The Story of Zhang Qian's Mission to the Western Regions The Story of Zhang Qian's Mission to the Western Regions Zhang Qian was a great explorer in the Western Han Dynasty. He came to the western regions uninvited. 13 years later, he traveled all over Tianshan, Central Asia and West Asia. He was the first person from the Central Plains to the Western Regions. At that time, the Han Dynasty was preparing to wage war against the Huns. By chance, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty learned from a Xiongnu prisoner that there was a Dayue family in the Western Regions, whose royal family was killed by Xiongnu Khan. Therefore, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty wanted to unite with Da Yueshi to "break Hungary's right arm" and decided to send an envoy to Da Yueshi. In 139 BC, Zhang Qian led more than 100 people to venture westward from Longxi (now Gansu) under the leadership of A Hun, the father of Tang Yi. Zhang Qian chased weeds and wildfires all the way, avoiding all suspicious traces of hoof disorder, and always guarding against open attack and covert attack that may happen at any time. But even so careful, they met a group of tarkan as soon as they left Gansu. In addition to Zhang Qian and Tang Yi father captured, none survived. Xiongnu Khan knew the purpose of Zhang Qian's Western Expedition, so he wouldn't let him go easily. Zhang Qian and Tang Yi's father were forced to put their sheep and horses separately and were strictly controlled by the Huns. They also married a Hun woman to Zhang Qian, one to spy on him and the other to induce him to surrender. Zhang Qian, however, is indomitable. Although he lived like a year under house arrest and grazing, he has been waiting for an opportunity to escape to complete his mission. That's 1 1 Chunqiu. One dark night in a month, Zhang Qian took the Huns' wife and the father of Tang Yi, the guide, and fled the Huns unprepared. Zhang Qian was frightened at first, but he still kept his original intention and continued the important mission of "going to the western regions". Because they fled in a hurry and didn't prepare dry food and drinking water, they could only be hungry and thirsty along the way and would fall on the desert beach at any time. Fortunately, Tang Yi's father was good at archery. He often hunted some birds and animals along the way, drank blood to quench his thirst and ate meat to satisfy his hunger, only to escape the hand of the dead god. They walked along the southern foot of Tianshan Mountain, passed Yanqi, Qiuci and Shule, and finally passed through the desert Gobi and the snow-covered green ridge (now Pamir Plateau) to Dawan State (now Fergana Valley). This is a wealthy country in Central Asia, with a population of several hundred thousand and more than 70 towns, which is rich in "Tianma". King Dawan had the idea of knowing Chinese, so he gladly sent a guide and interpreter to escort Zhang Qian to Yue. However, great changes have taken place in Da Yue's national conditions. The Da Yue family established a new dynasty in Daxia, and changed its name to Xiaoyue family. It is farming, a rich country and a powerful country. Times have changed. It didn't repay the Xiongnu's ambition. Zhang Qian carefully inspected the mountains, rivers, towns and folk customs of the countries in the Western Regions. He also came to Shilan City, the capital of the big state in this area, and found that there was a highly centralized royal family with many businessmen and weak soldiers. These situations, zhangqian one by one in mind. Zhang Qian left for home after more than a year's inspection in Daxia and other places. On the way home, Zhang Qian diverted to the south to avoid the Xiongnu-controlled area. They crossed the Green Ridge, along the northern foot of Kunlun Mountain, passed through shache (now shache, Xinjiang), Khotan (now Hotan, Xinjiang), Shanshan (now Ruoqiang, Xinjiang) and other places, and entered the Qiang people's settlement. It was acquired by tarquin on the way and detained for more than a year. In 126 BC, the Huns were in civil strife, and Zhang Qian and others fled back to the Han Dynasty. After listening to his report on the Western Regions in detail, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was very happy and named him the Prince of Bo. In BC 1 19, he led a large-scale expedition from Sichuan to the southwest of China, but failed because of barbarian resistance. Later, as a corps commander, he went to the Western Regions for the second time and made diplomatic progress. 1 14 years, that is, one year after Zhang Qian's second mission to the western regions, he died in Chang 'an. People use the word "Zhang Qian's Empty Valley" to summarize his contribution to the Western Regions and his legendary life. 15 years, after Zhang Qian went to the western regions, the Han army defeated the Xiongnu in the western regions, controlled the passes of Zhangye and Jiuquan, and dredged the communication lines in the western regions. About BC 105, the Han Dynasty sent a silk caravan to rest in peace, which led to a great exchange of products between China and the western regions on the border. This is the famous "Silk Road".

