The Three Kingdoms is a historical period in China. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao unified the northern part of China. In fact, he mastered the regime of the Eastern Han Dynasty as a prime minister and won the title of "Wang Wei", adding nine tin. In 220, Cao Cao died of illness and his son Cao Pi succeeded to the throne. In the same year, he forced Liu Xie, the last emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, to abdicate to him, and established the Cao Shi regime, which was called Wei in history and Cao Wei in history. At this point, the Eastern Han regime officially perished and the Three Kingdoms period officially began. In 22 1 year, Liu Bei, who was stationed in Yizhou, became emperor himself, with the title of "Han" and was called "Shu Han" in history. In the same year, Sun Quan, who was enfeoffed in Yangzhou, Jingzhou and Jiaozhou, accepted the knighthood of Cao Wei's regime and began to be called the "King of Wu". In 229, he officially proclaimed himself emperor and founded the country, with the title of "Wu" and the historical name of "Soochow". After the Sima family, which actually controlled Cao Wei's regime, was annexed in 263, in 265, Emperor Yuan of Wei was abolished and became independent, with the title of "Jin", which was called "Western Jin" in history. In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty conquered the regime of Sun Wu in the south of the Yangtze River and formally unified China, thus ending the Three Kingdoms period.
Overview of the history of the three kingdoms
Since Emperor Gaozu Zhang, the government of the Eastern Han Dynasty has been in the power struggle between the eunuch group and the consorts group, and the mutual struggle between the two groups has formed a unique political situation in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Every power transfer was accompanied by large-scale killings, which seriously weakened the power of the Eastern Han Empire.
In A.D. 184, an unprecedented peasant uprising led by three brothers Zhang Jiao broke out in China. In order to suppress the Yellow turban insurrectionary uprising, the Eastern Han government on the one hand delegated power to Zhou Mu and Taishou, and on the other hand acquiesced in and supported the landlord class to organize private armed forces against the insurgents. After nearly a year of fighting, the Yellow Scarf Army was basically suppressed. However, after the Yellow turban insurrectionary, the government of the Eastern Han Dynasty stayed away, and its power was devolved to the state and county levels, allowing the landlord class to have private armed forces. Pastors and governors from all continents have rallied their troops, and local strongmen have formed a community of interests for common interests and elected highly respected or capable dock commanders. The Eastern Han regime has existed in name only.
In A.D. 189, Emperor Ling died and Liu Bian acceded to the throne; Eunuchs and consorts launched a new round of power struggle. In order to win a decisive victory in the power struggle, He Jin listened to Yuan Shao's suggestion and recruited soldiers and heroes from all directions into Beijing. As a result, Dong Zhuo was in chaos. Local forces used the crusade against Dong Zhuo as an excuse to recruit soldiers. Later, the king killed Dong Zhuo, and the Xiliang warlords took control of the political power again and fought with each other. In order to seize the territory, warlords of various countries scuffled, and troubled times officially came.
In A.D. 196, Cao Cao, who was entrenched in Zhou Dynasty, defeated Lu Bu, listened to his subordinates' opinions, reclaimed land and welcomed the Western Expedition, thus gaining unparalleled political advantages. Later, Liu Bei, Yuan Shu and Lu Bu were defeated, and Zhou, Xuzhou and Qingzhou were occupied. Yuan Shao of Hebei Province also conquered Yijing, completely eliminated the warlord Gongsun Zan, occupied most areas of Yizhou, Youzhou, Bingzhou and Qingzhou, and became the biggest separatist force. Sun Ce in Jiangdong defeated Xu Gong, Wang Lang and others, occupied Huiji, Danyang and Wu Jun, and established himself in Jiangdong. Liu Biao of Jingzhou, Ada and Liu Zhang of Yizhou have also become strong competitors among warlords.
