Question 2: The ancient compass origin compass, also known as compass, is a tool for feng shui detection and a commonly used operating tool for management style. The compass is mainly composed of a magnetic needle in the center of a disk and a series of concentric circles, each of which represents the ancient people in China's understanding of a certain level of information in the cosmic system.
The ancients in China believed that man's gas field was controlled by the gas field of the universe, that harmony between man and the universe was auspicious, and disharmony between man and the universe was fierce. So, by experience, they put all levels of information in the universe, such as the stars in the sky, everything represented by the five actions on the earth, heavenly stems and earthly branches and so on. , all on the compass. Geomantic omen is to find the most suitable position or time for a specific person or thing through the rotation of a magnetic needle. Although the concept of "magnetic field" is not mentioned in geomantic omen, the coordination of the directions, orientations and intervals of each layer on the compass implies the law of "magnetic field".
Origin and evolution
Engels said in the book Machine, Natural Forces and the Application of Science: "Compass opened the world market and established a colony." This invention of ancient people in China was first used for navigation, which really promoted the emergence and development of capitalism. Magnetic needles are used for navigation, making three quarters of the earth's sea area a thoroughfare. From 65438 to the 5th century, Columbus crossed the Atlantic Ocean and reached the American continent. /kloc-At the beginning of the 6th century, the success of Magellan's fleet sailing around the world could not be separated from the application of magnetic needles. However, when and how the magnetic needle was introduced into Europe has been debated by international scholars for hundreds of years. Engels made a scientific conclusion in Dialectics of Nature. He pointed out: "Magnetic needles are * * * people" from China to Europeans "around" 1 180 ".
The predecessor of the compass is called "Sina", and the earliest record is found in "Are you doing it wrong?" The third century BC. There are degrees. "At that time, people talked about the phenomenon that magnets attract iron, thinking that it meant' motherly belt', so they once wrote' magnetism' as' kindness'.
Sina is like a household spoon with a hemispherical bottom. In order to reduce friction, it is easy to turn when placed on a plate with "stem and branch" scales. In the Song Dynasty in the12nd century, Zhu talked about the compass used for navigation in Ketan, while he talked about the map of Korea. Some people say that it is still too early to use the compass, because according to the records of Yue in the Southern Dynasties, the "guiding boat" appeared in the Jin Dynasty. (According to Japanese records, in the fourth year of Emperor Qi Ming (the third year of Emperor Tang Gaozong's reign in 658 AD), Abe said: "Abe led Chen Tian Birov to crusade against Sushen (Bohai Kingdom), and DD samana overtook South Locomotive." The guided car system is used to crusade against caution at sea. At that time, Birov led the 180 boat to participate in the war. The same book "The Six Years of Tianzhi (Tang Gaozong was sealed for two years, AD 667)" said: "The wisdom of Shamanism in the Han Dynasty in Japan offered South Locomotive." "Shaman in the Han Dynasty" refers to the monks who naturalized in China. ) By the Southern Song Dynasty, an independent instrument compass was made (the device used to indicate the direction of magnetic meridian with a compass was called a compass), which was widely used in navigation.
Western books introducing compasses first appeared in the beginning of the 3rd century/KLOC-0, which was later than the records of Zhou Ping Carving Tan and other books 100. The deviation between water floating needle and magnetic needle was recorded in Meng Qian Bi Tan written by Shen Kuo in Song Dynasty. Columbus discovered the deflection angle of the magnetic needle when crossing the Atlantic for the first time, which was more than 400 years later than that recorded by Shen Kuo. The liquid magnetic compass is widely used in ships in modern countries, which is an important creation of navigation technology. This design is based on the traditional dry compass in Europe, absorbing the floating needle technology in China for 800 years, making the magnetic compass more and more perfect. This is an important achievement of scientific and technological exchanges between China and the West.
-Li Er and Seven Thousand Years at Sea
Before the invention of the compass, the ancients used stars to determine the orientation. At night, they determine their position by observing the Polaris, and during the day, they determine their position by the shadow of the sun. A long time ago, our ancestors invented a compass and a sundial (gui) to distinguish the position of a square. The sundial is the earliest compass.
