Li Zhi, queen of Tang Gaozong, and Zhou Zetian, the later emperor, were the only female emperors in China history. Binzhou Wenshui (now Wenshui East in Shanxi) was born. When Wu Zetian 14 years old, Emperor Taizong Li Shimin called him into the palace as a talent. After the death of Emperor Taizong, he entered Ganye Temple for Nepal. Tang Gaozong acceded to the throne, recalled the palace, worshipped Zhao Yi, and entered Chen Fei, contending with the Queen and Xiao Shufei for power and gain, and slandering each other. In the sixth year of Yonghui (655), Wu was made queen. Shortly after the Queen was abolished, she was killed with Xiao Shufei. But he is wise by nature and dabbles in literature and history. Since the late Qing Dynasty, he took advantage of the weakness of Emperor Gaozong to deal with state affairs, and his power became more and more powerful. In the first year of Shangyuan (674), Emperor Gaozong was called "Emperor", Wuhou was called "Queen of Heaven" and the palace was called "Two Saints". In the first year of Hongdao (683), Emperor Gaozong died and Li Xian succeeded to the throne. This day is coming. In February of Shengyuan (684), Tianzong was abolished as the king of Luling, and Li Dan, the emperor, continued to advocate the imperial system. Then, in the first year (690), God granted him the title of Emperor, with the title of Zhou. Abolish Zong Rui as heir and change Luoyang as the capital of God.
Wu Zetian's life
Wu Zetian, whose real name is Chang, is from Nanxu Village, Wenshui County, Shanxi Province. Born in the seventh year of Tang Wude (623), he died in the first year of Tang Shenlong (705) at the age of 82. At the age of 67, he proclaimed himself emperor and reigned 15 years. Tang Zhongzong Li Xian was honored as "Great Sage Emperor" after his abdication, and was named "Great Sage Queen" by posthumous title after his death. Since then, the word "Zetian" has gradually replaced its name. Today, people call it Wu Zetian.
Born into an official family.
Wu Zetian is the eighth generation descendant of the Wu family in Wenshui County. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, Wu Qia, her ancestor, made five soldiers, Shang Shu and Jin Yanggong, who lived in Wenshui and gave them 50 hectares of land. This fief occupied about two villages from Nanxu to Beixu. Up to now, Zetian Temple, Wujiashan, Wujiakou, Bishui River, Shenfuquan, Wuyuan City and other historical sites related to the Wu family are still preserved in this land. His father Wu Shihuo was the founding hero of Tang Gaozu Tang Gaozu. He used to be the right-hand man of General Jing Yue and the minister of the Ministry of Industry, and was awarded the title of lord protector.
In the Tang Taizong dynasty, he served as the secretariat of Yuzhou, Lizhou and Jingzhou. In the ninth year of Zhenguan (635), he died in Jingzhou at the age of 59. His mother, Yang, was the daughter of the imperial clan prime minister of Sui Dynasty. She believed in Buddhism since she was a child, was ordained to serve the Buddha, and had a high cultural accomplishment. At the age of 42, she married Wu Shihuo as her second wife, and gave birth to three daughters, the second being Wu Zetian. Wu Zetian was born in such an official family.
Wu Zetian was the daughter of the Governor's House in her childhood, and later was the Emperor of the Holy Spirit. Many stories about her have been passed down as fairy tales, such as the legend of Yuan Tiangang's physiognomy. Today, there are still promising place names in Guangyuan, Sichuan. According to legend, during the Tang Dynasty, the pit of fire brought Yuan Tiangang back to Beijing. When I went to Chaotian Guanshan, I saw a royal spirit in the direction of Lizhou, so I went southwest 15, and arrived at Wangyunpu. When he saw the clouds over Illinois, he said, "The king is angry." Wu Tuyou heard that he was easy to find, so he invited him to your house. At that time, Wu Zetian was still in her arms, dressed as a boy. Yuan Tiangang said after reading it: "Dragon pupil is very rich." After careful consideration, he said, "If a woman is the son of heaven." Another example is the Riverbend Women's Tour on the 23rd day of the first month, which is an annual folk custom meeting in Guangyuan, Sichuan. According to legend, this day is Wu Zetian's birthday. There are also relics and legends such as Zetian Popo's dressing room and Zetian Dam.
From genius to queen
In the 11th year of Zhenguan (637), 14-year-old Wu Zetian was called into the palace. When leaving, Yang's mother cried sadly, but Wu Zetian took it calmly and comforted her mother, saying, "Is it a blessing to see the son of heaven? What does the child mourn? " It can be seen from this little incident that Wu Zetian has seen extraordinary things since she was a child.