In 200 AD, Yuan Shao selected 65,438+10,000 elite infantry and 10000 cavalry, and went south to compete with his young friend Cao Cao, who killed Yuan Shaoyong and led Yan Liang and Wen Chou to Guandu. Yuan Shao couldn't tear Cao Cao's defense in the frontal battlefield, and at the same time, he launched the second battlefield in Qingzhou, Bingzhou and Runan behind Cao Cao, which was disintegrated by Cao Cao one by one. Since then, Cao Cao has set fire to military stores and other military supplies that Yuan Shaotun put in Wu Chao. Yuan Shao's generals Zhang He and Gao Lan surrendered to Cao Cao, and Yuan Jun's morale was completely lost. Cao Cao took the opportunity to launch a big counterattack, killing more than 10,000 people and capturing more than 70,000 people. Later, Yuan Shao was devastated, and the two sons fought for power and profit, and Cao Cao took advantage of it. In 207 AD, Cao Cao made an expedition to Wuwan, which won an unexpected victory, pacified the north and became the most powerful warlord in one fell swoop. Jiangdong Sun Ce is going to sneak attack Xuchang when Cao Cao and Yuan Shao fight. Unexpectedly, just as he stepped up his planning, he was assassinated by an assassin and was seriously injured. His younger brother Sun Quan ascended the throne, which strengthened the development of the South.
In 208 AD, Liu Biao, a Jingzhou shepherd, died of illness, and his youngest son, Liu Cong, became a Jingzhou shepherd with the support of Kuai Liang, Kuai Yue brothers and uncle Cai Mao. Liu Bei and Jiangdong Sun Quan, who lived in Liu Biao, also stepped up their efforts to seize Jingzhou. Cao Cao knew that Liu Biao had died, and immediately led 5000 elite cavalry to rob Jingzhou in the south day and night. And defeated Liu Bei who fled south in nagasaka; Liu Cong surrendered, and Cao Cao detained most of Jingzhou. In order to fight against Cao Cao, Sun Quan and Liu Bei joined forces to fight against Cao Cao. In June 2008, Cao Cao led an army of1450,000, and entered Chibi by land and water to confront Sun Liu. Zhou Yu used Huang Gai's plan to burn Cao Cao's serial ship. In addition, Cao Jun was not acclimatized, and the defeat was like a mountain. All the water troops who surrendered in Jingzhou died or surrendered. Cao Cao lost the water army and some of his own troops, and the sharp rise was severely hit. From then on, he devoted himself to the north. In the late period of Battle of Red Cliffs, Zhou Yu and Coss fought fiercely in Nanjun. Liu Bei seized the opportunity to seize four counties in the south of Jingzhou and sent Guan Yu north to attack Xiangyang, which was defeated by the garrison commander Le Jin. After a year of struggle, Coss had to be ordered to withdraw to Xiangyang, completely losing his stronghold in the south; At the same time, Sun Quan's attack from Hefei was also defeated by Cao Jun.
In AD 2 1 1 year, Liu Bei listened to the advice of counselors Pang Tong and Zhuge Liang, leaving Guan Yu to guard Jingzhou, leading the army to resist Zhang Lu and enter Sichuan as Yizhou. After three years of struggle, Yizhou was finally captured. Since then, the situation of the three countries has basically taken shape.
In 2 14 A.D., Cao Cao used an excuse to clean up the separatist forces in Guanzhong, such as Ma Chao and Han Sui, attacked Zhang Lu and openly rebelled. Cao Cao took the opportunity to destroy Guanzhong forces and capture Zhang Lu, the separatist regime in Hanzhong; Liu Bei was afraid that Cao Cao would seize the opportunity to attack Chengdu and immediately retreated to Sun Quan. In 2 18 AD, after winning March 8th, Liu Bei personally led the main force to fight for Hanzhong, killing Xia, commander in chief of Hanzhong. Cao Cao had to personally go to the front line of Hanzhong to direct operations, but failed to save the defeat. He had to leave Hanzhong, lost his stronghold and marched into Yizhou. The forces of the three countries have reached a balance, and the situation of three pillars has officially emerged.
