Memorabilia 1852 In May, the draft entered the palace and was named Lan Guiren. 1854, Jin Yijun. 1856, Emperor Tongzhi was born, and Jin Yi was a concubine that day. 1857, Jin Yishui. 186 1 year, Emperor Tongzhi ascended the throne and was honored as the Queen Mother of Notre Dame. On August 22nd, he staged a coup in his mind and held the supreme power for 48 years. 1862, Emperor Tongzhi crowned Cixi. 1874, Emperor Tongzhi collapsed, and Cixi succeeded Emperor Guangxu. 1894-1895, China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War and signed the treaty of shimonoseki. 1898, suppressed the reform movement of 1898. 1900, boxer movement, Eight-Nation Alliance goes to Beijing. Cixi fled Beijing. 1908165438+1October 15 died at 5 pm. Cixi Funeral 1928, grave robbers headed by Sun Dianying robbed the magnificent and extremely luxurious Ding Dong Mausoleum of Cixi. Ding Dong Mausoleum was awarded the title of filial piety, filial piety, Empress Dowager Cixi's support for health, Zhuang Chengshou, Xian, and Tianxing Sage Empress, with the word * * * as the crown of empresses in the Qing Dynasty. (In the Qing Dynasty, the order of empresses' palaces was: Empress, Imperial concubine, Princess, Concubine, Regular Attendant, Promise) Empress Dowager Cixi was good or bad, and she was one of the few women who had been in power for a long time in the imperial era in China history. It cannot be simply said that she was good or bad.
Cixi also did a lot of good deeds, the most intimate of which was the case of "Yang Naiwu and Chinese Cabbage", which was settled by Cixi herself. He also pardoned the death of Pakchoi, who could not stand torture and perjury, and severely punished more than 300 corrupt officials involved in the case below the Governor of Zhejiang. 1906 banned foot binding, which was the first time that China liberated women and opened girls' schools to impart new knowledge, which gradually became popular in coastal towns such as Shanghai and Guangzhou, which opened earlier. Cixi's actions represented the most representative views of pioneers who advocated opening the doors of China girls' schools in those years, and were generally accepted by reformist enlightened bureaucrats and gentry. Although it was far from "equality between men and women" and women's complete liberation, it also violated the traditional feudal moral concepts that had been deeply rooted for thousands of years and was strongly vilified and * * * by powerful feudal guards, girls' schools were like a spark, which could start a prairie fire. In addition, there are many important events. Cixi led two reforms in her life, the first was the Westernization Movement, and the second was the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty. The former is a material change, while the latter is an institutional change. Carry out the Westernization Movement and open up the road of modernization in China. Westernization Movement was the first large-scale imitation and study of western industrialization in modern China, and it was a top-down reform movement under the premise of maintaining feudal imperial power. After the18th century, the Westernization Movement introduced a large number of scientific and technological achievements from the west, introduced and translated a large number of western works and documents, trained the first batch of children studying abroad, and opened the door to western learning. Drawing lessons from the modern company system, a large number of industrial and chemical enterprises have been built, which has opened the road of industrial development and modernization in China in the future. In the Sino-Japanese War, beiyang fleet was completely annihilated and the Westernization Movement went bankrupt. The Westernization Movement paved the way for China's modernization. Implement the "New Deal" and reform the army, business, learning, officials and law. On August 29, 190 1 issued an order to stop the martial arts imperial examination nationwide; 1 1 In September, all provinces were ordered to imitate Beiyang and Liangjiang to build armament schools. /kloc-in September of 0/2, all provinces in China were ordered to reduce the old army and train the "standing army". The compilation and training of the "new army" has been rolled out throughout the country. 190365438+On February 4th, 2003, a training office was established, and Prime Minister Yilong, Prince Qing and Yuan Shikai were appointed as conference training ministers, with Tie Liang in charge. The real power of the training office is in Yuan Shikai's hands. Qing * * * also ordered the provinces to set up supervision offices to train "new army" institutions for provincial leaders. 