Content words in classical Chinese include nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals and quantifiers. In classical Chinese, the number of notional words far exceeds that of function words. Learning classical Chinese, the most important thing is to master the meaning of content words in classical Chinese. Only by mastering the meaning of a certain number of classical Chinese words and accumulating knowledge about classical Chinese words can we read classical Chinese smoothly.
When learning content words in classical Chinese, we should pay special attention to the following points: 1, and pay attention to distinguishing the similarities and differences between ancient and modern meanings. From the right generation to today, the meaning of Chinese is constantly evolving. The meanings of some basic words and general words are few, and the meanings of ancient and modern words have not changed. Such words will not cause us any difficulties in learning classical Chinese.
Other words, though commonly used in classical Chinese, disappeared with the disappearance of old things and old ideas, and the meanings of ancient and modern words changed. This change is mainly manifested in the following four aspects: (1), the expansion of meaning. The expansion of word meaning refers to the expansion of the scope of objective things reflected by word meaning, that is, from part to whole, from individual to general, from narrow sense to broad sense, so that the original meaning becomes a part of the extension of new meaning.
For example, "autumn" refers to extending from one season to the whole year; "Sleep" refers to the extension from sitting and dozing to sleeping. (2) The narrowing of meaning.
The narrowing of word meaning refers to the narrowing of the scope of objective things reflected by word meaning, that is, from the whole to the part, from the broad sense to the narrow sense, so that the new meaning becomes a part of the extension of the original meaning. For example, "husband" generally refers to men in ancient times, such as "does husband also love his youngest son?" Now, "husband" refers to a woman's spouse.
"Smell" refers to all smells, especially malodorous gases. "Soup" generally refers to hot water and boiled water, especially vegetable soup and broth.
(3), the transfer of meaning. The transfer of word meaning refers to the change of word meaning from nail to object B.
For example, "scholar" in ancient times refers to "scholar", for example, "so a scholar can't be cautious without thinking deeply" (You Shan Wang), and now refers to people who have certain academic achievements. "Miss", in ancient times, refers to unmarried women or unmarried women in powerful families. Now, under the background of reform and opening up, its meaning has basically changed, referring to the woman who has improper behavior.
If you call a beautiful young lady, the lady will stare at you angrily to show that she is not a lady. (4) The color of the word meaning has changed.
For example, "slander" in ancient times refers to publicly accusing others of their faults, which is a neutral word. For example, "those who can slander the city and listen to me will be rewarded."
Zou Ji satirized the King of Qi. Now using "slander" is slander, which means to speak ill of others out of thin air. It is a derogatory term. The above four situations are the main types of semantic changes in ancient and modern times.
The existence of a large number of words with both ancient and modern meanings is the main obstacle to the study of classical Chinese. When we study classical Chinese, we must combine the study of classical Chinese works to master the common meaning of a group of commonly used words purposefully, planned and required.
2. Pay attention to the distinction between monosyllabic words and disyllabic words in ancient and modern Chinese. In modern Chinese, disyllabic words account for the vast majority, while in classical Chinese, monosyllabic words are dominant. Therefore, when reading classical Chinese, don't mistake disyllabic words in classical Chinese for disyllabic words in modern Chinese.
For example, the ancient meaning of "extraordinary" in "Extraordinary View" (You Bao Chan Shan) is two words: different. It means adverb of degree.
In addition, don't explain the disyllabic words in classical Chinese alone. For example, the word "worry-free" in Sunset Killing a Hundred Careless People (Feng Wanzhen) is a couplet meaning "probably" and "roughly", which has nothing to do with "nothing" and "worry" and cannot be separated.
3. Pay attention to the polysemy in ancient Chinese. Like modern Chinese, classical Chinese has ambiguity.
If we only know one or two meanings of a polysemous word, it is easy to interpret one or two meanings when reading classical Chinese, and we may make mistakes in understanding. In order to avoid mistakes, we should consciously accumulate and sort out knowledge.