Before the invention of the compass, it was impossible to divide the square of the earth very finely. There are only eight directions, north, northeast, east, southeast, south, southwest, west and northwest, which can be used to describe the direction and orientation. Feng Shui is represented by eight diagrams: Kangua represents the north, Gengua represents the northeast, Zhengua represents the east, Yijigua represents the southeast, Liyu represents the south, Kungua represents the southwest, Dugua represents the west and Gangua represents the northwest.
The positioning of the sundial (gauge) is to divide the ground plane into twelve equal parts, and use the twelve earthly branches: Zi, Ugly, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu and Hai to express the orientation.
With the development of processing industry, the magnetic needle changes from spoon to needle, and from floating magnetic needle to thimble, which makes the measurement accuracy of compass change qualitatively. In the Tang Dynasty, Yang Junsong associated gossip with ...
Question 3: What did the ancient compass do? The compass is the operating tool of the Richie Sect. It is mainly composed of a magnetic needle and a series of concentric circles located in the center of the disc. Each circle represents the ancient China people's understanding of a certain level of information in the cosmic system. The ancients in China believed that man's gas field was controlled by the gas field of the universe, that harmony between man and the universe was auspicious, and disharmony between man and the universe was fierce. So, by experience, they put all levels of information in the universe, such as the stars in the sky, everything represented by the five actions on the earth, heavenly stems and earthly branches and so on. , all on the compass. Geomantic omen is to find the most suitable position or time for a specific person or thing through the rotation of a magnetic needle. Although the concept of "magnetic field" is not mentioned in geomantic omen, the coordination of the directions, orientations and intervals of each layer on the compass implies the law of "magnetic field". The invention and application of the compass is the result of human beings' continuous exploration of the mysteries of the universe, society and life. More and more circles and more complex pointer systems on the compass represent the accumulated practical experience of human beings. Of course, whether these experiences are comprehensive and correct needs further study, but the information marked on the compass contains a lot of ancient China wisdom.
Question 4: When was the compass invented? During the Warring States period, it was discovered that magnets indicated the characteristics of north and south, making "SiNa" the earliest guider in the world. In the Northern Song Dynasty, compasses were made and used for navigation. Ancestors of Compass At present, the traditional view is that the ancestors of Compass appeared in the Warring States Period. It is made of natural magnets. It looks like a spoon with a round bottom, which can be balanced on a smooth "field" and can rotate freely. When it is at rest, the handle of the spoon will point to the south. At that time, in the book "Everything is wrong", there was: "Wang Li Sina grabbed the sky first." "Sooner or later" means square, east. "But some scholars believe that in addition to the east-west direction in the morning and evening, it can also be interpreted as appearing before the king or listening to politics in the morning and evening." Xiaoya? The rain is not right: "vassal States don't want to seize the day." Zheng Xuan wrote: "The King is away, and the three public servants are following the King. They refuse to save the King sooner or later." Another example is "Zhou Li?" Summer view? Road servant: "Control the elephant road, seize the day." Lu Deming explained: "Sooner or later, be straightforward." Sun Yirang's "Justice": "People pay attention to the cloud" seize the day ","Village Drinking Righteousness "says:" If you don't waste the dynasty, you will waste the evening. "Note:' I don't listen to things in the morning and evening.' "So" seize the day "is to correct or stabilize the platform, not to set the direction. It is more reasonable for Sina to interpret it as law here [1]. In the Spring and Autumn Period, nephrite and jadeite with hardness of 5-7 degrees can be polished into various shapes, so natural magnets with hardness of only 5.5-6.5 degrees can also be used to make SiNa. In the book Lun Heng, Wang Chong of the Eastern Han Dynasty made a clear record of the shape and usage of Sina. Sina is made of a whole natural magnet after pondering. The handle of the spoon is guided by the pole, so that the center of gravity of the whole spoon falls right in the middle of the bottom of the spoon. The spoon is placed in a smooth field, surrounded by a four-dimensional stem and branches, which synthesize 24 directions. This design was completed through long-term research after the