In 2 19 AD, Guan Yu was inspired by Liu Bei's capture of Hanzhong and sent troops to attack Xiangyang. When flash floods broke out, Cao Jun flooded the forbidden area and supervised seven reinforcements to surround Xiangyang and Fancheng. Cao Cao immediately sent Huang Xu to lead the rescue of Coss and reached a brief alliance with Sun Quan. Huang Xu defeated Guan Yu outside Xiangyang City. Sun Quan took Monroe as the commander in chief, attacked Nanjun, consolidated his rule in Jingzhou by political means, and captured and killed Guan Yu who tried to escape. Liu Bei's strategy of attacking Xiangyang in the north and taking the opportunity to March into the Central Plains was completely shattered.
In 220 AD, Cao Cao died of illness and Cao Pi acceded to the throne. In the same year, he proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Wei. 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Han; In 229, rising of sun was named Wu; The Three Kingdoms officially appeared.
In 222 AD, Liu Bei sent Wu Ban, a general, and Du Shuijun into Yiling area to block the west bank of Jiangdong. Lead the main infantry by yourself, and prepare to retake Nanjun. Sun Quan failed to make peace, so he appointed Lu Xun as the commander-in-chief, led 50,000 troops, laid a line of soldiers in Yiling, stopped Liu Bei's army, and took advantage of Liu Bei's long-term advantage in the supply line. Liu Bei's defeat in the war, declining morale, hot weather, relaxed vigilance; Taking advantage of this favorable situation, Lu Xun first sent Zhu Ran to lead the main force of the water army, cut off Liu Jun's retreat, and then set fire to the camp and defeated Liu Bei. After this war, Liu Bei was weakened, lost the capital to compete for the world, and died in Baidicheng himself.
In 229 AD, Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu Han Dynasty, made his fortune in Hanzhong and made a northern expedition to Cao Wei by the death of Wei Wendi Cao Pi. He also sent Zhao Yun as a partial teacher and threatened to attack Chang 'an from Gu Jie to attract the main force of Cao Wei. I personally led an army of 70,000-80,000, starting from Qishan and preparing to seize Kansai. Cao Rui inspected Chang 'an and sent general Cao Zhen to lead 65438+ ten thousand troops to stop Zhao Yun. At the same time, Zhang He, a famous soldier stationed in Guanzhong, led 50 thousand elite troops to rescue Qishan day and night. Zhang He defeated Ma Su, the pioneer of Shu Han in Jieting. Zhuge Liang fell into the street pavilion and was ordered by Zhang He everywhere, so he had no choice but to retreat. Shu Han sent troops many times, but they were all restrained by his opponents Zhang He and Sima Yi. They had to retreat because of the shortage of supplies. In 234 AD, Zhuge Liang made his last northern expedition and confronted Sima Yi in Wuzhangyuan. Sima yi can't persist; In August, Zhuge Liang died of illness, and Shu Han withdrew.
In 24 1 year, Sima Yi staged a coup to destroy the clan forces of Cao Wei in Cao Shuang. In 255 and 257, Sima Shi and Si Mazhao respectively pacified Cao Wei's remaining party; It laid the foundation of the Western Jin Dynasty.
In 263 AD, Cao Wei led an army of 65,438+800,000 troops to attack Shu Han with Zhong Hui, Guo Huai and Zhuge Xu. Wargo led more than 30,000 troops from Didao to Gan Song and Tuzhong to attack Jiang Wei stationed here. Zhuge Xu led more than 30,000 troops from Qishan to Wu Jie and Yinping Bridge, cutting off Jiang Wei's posterior road; Zhong Hui led more than 654.38 million people to March into Hanzhong from Gu Jie, Luogu and Woods respectively. Take Hanzhong and Jiang Wei opposite Jiange. Wargo's "raiders of the lost ark" went through all the hardships from the level tone path and suddenly appeared near Chengdu. Zhuge Zhan, Zhuge Liang's son, died in battle, and Adou surrendered. Shu Han perished.
In 265 AD, Cao Huan was abolished as emperor, and the title of gold was changed.
65438+ In February 279 AD, Sima Zhou went from the resident to the soil, and Wang Hun went out of Jiangxi to attack Wuchang, Xiakou and Du.