The Silk Road and Zhang Qian's Missions to the Western Regions.

Why did Zhang Qian go to the Western Regions? The origin of the silk road ~? 1. Zhang Qian went to the western regions.

Go through hardships and walk out of the western regions

Great integration of Chinese and foreign cultures

Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions was originally intended to carry out the strategic intention of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to unite with Da Yueshi to fight against the Huns. However, after he went to the Western Regions, the cultural exchanges between Han and Yi were frequent, and the civilization of the Central Plains spread rapidly around through the "Silk Road", which was probably unexpected by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Therefore, Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions has special historical significance.

The word "Western Regions" first appeared in The Biography of Western Regions in Hanshu, which was closely related to the name of Zhang Qian.

In the Western Han Dynasty, the narrow sense of the Western Regions refers to the west of Yumenguan and Yangguan (now Dunhuang West, Gansu Province), the east of Congling, the north of Kunlun Mountain and the south of Balkhash Lake, which is the jurisdiction of Khufu in the Western Han Dynasty. The western regions in a broad sense also include Central Asia, the Roman Empire and other places west of the Green Ridge, including Afghanistan, Iran, Uzbekistan and the Mediterranean coast.

The western regions are divided into two parts, north and south, with Tianshan Mountain as the boundary. Most people live around the Tarim Basin. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, there were thirty-six countries: Loulan (near Lop Nur in Shanshan), Mushroom Qiang, Qiemo, Yutian (now Hotan), shache and so on. On the southern edge, it is often called "southern country"; On the northern edge, there are Gu's (later divided into Che's, now Lv Fan), Li Yu, Yanqi, Kucha (now Kuqa), Wensu, Gu Mo (now Aksu) and Shule (now Kashgar). It is also commonly known as the "country of the North Road". In addition, the northern foot of Tianshan Mountain has a front and rear pu forehead, which is equal to the east and west. They are very small, mostly desert oases, but there are also valleys or basins. The population is small, generally 20,000 to 30,000, the largest is 80,000, and the smallest is only 1000. Residents are engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. In addition to grain production, some places, such as Qiemo, are rich in fruits such as grapes and the best feed alfalfa. Animal husbandry includes donkeys, horses and camels. In addition, there are jade, copper, iron and other minerals, and some local residents have learned to cast weapons with copper and iron. Although small, most countries in the north and south of Tianshan Mountain have battlements. Under the kings of all countries, there are official positions and armies that account for a large proportion of the population. In the second century BC, before Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions, the Xiongnu aristocratic forces extended to the Western Regions, set up servants and captains in Yanqi and other countries, imposed heavy taxes on various countries, and enslaved and exploited these small countries.

At that time, the Dayue family, who was nomadic in the Ili Valley, was a famous "traveling country" with a population of 400,000. They used to live between Dunhuang and Qilian Mountain, but they just moved here soon after being defeated by Xiongnu. The Huns killed the Yue King, "taking his head as a drinking vessel". Therefore, Yueshi and Xiongnu are "enemies of the world".

After the Han dynasty became more and more powerful, it planned to actively eliminate the threat of Xiongnu nobles to the north. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty heard rumors about the Yue family and wanted to establish a joint relationship with the Yue family. Considering that the Hexi Corridor, the only way to the west, was still under the control of the Huns, he openly recruited talents who could take on the important task of emissaries.

In the third year of Jianyuan, namely 138 BC, Zhang Qian "recruited lang to make Yue people". "Lang" is the squire of the emperor. He has no fixed position and may be chosen to entrust him with a heavy responsibility at any time.

Zhang Qian is from Hanzhong. He is a strong-willed, flexible and open-minded person who is good at dealing with people. He was stopped by Huns in the middle of his mission. In the Huns for more than ten years, he kept Jeff, the special envoy of the Han Dynasty. Xiongnu Khan insisted on marrying the local people and had given birth to a son, which did not shake his determination to complete the task. He lived in the west of Xiongnu, waiting for an opportunity.