1September 7, 903, the Ministry of Commerce was established in the Qing Dynasty, advocating that officials and businessmen set up industrial and commercial enterprises. Then, a series of industrial and commercial laws and measures were promulgated to reward the industry, such as: Qing Commercial Law, Articles of Association of Chamber of Commerce, Concise Railway Articles of Association, Articles of Association for Rewarding China Company, Articles of Association for Mining Company, Articles of Association for Company Registration, Articles of Association for Pilot Banks, etc. These articles of association stipulate that the free development of industry is allowed, the establishment of industrial and commercial enterprises is rewarded, and the organization of chambers of commerce is encouraged. These regulations and practices are conducive to the development of national industry and commerce and the prosperity of social economy. First proposed constitutional monarchy (regardless of its purpose? At least on the table). 1908, Empress Dowager Cixi introduced the constitutional monarchy for the first time in the history of China, and listed the nine-year timetable: 1909 held the provincial advisory council election; 19 10 High Council opened; 19 17 years, held a congress and implemented it. If we follow this timetable step by step, within ten years, China will become a constitutional monarchy like Japan and Britain. The monarch is only a symbol of the country. The Congress has legislative power, the Cabinet has executive power and the courts at all levels have judicial power. The dawn of democracy will once again come to China. If it weren't for the great reform of Empress Dowager Cixi, the persecution and subversion of domestic and foreign forces, the second year after the timetable was announced, she suddenly died, the supreme authority suddenly lost, the Qing court was leaderless, and the provincial governors embraced her, and the timetable for constitutional implementation stopped. Perhaps today's China is probably not the current political system. Abolish the imperial examination, run schools, send overseas students and ban opium. 190 1 on September 4th, 2000, it was ordered that the academies of provincial capitals be changed into university halls, the provincial capitals and Zhili states into middle schools, the counties into primary schools, and more foster schools were set up. On February 5, 65438, the regulations on imperial examination certificates were promulgated, which stipulated that school graduates could pass the examination to become Jinshi, Juren and Gong Sheng. 1902 February 13 announced measures to promote schools. /kloc-in August of 0/5, the charter of King James School was promulgated. 1904,65438+10, 13 On June 3rd, the School Rules Amendment was promulgated, which stipulated in detail the rules, regulations and management systems of schools at all levels, and required them to be implemented nationwide by decree. Parallel to ordinary schools is professional education, including normal schools and various industrial schools, which has its own system in academic system and establishes a complete school system. 1905 On September 2nd, the imperial examination system, which lasted for more than 1300 years in China, was finally abolished, and the recruitment of scholars in the imperial examination was completely decoupled from school education. In order to manage the work of international students in a unified way, Qing * * * sent the general manager to Japan and Europe in June 1902,1October 3 1 and June 1906 respectively. 1903 10, Qing * * * promulgated the "Regulations on the Award of Graduates Studying in Japan", stipulating that all Japanese students studying in China who have graduated from Japanese ordinary middle schools for five years and obtained excellent diplomas will be given eight public origins; In addition, Cixi also used part of the refund from the Boxer Rebellion in the United States to build Tsinghua School (now Tsinghua University) in Tsinghua campus, and the rest was used to build a girls' school and a new school. In addition to setting up girls' schools, it also advocated abolishing the bad habit of foot-binding, the decree that Manchu and Han could not marry, and prohibiting opium smoking, which lasted for nearly 600 years. Change the policy of attaching importance to agriculture and restraining business in China feudal society. In the late Qing dynasty, due to the change of the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, the commodity economy began to develop and the bourgeoisie began to form and grow. Empress Dowager Cixi adopted a constitutional monarchy suitable for productive forces. Therefore, the feudal society gradually disappeared in the eight years of Empress Dowager Cixi's New Deal, that is to say, the late Qing Dynasty was no longer a feudal society in the traditional sense. The usual Revolution of 1911 overthrew the feudal dynasty, but in fact it overthrew only the last shell of the feudal dynasty. Because the late Qing Dynasty did not conform to the definition of feudal society economically and politically, Empress Dowager Cixi made great contributions to China's transition from feudal society to capitalist society and from ancient