Resident Xiangyang marched into Jiangling, and Wang Jun and Tang Bin led Bashu soldiers down the river to attack Wu Dong on a large scale. In 280 AD, Wang Hun defeated the main force of Wu Dongcheng and Zhang Biao in Sanshan. Soon, Sun Hao, the Lord of Wu, surrendered. The Western Jin Dynasty unified the whole country, and the Three Kingdoms officially came to an end.
Huang Renyu: A Long-term Split Situation
After the collapse of the Han Empire, China fell into a bleak and hopeless period of long-term turmoil. The society caused by the merger of powerful countries
Social unrest remains unresolved; What's more, under the intensification of a series of political struggles, wars continued and the conference semifinals invaded.
Completely disintegrate social order. As a result, local self-defense organizations of "Dock Castle" were established one after another, and China entered.
Another new form of people in the Warring States period.
Historians in China believe that it was a long time from the demise of the Han Dynasty in 220 AD to the rise of the Sui Dynasty in 58 1 year.
Times of chaos and disappointment. In some ways, this is also true. We can even say that this is equal to
The 30-year war has increased the disaster for Germany by 10 times. The population of many places in northern China has decreased; Five baht in ancient times
It began to spread in the late Zhou Dynasty and became more common in the Han Dynasty. After the division of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, in many places,
It's extinct. Because there is no effective central government, every time there is a famine, the people have no way to complain, and their suffering is gone.
It goes without saying. During this period, there was a drought in 309 AD, and all rivers could walk through it. In 369 ad.
1998, people in a large area on the north bank of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River died one after another.
New forms in the Warring States Period
However, it is incorrect to call this period the "dark age". Although the war broke out for a long time,
But there are not many large-scale expeditions and decisive battles. If this is not the case, then the reunification in the future will be different.
Walking mule Obviously, the split situation in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was very different from that in the Warring States Period. Four and a half centuries later, the emperor
With the mastery of power politics, China has many competing kingdoms after the disintegration of feudal system.
Difference. The widespread distribution of the gentry class also makes it difficult to fully mobilize them. According to records, during this division, the army
Most of the soldiers in the village were enlisted.
The early appearance of ethnic minorities in turbulent situations has increased the complexity of the situation. Traditionally called "five random flowers",
In fact, these ethnic minorities include Tibetans and Altai ethnic groups, and the latter has primitive Mongols.
And the early Turks. However, in most venues, even experts can't tell the difference between ethnic languages.
There are no mistakes, let alone mixed forces. From 304 AD to 200 AD, they worked with some China adventurers.
In 439, North China established 16 kingdoms, some of which overlapped one after another in a short time, while others followed. originally
Since they are called "barbarians and soldiers", they are inevitably destructive. Once they have arranged their dynasty,
They also established the Confucius Temple and imperial academy, and began to attach importance to cultural relics and advocate farming and mulberry. Two of the invading nations actually started to build it.
It can be changed to build the Great Wall to prevent other nomads from following their route and disturbing their newly established kingdom.
The depth of change.
In the later period of this split period, the country established by the Hu people in northern China and the "government in exile" of the Han people in the south of the Yangtze River.
From time to time, there is a tug-of-war, winning and losing. However, there have been commercial contacts, and envoys from the north and the south have also exchanged visits. but
No one has ever taken this division for granted. If it exists, the small kingdom should also maintain it.
The area that can be controlled now. In the south or the north, the principle of organizing government is still political philosophy, not land.
Politics (geopolitics). This vast area is called "China", and its internal culture is both chaotic and consistent, that is,
No other logic, even appropriate national boundaries, can support the situation of division. Only the world is unified.
Concept, in order to unify the thinking of civil service groups, this trend can be found in the documents of the day.
See.
In the late Han Dynasty, Cao Cao tried to rebuild a powerful central government. His success extends only to Wei. He wants to recruit again.
The war against the south failed miserably, and none of his descendants succeeded in their careers. The reason may be the tourists today.
Historians are interested in this because it is the key to geopolitics.
The period of tripartite confrontation
At that time, Shu Han took today's Sichuan and its adjacent areas as its website. With enough manpower and material resources, enough.