Wu Zetian was canonized as a gifted scholar when she entered the palace, but after 10 years, Wu Zetian had neither children nor promotion, which shows that her situation at that time was not very ideal. However, Wu Zetian is always looking for opportunities to show her talents and political ambitions. Once, Emperor Taizong got a fierce horse named "Lion Qi", and no one could tame it. Emperor Taizong sighed for it. At that time, Wu Zetian was waiting by. She bravely put forward the request to train a horse, saying, "I can handle it, but I need three things, a iron whip, two hammers and three daggers. If iron whip refuses to accept the blow, hammer his head with a hammer; If he refuses to accept it, he will cut his throat with a dagger. Horses are for people to ride. What's the use of it if it can't be tamed? " Emperor Taizong praised her courage. This is also a way to govern politics after Wu Zetian. Later, they became like-minded and had close ties with Prince Li Zhi. In the 23rd year of Zhenguan (649), Emperor Taizong died. According to the court practice at that time, Wu Zetian became a nun. Two years' life as a nun has made her comprehensively examine the wealth and risks of court life, and become more and more mature politically.
In August of the second year of Yonghui (65 1), Wu Zetian returned to the official residence of the Tang Dynasty. This is her relationship with Tang Gaozong and Li Zhi, and there is a complicated background. This is why the queen was troubled by the rivalry in the palace and was eager to use Wu Zetian's return to the palace to alienate the emperor's love. At the beginning of Wu Zetian's return to the palace, she was just a maid-in-waiting and arranged for the queen. Wu Zetian is clever for political requirements, "the wind of clumsy words is behind", and the queen Wang "takes its beauty as the most important".
In the third year of Yonghui (652), Wu Zetian gave birth to her eldest son Li Hong, which brought her hope of promotion and added a layer of anxiety to the queen. It turns out that Wu Zetian and Tang Gaozong are like-minded, and the emperor's love for her is increasing day by day, which makes the queen greatly jealous. In March of the 5th year of Yonghui (654), Wu Zetian was made Zhao Yi, ranking second only to the Queen and Ji Shu, and became the third person in the harem.
In June, the sixth year of Yonghui (655), the Queen Wang kept her mother Liu's family secret and asked the witch to curse others. After this incident, Liu was furious and forbidden to enter the palace, and his uncle Liu (a special word) no longer asked about political affairs. 10 13, Tang Gaozong issued an imperial edict: "Xiao Shufei, the queen of the king, plotted to poison pigeons, and this imperial edict was abolished as Shu Ren. Both mother and brother were removed from the list and exiled to Lingnan. My late father, Wang Renyou, pursued his confession. " Even Liu (Tezi), who was demoted to the capital, was sentenced to death for sneaking into the palace and plotting pigeon poison. On October 19th, the 6th year of Yonghui (655), Tang Gaozong made Wu Zetian the queen. Ascending to the throne of Empress is the key to the success or failure of Wu Zetian's life, from which her political career began.
Governing the DPRK and showing talents
The first problem Wu Zetian faced after she ascended the throne was how to deal with Empress Shu Ren and Xiao Shufei. In "Purple Tongzhi Sword", Tang Gaozong happened to visit his residence, and when he saw the doors and windows closed, he shouted, "Is Queen Shu Fei safe?" Hearing this, they sobbed and burst into tears, saying that if the emperor misses the old days and lets my concubine see the light of day again, please change this hospital into Huanxin Hospital. They hoped that Tang Gaozong would come to their senses and revoke their punishment. This matter was soon known by Wu Zetian. As a queen, she has the right to die in the harem, but she knows what it means to let the queen and Xiao Shufei see the light of day again. To this end, Wu Zetian took decisive measures against He Xiao to avoid future troubles.
Although the close cooperation between Wu Zetian and Tang Gaozong began in the reign of Emperor Xianqing (656-660), it had a deep political foundation in Yonghui (650-655). In Zi Jian, Wei, Xu, Cui and Yuan all confided in Wu. It shows that Wu Zetian had a certain political influence in Yonghui period. It can be said that their cooperation system was basically formed in the first year of the Qing Dynasty (656). After Sun Chang Wuji was demoted in the fourth year of the Qing Dynasty (659), it was called "the official returned to the palace" in history, and Wu Zetian had a far-reaching influence in the court.
In October (660) of the fifth year of the reign of Emperor Xianqing, Tang Gaozong suffered from wind vertigo. The wind is dazzling and can't be seen. Bai Si asked Wu Zetian to rule. Wu Zetian was born smart and sensitive. He dabbled in literature and history and did what the emperor wanted. Since then, he has been entrusted with political affairs, and his power is equal to that of the emperor.