times to modern times. Abolishing the imperial examination, establishing schools, sending people abroad to study, and establishing westernization have created a new situation of reform and opening up and laid the foundation for China's modernization. This great significance cannot be overestimated. In fact, the new atmosphere after the Revolution of 1911 has more or less the shadow of Empress Dowager Cixi's New Deal. Empress Dowager Cixi was an official of the Han Dynasty, who was famous for making good use of people and reusing * * *. She had a large number of capable people, such as Zeng Guofan, Hu Linyi, Zuo, Li Hongzhang and Luo. Throughout history, we can browse the famous ministers and sages of past dynasties, all of which are indistinguishable. Yuan Shikai, who works for her, is an anti-imperialist, but he is really an able person. Let such a large number of capable people willingly obey her command, which shows her ability to choose people. In his early years, he helped Emperor Xianfeng to handle state affairs, established a correct political line and ideological line, and was the actual maker of policies and guidelines during Xianfeng years. It laid the foundation for the revival of Tongguang. At that time, in the case of internal troubles and foreign invasion, it was really the prosperity of China for thousands of years. There are also the national flag, national anthem, national emblem and national flower. Political skills can be called capable, especially good at manipulating the balance of power between pro-expensive courtiers and maintaining their absolute authority. The Qing dynasty lasted for decades because of her ability. During the reign of Cixi, the centralization of the Qing court and China faced various threats from both inside and outside. From the standpoint of defending the authority of the Qing empire and its own power, the measures she took were not successful, but most of them were reasonable in the historical context. In order to cope with the challenges from European and American powers since the Opium War, we suppressed the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and other civil resistance forces. Cixi used Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong and other important Han officials to launch the Westernization Movement at the local level, which was the beginning of China's development of modern industry. With the support of the achievements of Westernization Movement, the Qing court was able to pacify the internal rebel forces, maintain the relatively stable situation of China under the imperial system, and build modern Lu Haijun armaments, thus creating an atmosphere of "rejuvenating the country with the same rule". Cixi's reform method is actually very clever. The reform of the Hundred Days Reform was too fast. This is just a farce, and it can't be successful. After the disaster in Gengzi, Empress Dowager Cixi realized that the current situation no longer allowed her to adhere to the imperial tradition. The so-called "ancestral law" allowed the Qing court to implement various New Deal measures. There are many contents involved in the post-boxer New Deal, the most important of which include: changing the official system, preparing for constitutionalism, abolishing the imperial examination system, prohibiting women from foot-binding, setting up girls' schools, starting new schools, and building educational undertakings with boxer's refund. Personally, Cixi seized power from the court struggle in a cruel way. 186 1 year, after the death of Emperor Xianfeng in Jehol Summer Resort, the Ye family, who had just become the empress dowager, joined forces with the royal family such as Prince Gong to launch a coup, seized power from the eight ministers group headed by the distant ancestor of the royal family and the actual minister, and executed three of them (Zai Yuan, Duanhuahe). Later, in order to establish and maintain her autocratic power, Empress Dowager Cixi showed no mercy to the cleansing of political opponents. Even her own son, Emperor Tongzhi and Emperor Guangxu, who succeeded her, manipulated and controlled her severely. From the perspective of China countries, Cixi's administrative achievements have also received many negative comments, including 1885, which won the war against France in Zhennan and successfully stopped the French army * * *, but she ended the war by making peace actively and signing the Sino-French Tianjin Treaty, which made the Qing Empire lose the Annam Sect. In addition, the conclusion of the Sino-Japanese Shimonoseki Peace Treaty of 1895 and the Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty of 190 1 deprived China of great benefits because of the failure of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894+0894 and 1900. Cixi's ruling and decision-making have an unshirkable responsibility in the occurrence of these two events. Although Cixi is very capable politically, her supreme goal is still to maintain