In our textbooks, there is this convenient exercise at the back of every classical Chinese to help us accumulate and organize our works. It must be done seriously and cannot be ignored. With the accumulation of meaning, we can choose the meaning more accurately when we encounter polysemous words.
In addition, we also need to know the original meaning and extended meaning of words. Every word has its original meaning, which is the original meaning.
Later, with the development and change of society, the new meaning is its extended meaning. For example, "wife" means to catch a woman by hand in ancient times, but it is a man's spouse in modern times.
"Sun" means that my son's son has been passed down from generation to generation, but now it means his son. 4. Pay attention to the phenomenon of interchangeable words.
It is a common phenomenon in classical Chinese that ancient Chinese characters are falsified. In ancient times, due to the phonetic similarity, some words were often used together with other words, and the phenomenon that these words replaced each other in use was called "Tong Jia" words.
"Tong" is universal; "Fake" is a loan. Identifying interchangeable words is not an easy task. The earlier the classical Chinese is, the harder it is to read the interchangeable words.
For beginners, the way to master interchangeable words is to read more classical Chinese, look up dictionaries and accumulate knowledge. Second, several problems that should be paid attention to when studying function words in classical Chinese.
Function words in classical Chinese include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, exclamations and pronouns. The lexical meaning of function words is abstract, but it has many grammatical functions such as expressing mood and organizing content words.
Function words in classical Chinese, especially commonly used function words, appear frequently in classical Chinese and have flexible usage. When reading classical Chinese, we should be good at distinguishing the meaning and function of function words in order to fully understand the meaning of the article.
If function words are misunderstood, it will affect the understanding of the whole sentence and even the whole article. In learning, we should pay attention to the following convenient questions.
1, distinguish between real words and function words. Function words in classical Chinese are mostly grammaticalized from real words.
For example, the basic meaning of "suo" is "place", and later it is extended to "place" or "person" as a structural auxiliary word. For another example, the basic meaning of "zhi" is "Xiang", which was later blurred into pronouns, auxiliary words, modal particles and so on, becoming the most used function words.
2. Three-minute ppt speech on China's ancient poems Imagine another night when it rained and beat bananas.
The sound of rain is falling, like banana leaves singing, sometimes rushing and sometimes humming. The sound of raindrops and plantains, as well as the sound of dreams ... At this time, a chilly wind blew away the scene of Nalan's dream.
He got up and stood at the window, and Yi Deng was alone in the cold rain! Where are the Iraqi people when the lights are dim? So, I felt it, and I wrote it with my hand on my hand, and I wrote this song "Linjiang Fairy". Between the lines: a small banana heart is about to break, and the sound reminds me of the beginning.
I want to sleep and read old books. Yuanyang fine print, especially remember that your hands are unfamiliar.
Tired eyes 7a686964616fe4b893e5b19E313336563537 looked confused at first sight, but half blurred at second sight. Cold rain outside the window, Yi Deng lonely.
What is expected should be done. What is the truth? The beloved wife has passed away for many years, which is a true portrayal of Nalan Xingde's heart. I don't know whether Banana is sad or Nalan is sad.
The short phrase "reminiscing about the past" is like a sword, telling that Nalan and his beloved wife are separated by Yin and Yang! I'm afraid, in the days of his lover's death, Nalan can only recall with old memories! Fortunately, the sweet days of the past have not disappeared in the fleeting time, and we can still catch a glimpse of the "mandarin duck fine print" of the slightly yellowed old book left by the Iraqis. Read all the old books and shed all the tears in this life! The charming words of that year still linger in my ears, and the affection in the small print of Yuanyang is clear at a glance! And that old book, page after page, scenes of old things come to mind in turn.
"My eyes are tired, my eyes are low and I am confused." When I look at it again, my eyes are watery and naturally blurred. It rained in the middle of the night, splashed the mandarin duck quilt, and slept alone with clothes.
