Throughout the rise and fall of China's ancient commodity economy, from the precocity of pre-Qin to the decline after Hanwu, and then to the local prosperity before Anshi Rebellion (in an abstract sense, such as the formation of a market in a certain sense, etc. ). It always feels as if there is always a pair of scissors, monitoring China's commodity economy. Once there is a slight sign, it will be slashed, resulting in a deformed economy that lacks formal professional businessmen and private business capital despite commodity trading after Qin and Han Dynasties. The purpose of trading is not to exchange needed items among ordinary people, but to satisfy the luxury desires of the royal family and nobles. The result of the transaction is not to form a commodity economy that makes full use of comparative advantages, gives full play to people's talents, and improves people's living standards. Instead, officials and businessmen are rampant, competing for profits with the people, and even plundering naked in the palace market by means of white inspection, binding people to the land. The market is changeable, the laws are not fixed, the taxes are not customized, and everything is guided by the interests of the royal family and nobles. The private free market suddenly becomes an official monopoly, and the goods operated by the private sector may become an official camp at any time. Domestic trade can be called commodity economy, only in the folk trade of silk, the scale and capital can not be compared with the official salt tea iron; In international trade, imports are basically luxury goods of the royal family and nobles, without any interference to the people.

This is the commodity economy since Qin and Han Dynasties (more precisely, it should be called product exchange economy). Compared with the commodity economy of the ancient Greek city-state, this is a dwarf deformity, which Zhu Bokang attributed to the turmoil of the political environment and the instability of the rule of man. I know little about history, so I can't learn from the prosperity of foreign commodity economy to reflect the deformity of China's commodity economy. However, I believe that the long-standing lack of human rights and property rights in China's history is the fundamental reason why the commodity economy is not on the right track.