the Qing Dynasty's rule over China. The results of several wars that humiliated the country are not necessarily the same. Among them, the Yiyou Qing Dynasty War and the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War are more favorable than accepting the humiliating conditions of peace talks. However, although the result of continuing the war will defeat France, which was in chaos at that time, or bring down Japan, which was about to run out of national strength at that time, and make the Chinese nation have a better result, it is likely that the central government of the Qing Dynasty lost its authority and went to collapse because of the protracted war. As the head of the supreme power, Cixi refused to cancel the short-sighted discussion and accept the humiliation that had maintained 300 people, which not only reflected her political ability, but also worsened the future of modern China many times. After the Gengzi Incident, when China faced the huge compensation for the contract between Xin and Chou, its extravagance still did not obviously converge, which made the already stretched financial problems in the late Qing Dynasty worse and the people's livelihood languished. Is Empress Dowager Cixi good or bad? The evaluation of any historical figure should be divided into two sides, and no one is absolutely good or bad.
Positive comments: As a woman, she was smart and capable, tried her best to safeguard national interests in times of crisis, and made an unsuccessful but reasonable response. 1884 After the Mawei naval battle broke out, she declared war on France. She is still declaring war on Japan on 1894. 1895 June 2 1 Declare war on the G8. She broke the boundary between Manchu and Han, vigorously used Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong and other famous ministers to launch the Westernization Movement, resulting in the so-called "tongzhi Zhongxing" atmosphere; In the late ruling period, it is an important talent reform to promulgate the imperial examination, abolish the imperial examination, set up new schools, send a large number of overseas students and start the reform of * * *. Besides, she also promoted the development of Peking Opera and established the Beijing Zoo, which should not be forgotten. Negative comments: Her negative comments are still many, far greater than the positive comments. She is famous for her cruelty. She used the figures of Xiang Army and Huai Army to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and safeguard the ruling purpose of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, not voluntarily breaking the boundary between Manchu and Han. During her 40-odd years in power, the Qing Dynasty led by her signed many unequal treaties, such as treaty of shimonoseki, Xin Chou Treaty and so on. 186 1 year, he launched a coup to seize political power and executed three of the eight ministers who had previously controlled political power. Compared with similar treatment before, it is not cruel. 188 1 year, Empress Dowager Ci 'an was poisoned. Whether Cian's death was caused by Cixi is still controversial in history. ) 1885, after her victory in Zhennan, Qing made peace with France, making China "unbeaten and defeated" and France "victorious". 1894 When the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 broke out, she still made great efforts to build the Summer Palace to celebrate her 60th birthday, and left a famous saying, "Whoever makes me unhappy for a while, I will make him unhappy for life" (many versions). 1895, she ordered to rebuild her mausoleum. The whole project lasted 13 years and was not completed until her death, which cost a lot. The rebuilt Cixi Mausoleum became the most luxurious and unique royal mausoleum in the Qing Dynasty. 1898, she completely stifled the Reform Movement of 1898 and imprisoned Guangxu, leaving China in a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society. She also killed Guangxu, who supported the reform, and was despised. To evaluate a historical figure, we should evaluate it from two aspects, including her positive role and contribution to the history and society at that time, and her negative role in historical development, people and society. In a word, Empress Dowager Cixi is a woman with boundless merits. She led the corrupt and incompetent Qing Dynasty, bowing to the great powers. This makes it impossible for China people to forgive the evil of Empress Dowager Cixi in the Qing Dynasty. Empress Dowager Cixi is one of the few women who have been in power for a long time in the history of China. Her political skills are capable, and she is especially good at manipulating the balance of power between pro-expensive courtiers to maintain her absolute authority. The Qing Dynasty continued her life for decades because of her ability. From the standpoint of defending the authority and power of the Qing empire, what Cixi did was not successful, but it was mostly reasonable in the historical context.