But there is no one around to hug. That's all! That's all! That's all! A dream is like a thousand years! If intercession is a review of the past 500 times, then a bosom friend is a dedication to the afterlife. Nalan is determined to be the best in this life, and only hopes to continue this fate in the next life ... In short, what he left us is not only Nalan's beautiful and meaningful words and sincere feelings, but also a person with deep feelings standing on the bank of history-extremely gorgeous and profound.
3. How to learn classical Chinese? Ppt 1. Several problems that should be paid attention to when learning the notional words in classical Chinese.
Content words in classical Chinese include nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals and quantifiers. In classical Chinese, the number of notional words far exceeds that of function words. Learning classical Chinese, the most important thing is to master the meaning of content words in classical Chinese. Only by mastering the meaning of a certain number of classical Chinese words and accumulating knowledge about classical Chinese words can we read classical Chinese smoothly.
When learning content words in classical Chinese, we should pay special attention to the following points: 1, and pay attention to distinguishing the similarities and differences between ancient and modern meanings. From the right generation to today, the meaning of Chinese is constantly evolving. The meanings of some basic words and general words are few, and the meanings of ancient and modern words have not changed. Such words will not cause us any difficulties in learning classical Chinese.
Other words, though commonly used in classical Chinese, disappeared with the disappearance of old things and old ideas, and the meanings of ancient and modern words changed. This change is mainly manifested in the following four aspects: (1), the expansion of meaning. The expansion of word meaning refers to the expansion of the scope of objective things reflected by word meaning, that is, from part to whole, from individual to general, from narrow sense to broad sense, so that the original meaning becomes a part of the extension of new meaning.
For example, "autumn" refers to extending from one season to the whole year; "Sleep" refers to the extension from sitting and dozing to sleeping. (2) The narrowing of meaning.
The narrowing of word meaning refers to the narrowing of the scope of objective things reflected by word meaning, that is, from the whole to the part, from the broad sense to the narrow sense, so that the new meaning becomes a part of the extension of the original meaning. For example, "husband" generally refers to men in ancient times, such as "does husband also love his youngest son?" Now, "husband" refers to a woman's spouse.
"Smell" refers to all smells, especially malodorous gases. "Soup" generally refers to hot water and boiled water, especially vegetable soup and broth.
(3), the transfer of meaning. The transfer of word meaning refers to the change of word meaning from nail to object B.
For example, "scholar" in ancient times refers to "scholar", for example, "so a scholar can't be cautious without thinking deeply" (You Shan Wang), and now refers to people who have certain academic achievements. "Miss", in ancient times, refers to unmarried women or unmarried women in powerful families. Now, under the background of reform and opening up, its meaning has basically changed, referring to the woman who has improper behavior.
If you call a beautiful young lady, the lady will stare at you angrily to show that she is not a lady. (4) The color of the word meaning has changed.
For example, "slander" in ancient times refers to publicly accusing others of their faults, which is a neutral word. For example, "those who can slander the city and listen to me will be rewarded."
Zou Ji satirized the King of Qi. Now using "slander" is slander, which means to speak ill of others out of thin air. It is a derogatory term. The above four situations are the main types of semantic changes in ancient and modern times.
The existence of a large number of words with both ancient and modern meanings is the main obstacle to the study of classical Chinese. When we study classical Chinese, we must combine the study of classical Chinese works to master the common meaning of a group of commonly used words purposefully, planned and required.
2. Pay attention to the distinction between monosyllabic words and disyllabic words in ancient and modern Chinese. In modern Chinese, disyllabic words account for the vast majority, while in classical Chinese, monosyllabic words are dominant. Therefore, when reading classical Chinese, don't mistake disyllabic words in classical Chinese for disyllabic words in modern Chinese.
For example, the ancient meaning of "extraordinary" in "Extraordinary View" (You Bao Chan Shan) is two words: different. It means adverb of degree.
In addition, don't explain the disyllabic words in classical Chinese alone. For example, the word "worry-free" in Sunset Killing a Hundred Careless People (Feng Wanzhen) is a couplet meaning "probably" and "roughly", which has nothing to do with "nothing" and "worry" and cannot be separated.