In August of the first year of Shangyuan (674), emperor gaozu Li Yuan was honored as Yaodi, emperor Taizong was consecrated, and he claimed to be the emperor, and Wu Zetian was the queen of heaven. In September, the imperial edict was issued to restore the rank of Sun Chang Wuji, so that the great-grandson and grandson of Sun Chang Wuji attacked Zhao Gong, and Sun Chang Wuji was buried with Zhaoling. 1October 27th, Wu Zetian put forward twelve suggestions:
(a) to persuade farmers to mulberry, thin tax; (two) to give three auxiliary land; (3) Stop fighting and moralize the world; (4) Skillful, north and south are still forbidden; (5) saving labor and labor; (6) Yan Guang Road; (7) Dewey's mouth; (8) emperors and generals learn from Laozi; (9) My father is here, and I have served Cui Zi for my mother for three years; (10) Before Shangyuan, the meritorious person has been given up but not recovered; (eleven) kyou-kan eight products or more benefit sharing; (12) A hundred officials have been in office for a long time, and those below rank can apply for pre-detention. After the above table, the emperor issued a letter to implement it. Since then, Wu Zetian's prestige at home and abroad has been further improved, and foreign envoys called Tang Gaozong and Wu Zetian "two saints".
Cut political enemies for calling themselves emperors.
On the fourth day of December in the first year of Hongdao (683), Tang Gaozong died, and the Prince acceded to the throne before the suicide note. Those whose military affairs are uncertain will be taken the day after tomorrow. Emperor Gaozong's testamentary edict is undoubtedly a "sword on the side" left to Wu Zetian, and it will also be a magic weapon for her to come to Korea in the future. In the first year of Guangzhai (684), after Wu Zetian abolished Li and Li Dan as emperors, she began to advocate imperial system and changed to Guangzhai.
In the struggle, Wu Zetian used two special methods to destroy political enemies and clear the way for becoming an emperor-cruel officials and copper shackles. A cruel official abused punishment and hurt innocent officials. The bronze coffin was designed by the son of Chenghua in the second year of vertical arch (686). It is a suggestion box with four openings on all sides, and there are four partitions in it, so that it can be seen from the outside but not from the outside. In the East, Yan En said, and those who dedicate poems and recite poems for official positions cast them; Nanbiankou said that it was a suggestion, and those who said that political gains and losses all voted in favor; On the west side, I said that I would pay back the wrongs, and those who were unjust, false and wrong voted in favor; In the north, people say "Xuan Tong", saying that the astronomical phenomena are cataclysm, and those who conspire in military affairs vote for it. It is managed by doctors who provide advice, collection and filling. In order to sweep away political enemies, Wu Zetian became a tool for Luo Zhi, a cruel official, to convict and kill political enemies, thus leaving a notorious "informer" in history. In fact, it has played an important role in history and has been used for a long time.
On the ninth day of September in the first year of God-given (690), 67-year-old Wu Zetian ascended the throne of the emperor with the support of 60,000 people and 100 officials, and was renamed as God-given Zhou and Yuan, but Li Dan was still the heir. Historically, Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty was called Wu Zhou.
Let the emperor go to see the emperor.
The choice of prince is an important part of Wu Zetian's political career, and it is also a problem that has plagued her for many years. At the beginning of becoming emperor, the descendants of the Wu family and Wu Sansi sought audience with the Prince. In the second year (69 1) in September, at the behest of Wu Zetian's nephew Wang, Zhang Jiafu, the Scheeren of Fengge, ordered Wang Qingzhi to lead hundreds of people to the table, and asked Wu to be a prince. Wu Zetian refused, and Wang Qingzhi cried her eyes out. Wu Zetian gave Yinzhi a witness to let him go. Later, Wang Qingzhi asked for it many times. Wu Zetian was furious and ordered Li Zhaode, assistant minister of Fengge, to give him a staff. Li Zhaode led Wang Qingzhi out of the door, immediately stick to kill, figurehead dispersed. Later, Li Zhaode and Di Renjie advised Wu Zetian to let his parents be princes, and no one dared to beg Wu Chengsi and others.
On the ninth day of March in the first year of the holy calendar (the eighth year of autumn), Wu Zetian was ill in bed and sent a group of imperial secretaries to design a recall. On 28th, Li Xian returned to Luoyang, and no one knew the Manchu dynasty. On August 11th, Wu's wife pleaded with the king of Wu not to die of anxiety. On September 15, Wu Zetian agreed to be made a prince because she asked him to step aside. In the second year of the holy calendar (699), Wu Zetian was afraid that the prince would not get along with Wu Jiazi's grandson after his death, so she asked the prince, prime minister Li Dan, Princess Taiping, Wu and Wu Sansi to swear in the Mingcheng Hall and engrave them in the Tibet History Museum.