Why does everyone say Empress Dowager Cixi is not good? What did she do! Ye Henala Xingzhen, a Manchu woman, ruled China for half a century. From the last years of Xianfeng to Xuan Tong, she participated in and mastered the sovereignty of san huang. Her autocratic power led to "sorrow in the world". She not only promoted the Westernization Movement, but also supported the die-hards to curb it. She is afraid of losing power and shaking the royal family. Compromise and make concessions to the outside world, and brutally suppress it at home. She has been addicted to power all her life. Because of autocracy, Guangxu was depressed all his life and finally died with a grudge. She escaped from the court twice, the first time with her husband. After her husband died, she purged eight ministers and seized power. What she never expected was that her escape after 40 years was even more embarrassing, and she had to face the survival crisis of the Qing Dynasty. She was forced to sign a series of treaties, which humiliated her power and country with the great powers. She wrote the last page of China's feudal rule and staged a farce in which the empress dowager came to power at the end of feudal society.
Is empress dowager cixi really bad to the point of heinous crimes? When it comes to Cixi, many people say that it is not good for her. Cixi did a really good job in some aspects, which was a heinous mistake in the eyes of outsiders, but a person must have made contributions and had it. Although Cixi was hateful, in some respects, what she did was commendable, not all according to what later generations said, she was heinous and unforgivable.
Cixi's life still has something worthy of our praise. I think the most important thing is that she has a pair of penetrating eyes, knows how to be kind to others, and can appoint Zuo, Li Hongzhang and others as her right-hand man. This plays a great role in the development of the country. When Zuo advised Cixi to recover Xinjiang, Cixi hesitated again and again. To put it bluntly, she is worried about her own money and is also spurned. However, after Zuo offered her own money, she also agreed to recover Xinjiang, which was also a merit in her life.
Cixi still has a lot to attack, but now it is great that she can abandon feudalism and order women to ban foot binding. You can imagine how painful it is to wrap your feet so small. Our ancient women suffered so much. Abolishing foot binding can be said to be a great kindness of Cixi, and how many women can be saved by her actions.
From this point of view, even though Cixi did many unforgivable things in her life, such as signing a treaty humiliating the country and rights, killing people who threatened her status and so on. We can't judge a person by killing him with a stick, but we are also treating Cixi.
How many bad things did Empress Dowager Cixi do? Tell me. She is famous for her cruelty. She used the figures of Xiang Army and Huai Army to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and safeguard the ruling purpose of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, not voluntarily breaking the boundary between Manchu and Han. During her 40-odd years in power, the Qing Dynasty led by her signed many unequal treaties, such as treaty of shimonoseki, Xin Chou Treaty and so on. 186 1 year, he launched a coup to seize political power and executed three of the eight ministers who had previously controlled political power. Compared with similar treatment before, it is not cruel. 188 1 year, Empress Dowager Ci 'an was poisoned. Whether Cian's death was caused by Cixi is still controversial in history. ) 1885, after her victory in Zhennan, Qing made peace with France, making China "unbeaten and defeated" and France "victorious". 1894 When the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 broke out, she still made great efforts to build the Summer Palace to celebrate her 60th birthday, and left a famous saying, "Whoever makes me unhappy for a while, I will make him unhappy for life" (many versions). 1895, she ordered to rebuild her mausoleum. The whole project lasted 13 years and was not completed until her death, which cost a lot. The rebuilt Cixi Mausoleum became the most luxurious and unique royal mausoleum in the Qing Dynasty. 1898, she completely stifled the Reform Movement of 1898 and imprisoned Guangxu, leaving China in a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society. She also killed Guangxu, who supported the reform, and was despised.
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