3. Pay attention to the polysemy in ancient Chinese. Like modern Chinese, classical Chinese has ambiguity.
If we only know one or two meanings of a polysemous word, it is easy to interpret one or two meanings when reading classical Chinese, and we may make mistakes in understanding. In order to avoid mistakes, we should consciously accumulate and sort out knowledge.
In our textbooks, there is this convenient exercise at the back of every classical Chinese to help us accumulate and organize our works. It must be done seriously and cannot be ignored. With the accumulation of meaning, we can choose the meaning more accurately when we encounter polysemous words.
In addition, we also need to know the original meaning and extended meaning of words. Every word has its original meaning, which is the original meaning.
Later, with the development and change of society, the new meaning is its extended meaning. For example, "wife" means to catch a woman by hand in ancient times, but it is a man's spouse in modern times.
"Sun" means that my son's son has been passed down from generation to generation, but now it means his son. 4. Pay attention to the phenomenon of interchangeable words.
It is a common phenomenon in classical Chinese that ancient Chinese characters are falsified. In ancient times, due to the phonetic similarity, some words were often used together with other words, and the phenomenon that these words replaced each other in use was called "Tong Jia" words.
"Tong" is universal; "Fake" is a loan. Identifying interchangeable words is not an easy task. The earlier the classical Chinese is, the harder it is to read the interchangeable words.
For beginners, the way to master interchangeable words is to read more classical Chinese, look up dictionaries and accumulate knowledge. Second, several problems that should be paid attention to when studying function words in classical Chinese.
Function words in classical Chinese include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, exclamations and pronouns. The lexical meaning of function words is abstract, but it has many grammatical functions such as expressing mood and organizing content words.
Function words in classical Chinese, especially commonly used function words, appear frequently in classical Chinese and have flexible usage. When reading classical Chinese, we should be good at distinguishing the meaning and function of function words in order to fully understand the meaning of the article.
If function words are misunderstood, it will affect the understanding of the whole sentence and even the whole article. In learning, we should pay attention to the following convenient questions.
1, distinguish between real words and function words. Function words in classical Chinese are mostly grammaticalized from real words.
For example, the basic meaning of "suo" is "place", and later it is extended to "place" or "person" as a structural auxiliary word. For another example, the basic meaning of "zhi" is "Xiang", which was later blurred into pronouns, auxiliary words and modal particles. , become useful.
4. How to understand classical Chinese? ppt 1。 Accumulation focuses on the understanding of cultural common sense and the recitation of famous sentences and articles. There are two main types of dictation questions in classical Chinese for senior high school entrance examination: (1) memory fill-in-the-blank questions; (2) Understand the fill-in-the-blank questions.
Memory fill-in-the-blank questions generally need the continuation of the previous sentence or the filling of the next sentence. This kind of test questions test mechanical memory. Candidates can solve problems as long as they can recite them skillfully and don't write typos.
Understanding fill-in-the-blank questions generally has a clear answer direction, and it is required to fill in the required content according to the prompts. Although this type of question is in the form of dictation, it only prompts the title of the text, indicates the content of the dictation sentence, and does not give the context of the dictation sentence.
This is not only a question of memorizing basic skills, but also a test of students' understanding of the text, which is a combination of memory and understanding. To do this kind of questions, we must first understand the hints accurately, and then mobilize and accumulate the answers correctly.
This kind of questions has accounted for half of the dictation questions in this year's senior high school entrance examination, and will become the main questions in classical Chinese dictation in the future. Therefore, we should pay attention to understanding the accumulation of classical Chinese, and pay attention to the accumulation of long-term water.
Nevertheless, it is still difficult for students to memorize all China's classical poems word for word. In order to improve their learning efficiency, they should pay attention to the understanding and memory of famous sentences, famous paragraphs and related literary common sense. Among China's classical poems studied in junior high school, some articles can be called classics, such as Peach Blossom Garden, Little Stone Pond, Argument on Cao Gui, On Ailian, Examples and so on. We must memorize the full text of such an excellent work.