Supporting the long-term war has become a gesture of other countries at home. It spans a wide area and there are still suitable mountains around it.
Sichuan is a barrier. In recent years, many tourists have visited the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River in its east. In fact, tourists trace back from the downstream.
The trip to Jiangxi, though time-consuming, was even more impressive. The cliffs on both sides of the river have fallen vertically into the water, and the next scene is like this.
The future is also unique. After delaying for a period of time, the more unexpected, the more unexpected, the more you can find.
Taste. Not only during the civil war in the 3rd century, but also during the Second World War, no one dared to invade the Three Gorges.
The Japanese army has approached the east of the canyon and feels helpless.
Besides Wei and Shu, the third country is Wu, which is located in a water town. Wu has both a navy master and a general by the Yangtze River.
These cities are fortified. Nanjing (formerly known as Jiankang and Jinling) was founded in Wu. When the city was founded, it lived in the waterfront.
The stone walls along the coast are integrated with the city walls as a strong defense in wartime. It is said that part of this stone wall still exists today.
You can see it in the city, only because of the diversion of the Yangtze River, this trace is now quite far from the river.
In the 3rd century, Wei, Shu and Wu confronted each other for a long time. Among them, Wei Yu is longer than cavalry and seems to have more advantages. so far
In AD 263, it has been half a century since Cao Cao first attacked Wu and Shu, and Si Mazhao, the general of Wei, finally broke the deadlock. He's here
In Chung Shan Man, people marched in inaccessible places, highlighting the back door of Shu Han. This plan is completed, clean up the mess,
Just a matter of concern. Only when he died the following year, Zi copied the Cao family's way and claimed that the destiny had been transferred from the Cao family.
Moved to Sima Jia, and established the Jin Dynasty in 265 AD, which made the last emperor of Cao Wei make concessions and liked them all.
The former Cao Wei forced the Liu family to abdicate in the Han Dynasty. This ceremony, which symbolizes the transfer of fate, is also in the period of division.
It was imitated by four short-lived dynasties (Song, Qi, Liang and Chen).
A brief reunification
Jin conquered Wu with a long-term plan. First of all, the military camp is used to ensure adequate food; Its manufacture
Ships, located in the territory of Shu, also need 7 years; Commander-in-Chief Wang Jun has always been known for his generosity. When everything is ready to stop,
He is 70 years old, and the ship he built is said to be 600 feet long and can carry two thousand horses. Wu is not careless at all. He builds it himself.
I made obstacles in the water and crossed the iron rope on the narrow river. Wang Jun used a big bamboo raft to clear obstacles. Aim for the cross
Ginger's iron rope, he made a torch 100 feet long, tied it with dry branches and flammable materials, and sprinkled sesame oil.
It is said that the high fever caused the chain to melt. When this obstacle was removed, Wang Jun's ship went down the river in 280 AD.
Wu surrendered in Nanjing.
The above deeds are found in the official history, and we can neither prove nor deny the legendary elements.
Because of these deeds, we can also observe some major changes. Sima Jia's promotion was legal because he abdicated.
It is the only dynasty in these three and a half centuries that has wiped out all rival countries. When it attacked in 280,
The occupation of Nanjing seems to have rebuilt a unified empire, but it was only 10 years ago, and the new development of the north will
His good dream was broken. In 29 1 year, a family conflict of Sima royal family involved all the princes.
Area. Since the beginning of the civil war, ethnic minorities in the Great Wall have also taken the opportunity to start an uprising. In 3 17 AD, Xi and Luoyang were two capitals.
Nanjing prince Jin, who had been looted, proclaimed himself emperor and maintained the name of the dynasty, but since then,
After that, he and his successors had almost no chance to set foot in other areas except controlling the south of the Yangtze River. In 383 ad,
The weak army of the government in exile unexpectedly defeated the Northern Alliance under the command of former Qin leader Fu Jian.
Army (Battle of Surabaya). But even so, the Eastern Jin Dynasty was unable to carry out the Northern Expedition, and could only keep half of the country in the south.