ancients carefully observed many phenomena related to magnetism in nature and accumulated a lot of knowledge and experience. The appearance of Sina is the practical application of people's understanding of the polarity of magnet fingers. However, Sina also has many defects. Natural magnets are hard to find, and they are easy to lose their magnetism when they are impacted and heated during processing. Therefore, Sina's magnetism is relatively weak, and the contact with the site should be very smooth, otherwise it will be difficult to rotate because of too much friction and resistance, and the expected guiding effect will not be achieved. Moreover, Sina has a certain volume and weight, which is inconvenient to carry, which may be the main reason why Sina has not been widely used for a long time. According to the records in Lun Heng, the current Sina model was verified and restored by Wang Zhenduo, a famous historian of science and technology in China. Sina consists of a bronze disc and a magnetic spoon made of a natural magnet. The bronze disc is engraved with 24 directions, and the magnetic spoon is placed on the central circular surface of the disc. When it is at rest, the tail of the spoon points to the south. However, the view that Sina is a magnetic conduction tool has been questioned by academic circles. First of all, in Lun Heng, it is not pointed out that Sina is a magnetic spoon. Moreover, as soon as we realized that the magnet attracts iron, we found that its finger polarity did not conform to the cognitive law. In addition, we should make magnets into magnetic spoons that can guide us and consciously grind them in the north-south direction. Before the invention of the compass in the 11th century, there was no description of the poles of magnets and their finger polarities in ancient literature. In 1950s, Academician Qian, entrusted by Guo Moruo, tried to make a spoon-shaped Sina with natural magnets, but failed because of the small magnetic distance and large friction at the bottom of the natural magnets. Mr. Wang Zhenduo's recovery is that tungsten steel is magnetized in artificial electromagnetic field, which was impossible more than two thousand years ago. Now Sina's model is no longer on display at the China History Museum in Beijing. Liu Zai 1956, a professor at Northeast Normal University, questioned Sina's magnetic spoon theory [2]. After the 1980s, he pointed out that Sina in Lun Heng and Pu Fu is the Beidou in the sky, while Sina or CSR in other documents, such as Guiguzi, may be a code of conduct or an official position, such as Han Feizi [there are also some other scholars, such as Li Zhichao, a professor at China University of Science and Technology, who think that Sina is a magnet in a ladle, and Wang, a professor at Hangzhou University, who put Sina in a mercury pool with a magnetic spoon (in. In 2005, Ji Sun, a researcher at the National Museum of China, identified the word "Sina ladle" as a matter of propriety according to Lun Heng, an old collection of the former Beiping History Museum. Therefore, it seems that "its ladle guide" does not refer to the spoon handle, but Sina is the compass of the mechanical gear device [7]. But these problems have not been generally accepted in the history of science and technology [8] [9]. ......& gt& gt
Question 5: When did the compass used by Mr. Feng Shui originate? South-pointing South Locomotive originated from Xuanyuan Huangdi Zhanchiyou. Now it is known that the guided vehicle has a gear system that can be adjusted automatically. When the car moves and turns, the direction indicator still points in the original direction.
After the Han dynasty, it became more and more exquisite, and it was carried forward in the Tang dynasty!
Question 6: Which dynasty was the compass invented? It was recorded during the Warring States Period.
Compass, also known as compass, is mainly composed of magnetic needles installed on the shaft. Under the action of natural geomagnetic field, the magnetic needle can rotate freely and keep in the tangent direction of magnetic meridian, and the north pole of the magnetic needle points to the geographical north pole, so the direction can be distinguished by this property. It is often used in navigation, geodesy, tourism and military affairs. The invention of the compass with physical direction indication consists of three parts, namely Sina, compass and magnetic needle, all of which belong to the invention of China. [1] According to ancient mine records, it first appeared in the Cishan area during the Warring States period. [2]
Compass is the result of the understanding of the magnetism of objects by the working people of ancient Han nationality in long-term practice. As one of four great inventions of ancient china, its invention has played an inestimable role in the development of human science, technology and civilization. In ancient China, the compass was first used for rituals, etiquette, military affairs and divination, and to determine the orientation when looking at geomantic omen.