There are also some poems that have been circulated in the world mainly because some sentences or paragraphs are particularly brilliant. Learning this kind of poetry should focus on the accumulation of famous sentences and paragraphs on the basis of overall understanding. Classical Chinese recitation is examined in the form of dictation in the entrance examination, and the scoring requirements are very strict. If you make a mistake in the whole sentence, you won't get a point. Therefore, in the usual study, in addition to accurate recitation, we should also make more efforts in accurate dictation, pay attention to our own hands while speaking, and avoid losing points because of typos.
Second, the recognition of reading focuses on the understanding of the basic meaning of keywords and key sentences. The knowledge and ability needed to solve classical Chinese reading problems outside the senior high school entrance examination can be found in the text. In other words, the test center of extracurricular classical Chinese is still the knowledge in class and the reading ability of classical Chinese based on learning in class. Therefore, the key for junior three students to have the ability to read classical Chinese and understand its content with the help of notes and reference books is to accumulate some knowledge of classical Chinese vocabulary and common sentence patterns, so learning classical Chinese should pay attention to the understanding and accumulation of basic meanings of vocabulary and sentences.
The so-called basic meaning has two meanings here. From the perspective of words, every word has its original meaning and extended meaning. Attention should be paid to the identification of the original meaning and main extended meaning of common notional words in the study of classical Chinese. Accumulating this kind of knowledge is helpful to improve our ability to use Chinese, which is the instrumental highlight of Chinese subject and one of the goals of classical Chinese learning.
From the perspective of clauses, grasping the basic meaning is to understand the main content of sentence expression, and junior three students can read classical Chinese sentences. You don't have to stick to the knowledge of grammar and sentence patterns, nor do you have to stick to the realization of words. You can grasp the main meaning of the sentence and explain the basic content of the sentence in modern Chinese.
We should pay attention to some special language phenomena when recognizing and reading words in classical Chinese. For example, some words in classical Chinese have changed their meanings in modern Chinese due to the development of the times. When reading these words, we should pay attention to the difference between ancient and modern meanings, and we must not interpret the ancient meanings from the present.
In ancient Chinese, there is another phenomenon that we call "loanwords", that is, the ancients used this word to replace other words. The pronunciation and meaning of loanwords are generally the same as those of loanwords, such as "lying on your right knee and supporting the boat with your right arm", which is interpreted as "bending over". When learning classical Chinese, we should not only familiarize ourselves with the common sentence patterns in classical Chinese by reading more, but also pay attention to the flexible use of parts of speech.
Flexible use of parts of speech is a common language phenomenon in classical Chinese. Due to the change of parts of speech, the meaning of words also changes. In this case, we can't understand the word according to its original part of speech. For example, the word "sweat cow" in question 7 of this year's senior high school entrance examination can't be interpreted as "sweat cow", but should be interpreted as "make cow sweat". We should summarize this phenomenon of flexible use of parts of speech in our daily study.
3. Understanding focuses on grasping the content of the article and the author's thoughts and feelings. Some of China's classical poems we studied in junior high school depict the magnificent scenery of the famous mountains and rivers of the motherland, some reveal rich social and life philosophy, some show the heroism of a generation of great men, and some reflect the lofty morality and integrity of people with lofty ideals. Reading these poems can improve our cultural accomplishment, make us establish a sense of national pride and cultivate a healthy and noble aesthetic and patriotic spirit. We should focus on understanding the contents of China's classical poems and grasping the thoughts and feelings contained in them, which is also the focus of reading classical Chinese in senior high school entrance examinations over the years.