One day, Zhang Qian finally led his men to escape from the Huns. They hurried west for dozens of days, crossed the green ridge and arrived at Dawan (now in Uzbekistan). It was introduced from Dawan, passed through Kangju (now southeast Kazakhstan) and reached Daxia. Summer is in today's Amu Darya River basin. Zhang Qian discovered the big moon. Over the past ten years, great changes have taken place in Da Yue's "provinces": first, it was attacked by Wusun on the Ili River, and then it moved westward. Wusun, 630,000 people, is also a "country tour". He once lived in Dunhuang and was attacked by Da Yue. Later, the Huns supported Wusun and attacked Dayue, who was forced to move to Amu Darya and Wusun stayed in Ili River. After Da Yue arrived in Amu Darya, he not only surrendered to the summer by force, but also gradually changed from nomadic life to agricultural settlement because of the fertile land here, and had no intention of returning to the east, and once again became an enemy of Xiongnu. Zhang Qian stayed in Dayue's home for more than a year, but he couldn't get the result, so he had to return home. He was detained by Huns for more than a year on his way back to China. BC 126, the Huns were in civil strife, and Zhang Qian took the opportunity to escape and return to Chang 'an. Zhang Qian took more than 65,438,000 people with him when he went to China. 13 years later, only he and Tang Yi's father came back. Although the mission did not achieve its original purpose, it gained a more detailed understanding of the geography, products and customs of the western regions, which provided valuable information for the Han Dynasty to open up the main road to Central Asia.

After Zhang Qian came back, he reported the situation of the Western Regions to Emperor Wu. This is the original data of the biography of Han Dynasty in the Western Regions. Later, due to Zhang Qian's contribution in the war with Wei Qing, he was named "Bo Wanghou" by Emperor Wu.

In the fourth year of Yuanshou (1 19 BC), Zhang Qian made his second mission to the western regions. At this time, the Han Dynasty had taken control of the Hexi Corridor and actively launched the largest-scale war against Xiongnu during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Over the past few years, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty has repeatedly asked Zhang Qian about the situation in Daxia and other places. Zhang Qian emphatically introduced the specific situation that Wusun had been in conflict with Xiongnu since he arrived in Ili River, and suggested recruiting Wusun to return to Dunhuang to fight against Xiongnu with Han. This is the famous strategy of "breaking Xiongnu's right arm". At the same time, Zhang Qian also stressed the need to strengthen friendly exchanges with all ethnic groups in the western region. These opinions were adopted by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

Zhang Qian led a delegation of 300 people, each with two horses and 10,000 cattle and sheep. The value of gold and silk was "tens of millions". When he arrived in Wusun, he lobbied Wusun Dong Wang to come back without success. He also sent envoys to Dawan, Kangju, Yueshi, Daxia and other countries. In the second year of Ding Yuan (BC 1 15), Zhang Qian came back, and Wusun sent dozens of envoys to Chang 'an with Zhang Qian. Since then, the envoys sent by the Han Dynasty have been to Rest in Peace (Persia), ptomaine (India), Amasai (between Aral Sea and Caspian Sea), Tiaozhi (the country of Rest in Peace) and Plough House (Alexandria, Egypt, which belongs to Daqin). The envoys of China were warmly welcomed by 20,000 people from the Rest in Peace Special Organization. Ambassadors from other countries also come to Chang 'an for visits and trade. Since then, the communication between Han and the western regions has been established.

In the second year of Ding Yuan (BC 1 15), after Zhang Qian returned to Han, he became an ambassador and died the following year. After his death, the relationship between Korea and the Western Regions further developed. In the sixth year of Yuanfeng (BC 105), King Wusun proposed to Han with a thousand horses as a dowry, and Emperor Wu betrothed Princess Xijun of Jiangdu to King Wusun. After his death, Han married his granddaughter Princess to King Wusun. Raoul David Findeisen, a waiter who is proficient in poetry and prose, as an emissary of the princess, often gives gifts to other countries with the Han Festival, which won deep respect and trust, and was called Mrs. Feng. Because of her activities, the relationship between Han and Wusun has been consolidated and developed. In the third year of Shenjue (60 BC), the Xiongnu was divided internally, and Wang Xianxian led people to descend to the Han Dynasty day by day, and the Xiongnu's control over the Western Regions collapsed. Xuan Di, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, appointed Wei Sima Jizheng as the capital of the Western Regions and stationed in Wuleicheng (now Luntai East, Xinjiang), which was the beginning of the official establishment of administrative institutions in the vast area east of Congling and south of Balkhash Lake in the Han Dynasty.