1 1 At the end of the century or at the beginning of the 2nd century, China ships began to use compasses for navigation. Zhou Ping can talk in the Northern Song Dynasty: "The shipowner (helmsman) knows geography, watches the stars at night, watches the sun by day, and watches the compass in the dark." Compass is an all-weather navigation tool applied to navigation, which makes up for the shortcomings of astronomical navigation and geographical navigation and opens a new era in the history of navigation. [3]
Question 7: Where was the compass first used? Where was the compass first used?
See feng shui
material
zhidao.baidu/question/34250304? si = 2
Around the late Tang Dynasty, the compass was invented and widely used in geomantic omen. Bu Yingtian's Poem of Snow Heart has the method of distinguishing directions, and the meridian needle should be regarded as positive. According to later generations, the meridian needle is a compass. After nine days' preaching, Xuan Nv Qing Bao Hai Jiao Jing said: Xuan Nv is determined by the sun during the day, while the spirit is determined by the division of children at night. Using Chiyou as a guide is based on the exquisiteness of the music score. At the beginning, there was heavenly stems and earthly branches, and then there were copper plates in 24 directions, supplemented by heavenly stems and heavenly plates, and the underground branch was the address. The compass mentioned in this passage originated from myth, but from it, we can know that the original form of compass is composed of sky disk and territory, and it is mainly engraved with 24 directions. Generally speaking, the compass is the product of the combination of Sina and Liurenpan, and then it becomes more and more complicated and mysterious in the hands of Mr. Feng Shui.
Question 8: Is the gossip in the geomantic compass the origin of the gossip geomantic compass?
In the Yellow Emperor's House Classic, which appeared in the Tang Dynasty or later, the guiding principle of building a house is to divide the Yin and Yang Eight Diagrams into twenty-four paths, that is, to apply the six-benevolence board to the house. There is a picture of Yin and Yang in the book, and it is explained in detail. Below is a photo of the Yang family. According to the book, 24 passers-by are divided into four directions according to the size of the house, making 24 roads, of which 10 road (it should be eight roads, but Wuji is not needed), 12 road, trunk road, root road, Kun road and Xun road make 24 roads. "Twenty-four roads, also known as twenty-four mountains, are twenty-four directions around the house, and their representation is the same as that of Sina. According to Family Classics, dryness, shock, phlegm, gen and Chen belong to yang position, while Kun, Xun, Li, Dui and Xu belong to yin position. Yang is headed by Hai, Si is the tail, Yin is headed by Si, and Hai is the tail. Everything is related to good or bad luck. Shun is safe, shun is prosperous, and reverse is dead. Around the late Tang Dynasty, the compass was invented and widely used in geomantic omen. Bu Yingtian's Poem of Snow Heart has the method of distinguishing directions, and the meridian needle should be regarded as positive. Later generations say that the meridian needle is a compass. " According to the cloud in Nine Days Xuan Nv Green Capsule Cape Sutra, Xuan Nv is determined by the appearance of the sun during the day and the division of children at night, guided by Chiyou, and based on the subtlety of the scorer. At the beginning, there was heavenly stems and earthly branches, and then there were copper plates in 24 directions, supplemented by heavenly stems and heavenly plates, and the underground branch was the address. The compass mentioned in this passage originated from myth, but from it, we can know that the original form of compass is composed of sky disk and territory, and it is mainly engraved with 24 directions. Generally speaking, the compass is the product of the combination of Sina and Liurenpan, and then it becomes more and more complicated and mysterious in the hands of Mr. Feng Shui.
Therefore, Feng Shui Compass and innate gossip are a relationship of inclusion and inclusion. There are innate gossip in the geomantic compass and gossip the day after tomorrow.
Question 9: Did the compass come from the Han Dynasty? During the Northern Song Dynasty.
It is difficult to date the invention of the compass after the Northern Song Dynasty (960- 1 127, the dynasties after the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms).
