put it in the background and broad vision of the whole world history.

2. The concept of civilization history

The view of civilization history holds that the history of human society is the evolutionary history of human civilization. The basic characteristics of the concept of civilization history are: based on the development of productive forces, human history is divided into the era of agricultural civilization and the era of industrial civilization; Pay attention to the achievements of civilization that still have great influence, trace back the history from reality, explain how human history is passed down from history to reality, and pay attention to the combination of history and reality; Taking the type of civilization as the basic unit of research, we realize the diversity of civilization.

Guided by the concept of civilization history, we focus on understanding and mastering the evolution process of capitalist development from manual workshop era to age of steam, then to electrical era and then to information era; We should focus on reviewing important political systems in history, such as the constitutional monarchy in Britain and the separation of powers in the United States. And ideas in ancient culture that still have great influence on the development of human society today, such as democratic ideas.

3. Modern historical view

The transformation process of human society from agricultural society to industrial society is modernization. The modern historical view focuses on this development and evolution process. The basic characteristics of modern historical view are: the transformation process from agricultural society to industrial society includes economic industrialization, urbanization, political democratization and legalization, cultural rationalization, scientization, popularization and popularization, equality and secularization of social life; The types of modernization can be divided into originality and communication, capitalism and socialism. Britain, France and the United States are primitive hairstyles and capitalist modernization, Japanese historical transmission and capitalist modernization, and China is transmission and socialist modernization.

4. Historical materialism (historical materialism)

Historical materialism is a science about the general law of human social development. It was founded by Marx and Engels in the middle of19th century. German Ideology is the main symbol of its formation. The basic characteristics of historical materialism are that the subject of history is realistic people, and their nature and activities are subject to material living conditions; The mode of production of material life determines the general process of social life, political life and spiritual life; Social existence determines social consciousness, which can actively react to social existence; The contradiction between productive forces and relations of production, the contradiction between superstructure and economic base are the basic contradictions to promote the development of all major events, which are manifested in class contradictions and class struggles in class society; People are the creators of history.

This method is basically used when we study history and analyze the roots and greatest influence of historical events.