It is extremely cruel for Xiongnu slave owners to exploit and oppress people of all ethnic groups in the western regions. The feudal system of the Western Han Dynasty was much more advanced than the slavery of the Huns. Therefore, people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang hope to get rid of the oppression of Xiongnu nobles and accept the rule of the Western Han Dynasty. During the Western Han Dynasty, * * * set up permanent officials there, sent local soldiers to reclaim land, and set up a captain to protect the famine, which made the Han people have closer contacts with people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang.

Although the communication between Han and the western regions was originally for military purposes, its influence went far beyond the military category after the opening of the western regions. From Dunhuang in the Western Han Dynasty, out of Yumen Pass, into Xinjiang, and then from Xinjiang, a passage across Asia from east to west is unimpeded again. This passage is the famous "Silk Road" in later generations. The "Silk Road" connected many countries in the Western Han Dynasty and Central Asia and promoted economic and cultural exchanges between them. Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions became the first time that Han and Yi cultures blended, because the feudal central government in China called the border ethnic minorities "Yi". More than a dozen plants, such as walnuts, grapes, pomegranates, broad beans and alfalfa, have been gradually cultivated in the Central Plains. Musical instruments such as Qiuci music and Huqin have enriched the cultural life of the Han people. The Han army used underground well-drilling technology, commonly known as "karez", when plowing fields in Shanshan, auto market and other places, which was gradually popularized in the local area. In addition, Dawan's blood horse was very famous in the Han Dynasty, and it was called "Tianma". At that time, countries from the west of Dawan to the rest country did not produce silk and did not know how to cast iron. Later, envoys and skirmishers of the Han Dynasty passed on these technologies. The westward advance of China's silk and iron smelting industry has made great contributions to the development of human civilization.

2. The origin of the Silk Road

Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions opened up the Silk Road and promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West. From Chang 'an through Hexi Corridor, it is divided into north and south roads. The south road goes west from Yangguan (now southwest of Dunhuang, Gansu), passes through Shanshan (now near Robnor), along the northern foot of Kunlun Mountain, and passes through Khotan (now Hotan), Dongsha and Puli (now). The North Road runs westward from Yumenguan (now northwest of Dunhuang), passes through Che's Guo Qian (now near Turpan), travels westward along the southern foot of Tianshan Mountain, passes through Yanqi and Shule, crosses Qingji and reaches Dawan. Then go north and south to Kangju and Chae Yeon; Go southwest to Da Yue, rest in peace. Silk is the most transported commodity on this trans-Eurasian road, so it is called "Silk Road" or "Silk Road".

The story of the Silk Road made Zhang Qian go to the Western Regions in 65438 BC+065438 BC+05 BC. It's a refreshing morning.

In the northern part of the Iranian plateau, a uniformed general is waiting at the border of interested countries. The general is riding a big horse with countless horses behind him. This mighty army, ordered by the king of the country of interest, is waiting for a friendly envoy from afar.

There was a faint wave of camels in the east, and the soldiers followed in * * *. A camel team appeared in the distance, with bright flags flying in front.

"come on! Coming! " Soldiers from other countries cheered.

"Welcome to the queue!" The general gave the order.

The cavalry quickly divided into two teams, one on the left and the other on the right, in a welcome position. The band played military music and the crowd was jubilant.

The messenger of China stepped down from the camel, holding the scepter in his right hand and striding forward with a big smile on his face. The general turned over and dismounted, and stood at attention and shouted, "This general was ordered to lead the officers and men to meet the envoys of the Great Han Dynasty!" China's emissary, fist in hand, bowed in return and said, "General, please welcome me from afar. I am the special envoy of Prince Zhang Qian of Wang Bo. On behalf of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, I would like to pay tribute to His Majesty the King of the Rest Country! " The general thanked him.

China's envoy pointed to the camel team behind him and said, "This is a little gift from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to His Majesty the King of." I see two big bags on each camel's back. Open the baggage, all kinds of silks and satins, colorful.

General Xi 'an nodded happily and said, "The long-awaited messenger of the great man has finally arrived! On behalf of His Majesty the King of the Rest Country, I would like to present a gift to the envoy of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty. " He waved and four soldiers brought two big gift boxes. When I opened it, I saw many very big eggs, each weighing one pound. This is an ostrich egg that was not available in China at that time.