To learn China's classical poetry, we should first find out the central sentence or key sentence of the article on the basis of repeated reading, and then use these sentences to correctly divide the content levels, summarize the meaning of paragraphs (layers), clarify the relationship between paragraphs (layers), sort out the writing ideas, and feel the author's thoughts and feelings, so as to grasp the main idea of the article. For example, the full text of Love Lotus is only 120 words, with concise writing and beautiful language. Starting with Tao Yuanming's love for chrysanthemums and the world's love for peonies, this paper leads to his love for lotus flowers that are "muddy but not stained". Chrysanthemum, peony and lotus are three different flowers to symbolize three different people, namely "seclusion", "wealth" and "gentleman", and make comments. There are few people who express their true seclusion, and it is difficult to find a gentleman like themselves, while people who love money in the world only have many feelings.
By loving and praising the lotus, the author expresses his noble sentiment of complete self-love and being different from the common customs, and shows contempt for those who strive for fame and gain in the world. After the above study and combing, we can really understand the text and be handy in the exam.
5. China ancient PPT < >, Confucius said: "Learn from time to time, let alone? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Isn't it a gentleman to be unhappy and not know it? " Learning needs constant review to master.
It is a pleasure to learn knowledge and review on time. There are both learning methods and learning attitudes here.
Peng, this refers to like-minded people. It is a pleasure to have like-minded people come from afar to discuss problems together.
Others don't understand, but I don't dislike it. This is the style of a gentleman. This is a matter of personal cultivation.
2. Confucius said, "Reviewing the past and learning the new can be a teacher." Review old knowledge (for politics) and you can gain new experiences or discoveries from it.
In this way, you can be a teacher. 3. Confucius said: "Learning without thinking is useless; It is dangerous to think without learning. "
(Politics) If you only study and refuse to think, you will be confused; If you just dream and refuse to study, you will have doubts. This paper expounds the dialectical relationship between learning and thinking, and also talks about learning methods.
4, Confucius said: "By, teach women to know! Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, but knowing. " Empty rain said, "Lutz, teach you to correctly understand the truth of things.
Knowing is knowing, and not knowing is not knowing. This is wisdom. "This paragraph is about the correct attitude towards things.
5. Zi Gong asked, "Why did Confucius call it' Wen'?" Confucius said, "I am quick and eager to learn, and I am not ashamed to ask questions. It is called' Wen'." (Gongye Chang) Zi Gong asked, "Why is Confucius called Wen?" Confucius said, "He is smart and eager to learn, and he is not ashamed to ask people who are not as good as himself.
So he used Wen as his posthumous title. "Answer the question of Yu Gong here, make use of this topic, and educate disciples to be diligent and curious.
6. Confucius said, "It is not good for me to learn without being silent, to learn without being tired, and to teach without being tired!" This is Confucius' self-report, which talks about the attitude and method of learning. We should keep what we have learned in mind silently and accumulate knowledge constantly.
"Never tire of learning" is about the spirit of learning, which is endless and never satisfied. "Teaching people tirelessly" means teaching students with attitude and enthusiasm.
Kong has been like this all his life, so he said, "What's wrong with me?" It can be seen that Confucius is confident. 7. Confucius said: "In a threesome, there must be a teacher; Choose good and follow it, but change it if it is not good. "
Confucius said, "When several people walk together, one of them will be my teacher. We should choose their advantages to learn and pay attention to correcting their shortcomings. "
What is said here is that as long as you ask for advice with an open mind, there are teachers everywhere. 8. Confucius said, "Knowing is not as good as being kind, and being kind is not as good as being happy."
(Yongye) Confucius said, "Those who know are not as good as those who love, and those who love are not as good as those who enjoy." This passage mainly talks about three levels of learning, and only those who enjoy it can really learn well.
9. The son is on the river, saying, "The deceased is like a husband, and he will not give up day and night." (Zi Han) Confucius stood by the river and sighed: "The lost time is like a river, flowing day and night."
But cherish precious time. 10, Confucius said, "I have never been without food for a day or sleep for a night. It's useless to think, it's better to learn. "
(Wei Linggong) Kong Yu said, "I used to eat all day and stay up all night thinking, but it didn't help. I might as well study. " .