In December of the first year of Chang 'an (70 1), Wu Zetian erected a monument for her father in Wuling, Wenshui. The monument is 5 feet high, 9 feet wide and 3 feet thick, with an inscription of more than 6,700 words. This is the largest tombstone in the history of China. This is an inscription written by Li Jue, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, which records the origin of the Wu family and the life experience of his father. This is an important historical document. In June of the following year, Wu Zetian erected a monument in Shunling, Xianyang, which was also a huge tombstone for his mother, the Zhou Dynasty to filial piety. The inscription was written by Wu Sansi, the nephew of Wu Zetian, and recorded the life experience of his mother Yang.
In the first month of the second year of Chang 'an (702), Wu Zetian first set up a military exercise to select generals, which made many talented people reused. 1 1 month, Wu Zetian ordered Su (special word) to rehabilitate the old case set by the cruel officials, which rehabilitated many unjust cases and many unjust cases.
In August of the fourth year of Chang 'an (704), Wu Zetian was ill in bed. 1 1 month, Zhang Jianzhi was appointed assistant minister of Fengge.
On the 22nd day of the first month of the first year of Shenlong (705), Zhang Jianzhi and Cui Xuan (the merger of Japan and Wei) welcomed Prince Li Xian, killed Zhang Changzong and Zhang Yizhi, and forced Wu Zetian to give way to Li Xian. On 23rd, Wu Zetian ordered Prince Li Xian to supervise the country. On 24th, Wu Zetian wrote a letter to Prince Li Xian. On 25th, Prince Li Xian became the emperor. He was the emperor in the middle. On the 26th, Wu Zetian moved to Shang Yang Palace. On the 27th, Tang Zhongzong Li Xian led hundreds of officials to pay homage to Yangguan and named him "Great Sage Emperor". On the fourth day of February, Tang Zhongzong restored the title of the Tang Dynasty, thus ending the Wu and Zhou Dynasties of 15. On the same day, Tang Zhongzong resumed its eastern capital, and the northern capital resumed its annexation. 1 1 On 26th, Wu Zetian died in Xianju Hall of Shangyang Palace at the age of 82. Will: Emperor of the last dynasty, buried in Ganling. The Queen, Xiao Shufei and related personnel were pardoned. On May 18th, the second year of Shenlong (706), Wu Zetian was buried in Ganling, the "Great Sage Queen" of posthumous title. In the first year of Jing Yun (7 10), it was renamed "Tianhou" and later renamed "Tianhou of the Great Sage"; In the first year of Yanhe (7 12), it was renamed "Zetianhou"; In the eighth year of Tianbao (749), he was honored as "Tianhou".
Wu Zetian's life is a life of struggle, quite legendary. In the feudal era of 1000 years ago, because she violated the tradition of the whole family, she knocked down all her opponents and became a female emperor. She was accused by the rulers of past dynasties as a tyrant who was "vicious, lewd and murderous". But none of this can hide her brilliant achievements.
According to the harem system in the early Tang Dynasty, there were so-called "four wives", "nine wives", "twenty-seven wives" and "eighty-one imperial concubines", that is to say, in addition to the queen, there were 12 1 concubines.
The "fourth lady" is; Imperial concubine, German princess, Shu princess, virtuous princess.
The "Nine Wives" are: Zhao Yi, Zhao Rong, Zhao Yuan, Yixiu, Xiurong, Xiu Yuan, Fu Yi, Fu Rong and Fu Yuan.
"Twenty-seven wives" are composed of nine Jieyu, nine beauties and nine talented people.
"Eighty-one imperial concubines" refer to 27 in Lin Bao, 27 in maids and 27 in talented women.
There are thousands of unknown maids.
Strict establishment can only be supplemented in turn, and can not be changed at will under various excuses. Wu Zetian was named a "gifted scholar" and ranked 30th among the 122 empresses of the emperor. When she was fourteen, it was neither too high nor too low.
So far, there are two famous wordless monuments in China, one of which was erected on Mount Tai by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. He meditated on Mount Tai and climbed to the top of the mountain. He thought Mount Tai was too great and put it on Qilu Plain, which was "contempt!" All right! You can't add anything! "I can't describe it, so I set up a tablet without words. The other is Wu Zetian standing in front of her grave.