China's emissary was about to thank him, but the general made another move and took two people, who turned out to be magicians. The first one pulled out a dagger, put it in his mouth and swallowed it immediately. I saw him patting his stomach and the dagger spit out from his mouth. The second one opened his mouth and blew out the flame after the flame. The magician's wonderful performance shocked everyone present. The general smiled and said, "Today is a day worthy of celebration, and they are specially invited to entertain."

Has Zhang Qian opened the "Silk Road" to the Western Regions? In the early years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty became more and more powerful. In order to eliminate the threat of Xiongnu nobles to the north. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued a letter to recruit smart people to send missions to the Western Regions and contact Yue's country.

The state of Yue is in the west of Xiongnu, and it must pass through Xiongnu to reach the state of Yue. So no one has the courage to undertake this mission. At this moment, the palace official Zhang Qian bravely signed up for the job.

In BC 138, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty formally appointed Zhang Qian as his special envoy and sent the Xiongnu to surrender to Tang Yi's father as his translator. They recruited more than 100 people and set out from Longxi (now Gansu Province) for the Western Regions. The team also carried a lot of luggage and gifts with them.

After many twists and turns, Zhang Qian and his party finally found Yue Guo after 10 years. But at this time, the situation in Yue's country is very different from the past.

Since the king of Yue was killed by Huns, ministers have embraced the king's wife as king and lived a very happy life. Now they are unwilling to return to their hometown thousands of miles away to deal with Huns.

When Zhang Qian and others returned to the capital Chang 'an, it was 13 years. After meeting with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian talked about the reasons why Yueshi countries refused to send troops, and also talked about the customs of western countries in detail. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was fascinated. In recognition of Zhang Qian's outstanding contribution, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made him a doctor in Taizhong and paid homage to his father as an envoy in Tangyi.

In 1 19 BC, the Han Dynasty drove the Huns to Mobei. The road to the western regions is smooth. Since then, Zhang Qian and his entourage have made many missions to the Western Regions and visited 36 countries, making great contributions to the exchanges between the Western Regions and the Han Dynasty.

Later, people used to call Zhang Qian's road from the Han Dynasty to the Western Regions the "Silk Road". Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions was for military purposes, but the expected purpose was not achieved, but it showed a brand-new world for the Han Dynasty, and its reputation spread far and wide.

[I still want to know]

Zhang Qian was arrested twice by Huns on his way to the Western Regions. He married a Hun woman and gave birth to a child.

Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions and introduced grapes, alfalfa and other crops from the Western Regions. He also introduced music, dance and musical instruments from the western regions to the Han Dynasty. At the same time, he also brought the advanced agricultural production technology of Han nationality, the method of digging wells to make iron and silk to the western regions.

Road map of ancient Zhang Qian's mission to the western regions along the Silk Road 1 and Tianshan North Road: Xi 'an-Dunhuang-Hami-Urumqi-Yili-now belonging to the former Soviet Union-Rome.

2. Xiyu North Road: Xi 'an-Dunhuang-Hami-Turpan-Yanqi-Korla-Kuqa-Aksu-Kashgar-Pamir-Central Asia.

3. Xiyu South Road: Xi 'an-Loulan-Qiemo-Niya-Hotan-Kashgar-Pamir-Central.

Information about Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions and the Silk Road: Zhang Qian, whose name is Ji Zhi, is called Si 'an. 1853 was born in Changle town, 1869 was a scholar, 1885 was a juror in Shuntianfu township examination, 1894 (20th year of Guangxu) was a Cohen examination for the 60th birthday of Empress Dowager Cixi. He won the first place in the exam and was awarded the editing of the Hanlin Academy. 1904, he was knighted by Qing dynasty. 19 1 1 served as the president of central education, the interim speaker of Jiangsu provincial parliament and the premier of Jiangsu province. Nanjing * * * was founded in 19 12 as the chief industrial officer. 19 12 years as chief agricultural officer of Beiyang * * * and chief national water conservancy officer. After witnessing the invasion of foreign powers, he resolutely gave up his official position and embarked on the road of saving the country through industry.

Zhang Jian was a famous industrialist and educator in modern China. His thought and practice of "father's business, mother's education" has far-reaching historical significance. He founded more than 20 enterprises and more than 370 schools in his life, which made valuable contributions to the rise of modern national industries and the development of education in China. Comrade * * * once said when talking about China's national industry: "Zhang Jian cannot be forgotten in light industry".