The last four short-lived imperial courts are all the same. They all claim to be in charge of the country, but in fact they are deeply rooted.
South China is waiting for the prosperity of the Sui Dynasty, the second empire.
Looking back at the history of this period, we find that there are many romantic events and few logical elements. not a few
Excellent men and women are famous in history for their virtuous and loyal careers, but it is difficult for us to synthesize the opposite.
What's the practical significance?
Re-interpretation of the Eight Kings Rebellion
This history can be traced back to the demise of the Han Dynasty. The reason has been investigated for the eunuch in power and the yellow turban insurrectionary uprising.
Dynamic and undisciplined border guards were called into Beijing, but in fact, when the full-scale civil war began, eunuchs had been purged, Huang
The towel thief was suppressed, and the border guards were no longer a problem. The same is true of the Jin Dynasty. The occurrence of initial problems,
The blame lies with Queen Jia, saying that she is vicious and vain, and some historians even call her black and ugly. because
Her struggle for power and profit with Empress Dowager Cixi and the abolition of the Prince (who was not born to Empress Dowager Cixi) caused the interference of princes in previous dynasties. The custom of the Jin dynasty,
Every prince is a king, with courtiers inside and military symbols outside. However, when the dispute spread to various regions, the queen had been killed before.
All kinds of grievances have been rehabilitated, but the war is still in the ascendant, and the movement involves hundreds of thousands of officers and men, which is difficult to achieve.
It is called the result of the palace struggle, but it is attributed to the vanity and jealousy of women.
Modern scholars refer to the term "key economic field" and try to put the long-term
The situation of division, for a deeper explanation. They believe that several grain-producing regions have internal exchanges.
Deep, need less contact with the outside world, so the local government gradually out of the control of the central government. This statement, use it.
The advantages of. Judging from Cao Cao's inability to conquer the southern two countries, the war with the Eastern Jin Dynasty was enough to repel the invasion.
The merits and deeds of the enemy, the economic hub area seems to be true. But this is the same as the unified feelings of the Jin Dynasty.
The form is correct, but it doesn't match. Even if there is an obstacle to unification in geopolitics, it can still be overcome through military action.
Later, the civil war in the Jin Dynasty made this statement irrelevant. At that time, all the places affected by the war were near the capital and in the south.
It should be out of my reach, but it's calm at the moment.
Without a better explanation, we have to reconsider the traditional so-called merger theory. the earth's/terrestrial
Possession did have a profound influence in the history of China. Most small farmers as the basis for soldiers to pay taxes, their public
Not to mention the factor of peace, it is indeed to lay a simple and unified foundation in rural China to facilitate bureaucratic organizations
Control. At that time, the Han Dynasty advocated filial piety and honesty (not only the honesty of being an official, but also the property when interacting with people)
Modesty), it can be seen that the court relies on the cohesion of culture and education and has no intention of enhancing the complexity of managers. This kind of organization is related to
The structure is easily destroyed by land concentration. At this time, readers must realize that the number of families paying taxes in rural areas is extremely large.
It's hard to hide, but the acres of land and the population of the house, including employees and slaves, can come in and out. if
In fact, as the number of families decreases, there will be a shortage of tax revenue. The services that the government can provide in the future are just like helping the poor and local governments.
Health and water conservancy, etc. , will also be reduced. The expansion of local gentry's power will inevitably affect the nature of local government.
Grid. Authoritarian regime, imperial power from top to bottom, the whole country is consistent. If local aristocrats start making their own decisions, that is,
Has decorative properties. From what has been said above, we can see that bullying by local governments at the end of the Han Dynasty caused all kinds of instability.
Situation.
The Cao family changed to Korea and the Sima family changed to Wei, and the crisis of immediate collapse was temporarily weathered.
But the basic reason has not been ruled out. The unstable situation on that day can be seen in various imperial edicts: the famous "Wei Wu"
The "Three Imperial Letters" (promulgated when Cao Cao was prime minister) sought talents, saying that talented people do not necessarily have virtue, as long as they have the ability to govern the country and fight.