Wang Zhenduo's invention of the compass did not surpass the relevant views of the Song Dynasty as soon as possible, which was reflected in his series of research results. As stated in the article SiNa, Compass and Compass (I): "From the weekend to Li Tang, the so-called SiNa or guide of the ancients is an instrument to identify the direction, which is easy to carry and check, just like a compass. Wang Zhenduo believes that in the Tang Dynasty, portable instruments similar to compasses have appeared, but they are by no means compasses. Wang Zhenduo regards this object as a transitional form of compass. Wang Zhenduo did not clearly judge the specific time when the compass was invented. Due to the lack of materials and scientific rigor, he did not make a judgment easily. In Sina Compass and Compass (I), he said: "The fish method is about half a century earlier than the needle method, but the relationship between them remains to be discovered and explained by historical evidence. "It is in this case that I said. In addition, the same paper also said: "In ancient China, the magnetic field was transmitted manually by sewing steel needles, but no historical evidence of adults making magnetic compasses was found before the 11th century. "This is based on Shen Kuo's Mengxi in the Northern Song Dynasty. The magazine 1 and Meng Qianbi Tambu were judged on this basis. These two articles record this kind of artificial magnetic compass. In addition, in this article, Wang Zhenduo criticized the misunderstanding that the monk and his party in the Tang Dynasty had noticed that the direction pointed by the magnetic needle was different from that of the North Pole in The Study of China by Alexander Willi. Finally, the thesis is solemnly put forward: "According to the record of China's magnetic needle deviation, there is no historical evidence earlier than Meng Qianbitan, so it is recorded as' slightly east' and Kou Zongshuang as' east', which means the magnetic needle deviation angle. "This is because due to the so-called material limitation, Wang Zhenduo can't have an exact understanding of the discovery time of China magnetic declination. Regarding the invention of the compass, Wang Zhenduo only gave a rough guess. In Sina Compass and Compass (I), Wang Zhenduo said: "In the era of the invention of the compass, people thought that the magnetic needle used by Zhou Ping Cotan at sea and the magnetic needle made in Shen Kuo would be established very early. "The invention of the compass should be the result of gradual improvement over a long period of time, and the forms of different periods should also appear in different forms, and Mr. Wang Can only gave a time interval.
Needham's point of view, the magnetic declination of the sequence, first east and then west, is reflected in the concentric circles designed by China Kanyu compass, and these concentric circles have been preserved until now. Needless to say, the magnetic compass was used for navigation long after it was used for geomantic purposes in China. However, the navigation compass was invented by China people, and it may have happened some time before 1 1 century or earlier. "Needham in this paragraph on the compass, magnetic declination, compass and other issues discussed very clearly, although some judgments are too arbitrary, but the invention of China's compass, made a summative judgment.
Mr. Pan Jixing summarized the research of Mr. Wang Zhenduo and Mr. Needham, but obviously he agreed with Mr. Li's point of view, and elaborated several materials mentioned by Mr. Needham in his book four great inventions of ancient china-Origin and World Influence. But at the same time, like Mr. Needham, he is too arbitrary on some issues and obviously lacks evidence, which is unbelievable.
As he said in the book: "But there have been several technical changes from Sina instrument to compass, which occurred in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to Tang Dynasty." His conclusion is not supported by much material. But this conclusion is generally correct. Mr. Pan Jixing, like Mr. Needham, put the words "tadpole, frog, frog" in Cui Bao's Notes on Ancient and Modern Times, a garter st and a abstruse fish. As a transition from spoon to needle. He said: "The combination of the magnetic needle in the air and the azimuth disk was used in the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, which really played a guiding role, thus realizing the transformation from spoon to needle as Mr. Needham said." In the same book, Mr. Pan Jixing also made a judgment on the appearance of the water compass. He said: "There is evidence that the maker of the Kanyu compass in the Tang Dynasty in the 9th century A.D. has taken this decisive step." On the same page, he once again stressed: "In the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sina's technology was improved, but in the late Tang Dynasty, Sina was transformed into a compass, and people in the Northern Song Dynasty enjoyed these technological achievements and ... >>"