1894, Zhang Jian, a native of Nantong, won the senior high school entrance examination and became a scholar in the Hanlin Academy. In view of the defeat in the Sino-Japanese War, in order to realize his ambition of "helping the poor" and "plugging the leak", he started the practice of "saving the country through industry" in Nantong with the support of Zhang Zhidong, governor of Liangjiang. 1895, Zhang Jianhe reclaimed coastal wasteland at the junction of Lvsi and Haimen, and built a cotton mill with 6,543,800 mu of cultivated land-the raw cotton base of Tonghai Reclamation Animal Husbandry Company. With the continuous accumulation of capital, Zhang Jian founded Guangsheng Oil Factory, Fuxing Flour Factory and Zisheng Metallurgical Factory in Tangzha, and gradually formed Tangzha Town Industrial Zone. At the same time, in order to facilitate the transportation of equipment, machinery and goods, he built a port along the river west of Tangzha-Tiansheng Port. Later, a power plant was built in Tiansheng Port, and a road was opened between towns, making Tiansheng Port gradually become Nantong at that time.

The appearance of modern warp spinning industry at the end of 19 changed Nantong's urban function from exchange type to production type, and Nantong became one of the early national capitalist industrial bases in China. Zhang Jian followed the concept of "father teaches, mother works" while setting up industry. Nantong has developed a series of cultural and educational undertakings. Tongzhou Normal School, the earliest normal school in China, was founded in 1902. Then, 1905 established the first private museum in China, 1907 founded the agricultural school and the women's normal school, and 1909 advocated the five-genus public middle schools in Tonghai. 19 12 medical college and textile school were established. Later, agriculture, medicine and textile merged into Nantong College. At the same time and later. Various secondary and junior vocational schools, short-term workshops and special education undertakings have also been established. For example, commercial schools, banking courses, surveying and mapping, business tutorial schools, nickel-plating workshops, sericulture workshops, women's workshops, Gong Ling clubs, schools for the blind and the dumb, etc. According to the pattern of one city and three towns, urban construction has become an important commercial port in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the economic, cultural and political center of northern Jiangsu, which is a transition from a closed and backward feudal town to a capitalist city.

What contribution did Zhang Qian make to the opening of the Silk Road?

(1) The communication between Zhang Qian and the Western Regions not only gained a lot of information unheard of in the past, but also spread the prestige of the Western Han Dynasty.

(2) Zhang Qian opened up the road to the western regions, which Sima Qian called "hollowing out".

(3) After the communication between Zhang Qian and the Western Regions, the communication between the Central Plains and the Western Regions became more frequent, with a larger scale and scope. The exchanges between envoys, caravans and religious monks brought together several major civilizations in the world at that time, making the culture of the western regions more colorful.

(4) After Zhang Qian's voyage to the West, the northern and southern Tianshan Mountains merged with the mainland for the first time, and the political, economic and cultural ties between the Central Plains and the western regions became increasingly close. The influence of feudal countries went deep into the frontier, and economic and cultural exchanges promoted the social progress of the western regions and enriched the material life of the Central Plains.

Although the communication between Han and the western regions was originally for military purposes, its influence went far beyond the military category after the opening of the western regions. From Dunhuang in the Western Han Dynasty, out of Yumen Pass, into Xinjiang, and then from Xinjiang, a trans-east passage connecting Central Asia and West Asia is unimpeded again. This passage is the famous "Silk Road" in later generations. The Silk Road connected many countries in the Western Han Dynasty and Central Asia and promoted political, economic, military and cultural exchanges between them. Because the feudal central government of China called the border ethnic minorities "foreigners", Zhang Qian's mission to the western regions contributed to the first integration of Han and Yi cultures. More than a dozen plants, such as walnuts, grapes, pomegranates, broad beans and alfalfa, have been gradually cultivated in the Central Plains. Musical instruments such as Qiuci music and Huqin have enriched the cultural life of the Han people. The Han army used underground well-drilling technology, commonly known as "karez", when plowing fields in Shanshan, auto market and other places, which was gradually popularized in the local area. In addition, Dawan's blood horse was very famous in the Han Dynasty, and it was called "Tianma". At that time, countries from the west of Dawan to the rest country did not produce silk and did not know how to cast iron. Later, envoys and skirmishers of the Han Dynasty passed on these technologies. The westward advance of China's silk and iron smelting industry has made great contributions to the development of human civilization.