The art of being heartless and unfilial still needs to be used (local gentry usually pretend to be benevolent). The Jin dynasty promulgated the land occupation law,
Try to limit the amount of land owned by each room. Both plans try to get rid of the shackles of the nobility. But Wei went to the state of Jin,
Both sides failed to achieve the goal of rebuilding centralization of authority, and the apparent calm in North China that day depended entirely on the strong and the strong.
When entrepreneurs are temporarily suppressed, they can remain the same for a period of time. When they were not in the office, there was a slight dispute in court, which led to
Local uncontrollable factors seized the opportunity to run amok. The prince, known as the king, enlarged the matter and led to armed conflict.
It spanned all states and lasted 16 years (AD 29 1-306). Its fighting is disorderly, its lineup is chaotic, and it has no definite purpose.
Standard, all this shows that social organizations have collapsed on a large scale.
Cultural integration leads to five chaos
16 The so-called barbarian investment in the later period also needs an explanation. Be the first to attend.
It's Liu Yuan. He is a hybrid of Han and Xiongnu. In 304 AD, he launched an uprising in the Great Wall, and within 20 days, five people gathered.
Wan. Liu Yuan served as the viceroy of the Five Jin Dynasties (there were five Huns at that time), that is, he was ordered to supervise the Huns. This background makes
It is easy for him to call on the Xiongnu tribes on the national defense line, and some of the Xiongnu military forces have already been incorporated into the border guards. Other ethnic groups
Zi, including the tenant farmers and slave workers of the Han family, became the emperor 12 years later than Liu Yuan, and was sold into slavery when he was young. Correction/wholeness
The tribal invasion of a nomadic people also began at this time. But on the whole, the Han dynasty system pays attention to culture.
Integration replaced a powerful government, and the system collapsed, which caused ethnic minorities to participate in melee. Ruoshuo
Contrary to the fact that barbarians actively sent more troops into China.
However, ethnic minorities are good at cavalry tactics, and their influence during the civil war was not serious. When harassment is widespread
At that time, villages all over the country organized self-defense forces and built dock walls to protect themselves. This practice began with the rebellion of the Yellow turban insurrectionary and ended in A.D. 1000.
By the 4th century, it had become a common phenomenon in northern China. Around 350 AD, there were three fortified villages in northern Shanxi.
More than 100 households, including more than 100,000 "Hu Jin". Around 400 AD, there were 3,000 fort walls in Guanzhong, and they pushed.
Dai, Xiang rate alliance. There may be only a few villages at the lower level, but a large unit can contain 10.
Ten thousand households, Hu and Han populations are mixed. Powerful clans are the backbone of such local self-defense organizations, and they have elite soldiers.
Obviously aristocratic. If this trend is left unchecked, new feudalism can appear in China, and a few years later in China.
A hundred years of history may also be similar to the medieval history of Japan. Just carrying out mobile tactics in a wide area,
Large forces participated in the battle, which eventually made the situation develop in different directions.
The main battles in this period usually involve more than 250 thousand people, and the ratio of infantry to cavalry is not less than 3.
L. Because of the need of personnel, the short-lived King's Landing Dynasty of Hu people often violated the self-defense groups organized by local gentry:
Or send supervisors to obtain their administrative power, or instruct their allies to extort people and materials. The same invasion took place in two ways.
Infringe on the rights and interests of local autonomy.
China fell into the lowest point in history in the 4th and 5th centuries. The royal family pays attention to self-discipline,
People's modesty can't be displayed so far. Another source is local autonomy, which is based on assets.
The manor system was formed by rationalizing the landlord power held by the gentry, and this way out was blocked.
When the small court sends the supervision power to the allied units, it does not reorganize its subordinate organizations, so it is small.
Centralization with farmers as the main body facilitated that the rule of bureaucratic organizations could not be restored at that time, and people were disappointed and had to.
With "Five Lakes" and "Sixteen Countries", we emphasize the negative factors, but second time around, I don't know, it's time to pretend.
China, a broken empire, can still be restored to its original state and carried forward, but it will take a long time.