What is the significance of Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions on the Silk Road? 1, significance

(1) opened up the famous "Silk Road" in later generations;

(two) to promote political, economic, military and cultural exchanges between China and the western region;

(3) Promoting the first integration of Han and Yi cultures;

(4) enriching the cultural life of the Han people;

(5) Accelerating the development of human civilization contributes a lot to promoting the development of human civilization.

2. A brief account of Zhang Qian's missions to the Western Regions.

In the first year of Liang Wudi's founding (BC 140), Liang Wudi wanted to fight against the Huns with Dayue's family, and Zhang Qian was recruited as the envoy. Jianyuan went out of Longxi in three years, was captured by Xiongnu, and then fled. I went west to Dawan, passed Kangju, arrived at Dayue's home, and then went to Daxia, and stayed for more than a year before coming back. On his way home, Zhang Qian changed from South Road to Nanshan in an attempt to avoid being discovered by Xiongnu, but he got it from Xiongnu and was detained for more than a year. In the third year of Yuan Shuo (BC 126), the Huns were in civil strife, and Zhang Qian took the opportunity to escape into the Han Dynasty. He gave a detailed report on the Western Regions to Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, who made him a doctor in Taichung. Because of Zhang Qian's prestige in the Western Regions, the envoys of the Han Dynasty later called him Bo Wanghou to win the trust of other countries. Zhang Qian has made outstanding contributions to the opening of the Silk Road from China to the Western Regions, which is praised by the world.

3, the reason of the task

At that time, the Dayue family, who was nomadic in the Ili Valley, was a famous "traveling country" with 400,000 people. They once lived between Dunhuang and Qilian Mountains. After being defeated by Xiongnu, they just moved here soon, and they are used to life here and don't want to fight any more. The Huns killed the Yue King, "taking his head as a drinking vessel". Therefore, Yueshi and Xiongnu are "enemies of the world". Therefore, Zhang Qian didn't complete his mission to the Western Regions.

After the Han dynasty became more and more powerful, it planned to actively eliminate the threat of Xiongnu nobles to the north. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty heard rumors about the Yue family and wanted to establish a joint relationship with the Yue family. Considering that the Hexi Corridor, the only way to the west, was still under the control of the Huns, he openly recruited talents who could take on the important task of emissaries.

In the third year of Jianyuan, namely 138 BC, Zhang Qian "recruited lang to make Yue people". "Lang" is the squire of the emperor. He has no fixed position and may be chosen to entrust him with a heavy responsibility at any time.

4. Introduction to Zhang Qian

Zhang Qian (about 164- BC 1 14), a native of Chenggu County, Hanzhong (now Chenggu County, Shaanxi Province), was an outstanding explorer and diplomat in the Han Dynasty, and made great contributions to the development of the Silk Road. It opened up the north-south road to the Western Regions in the Han Dynasty, and introduced blood horses, grapes, alfalfa, pomegranate, flax and so on from various countries in the Western Regions.

Zhang Qian is full of pioneering and adventurous spirit, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made a fortune by military achievements. In BC 139, Huns led more than 100 people from Longxi, where they were detained by Huns for ten years and married and had children. Zhang Qian died in Chang 'an in 1 14 BC and was buried in his hometown.

The background of the Silk Road, Zhang Qian's missions to the Western Regions, etc. 1. The reason for the formation of the Silk Road is

1. The economy of the Han Dynasty was restored and developed, and handicrafts and other industries developed rapidly, which laid the foundation for future trade.

2. The Han Dynasty had strong military strength and stable borders, which provided a guarantee for trade.

The economic and political power of the Han Dynasty was very strong in the world at that time, and many countries were willing to trade with the Han Dynasty.

2. What does the Silk Road mean?

The Silk Road refers to the ancient commercial and trade routes that started in ancient China and connected Asia, Africa and Europe. From the mode of transportation, it can be divided into land silk road and maritime silk road.

The overland Silk Road started from Chang 'an/Luoyang, the two capitals of Han and Tang Dynasties, and was the main road for economic, political and cultural exchanges between the East and the West. Its original function was to transport silk produced in ancient China. Therefore, when the German geographer Ferdinand von Richthofen first named it "Silk Road" in 1970s, it was widely accepted.