The Tang Dynasty (6 18 ~ 907) is recognized as one of the most powerful times in China. Li Yuan established the Tang Dynasty in 6 18, with its capital in Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi). In its heyday, the desert of Central Asia was also ruled by it in the 7th century.
In 690, Wu Zetian changed the country name "Tang" to "Zhou" and moved the capital to Luoyang, which was called Wu Zhou in history, also known as "Da Zhou". In 705, Li Xian, Tang Zhongzong, restored the title of the Tang Dynasty and the old system of the Tang Dynasty, and was also Chang 'an. The Tang Dynasty gradually declined after the Anshi Rebellion in the 14th year of Tianbao (AD 755), and Zhu Wen, the king of Liang Dynasty, usurped the throne and died in the 4th year of God bless (AD 907).
The Tang Dynasty experienced 2/kloc-0 emperors (including Wu Zetian) for 289 years. Tang made brilliant achievements in culture, politics, economy and diplomacy, and was the most powerful country in the world at that time. In the last years of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, he ignored political affairs and connived at Yang Guifei, which led to the Anshi rebellion. He died in the Tang Dynasty in 907.
Brief introduction of dynasties
The country name "Tang" is an ancient name of Jin, which generally refers to the central area of Shanxi Province today. Li Hu, the grandfather of Tang Gaozu Li Yuan, was one of the Eight Pillars countries in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. He was named "Duke Tang" and the title was passed on to Li Yuan. After the Sui Dynasty, he stayed in Jinyang (now Taiyuan, Shanxi), rose up, respected Sui, and took Chang 'an in every battle. After You Yang abdicated, the Tang Dynasty was established, with Chang 'an as its capital.
After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, the later Tang Dynasty in Li Jianli in the Five Dynasties and the southern Tang Dynasty in the Ten Kingdoms both claimed to be the successors of the Tang Dynasty, and both took "Tang" as their country name. In fact, their emperor had nothing to do with the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty was a prosperous era.
In the heyday and Tianbao period, the national population reached 80 million. After the Anshi Rebellion and the Huang Chao Rebellion, the population remained at that number in the late Tang Dynasty and the 9th century. The Tang Dynasty was also the first unified dynasty that did not build the Great Wall since Qin, Han and Sui Dynasties.
The Tang Dynasty and Sui Dynasty are regarded by historian Huang Renyu as the second imperial period of China after Qin and Han Dynasties, while Japanese historians generally believe that the Tang Dynasty was the end of China's "Middle Ages". The national strength of the Tang Dynasty was one of the best in China's history, so China people were also called "Tangren", and today China people in the west are also called "Chinatown".
Art religion
The most remarkable literary achievement of the Tang Dynasty is the Tang poetry. Since Chen Ziang and the "four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty", famous poets in the Tang Dynasty have emerged one after another, among which Li Bai, Du Fu, Cen Can and Wang Wei in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Li He, Han Yu and Bai Juyi in the middle Tang Dynasty, Li Shangyin and Du Mu in the late Tang Dynasty are several representatives.
Their poems have different styles, including rich imagination of the mythical world and detailed description of real life, including passionate frontier poems, gloomy and heavy "poetic history" and fresh and refined pastoral poems.
These poems together constitute an outstanding representative of China's literary achievements. Although there were still outstanding poets in the Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the overall level of regular poetry and classical poetry was not as good as that of the Tang Dynasty, which made Tang poetry an insurmountable peak of classical poetry in China.
art
Zhang Xuan's "The Picture of the Lady of the State of Guo You Chun" absorbed the characteristics of the western regions and religious colors, so the art of the Tang Dynasty was very different from that of the previous generation. In the early Tang Dynasty, Yan and Yan Lide were good at figure painting.
Wu Daozi is known as "the sage in the painting". He is good at figures and scenery, and absorbs the techniques of western painting school. His pictures are full of three-dimensional sense, and there is a saying that "Wu takes the lead".
Natalie mainly painted ladies-in-waiting, and his famous works include The Picture of Tao Ren, The Picture of Lady You Chun of the State of Guo, The Picture of Flowers and Ladies, etc.
The poet Wang Wei is good at ink and wash landscape painting, and Su Shi called him "painting with poetry".
The cause of mural painting in Tang Dynasty was particularly developed. The murals in Mogao Grottoes and Mausoleums have been handed down from generation to generation. The carving art in the Tang Dynasty was equally outstanding.
Dunhuang, Longmen, Maijishan and Bingling Temple Grottoes all reached their peak in the Tang Dynasty. The Lushena Buddha in Longmen Grottoes and the Leshan Buddha in Sichuan are both amazing. The three-color six-horse figurines and tombs in Zhaoling are very beautiful. Among them, the sculptor Yang Huizhi is called Plastic Saint.
During the Tang Dynasty, calligraphers came forth in large numbers. Ou Yangxun and Yu Shinan were both famous calligraphers in the early Tang Dynasty. Ou Yangxun's regular script is neat, and his masterpiece is "The Ritual Spring Inscription of Jiucheng Palace".
The font of regular script in the south of the city is soft and round. Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan were famous calligraphers in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. Yan Zhenqing's regular script is vigorous, full of bones and muscles, vigorous and free and easy, and his masterpiece is "Duobaota Monument"; Liu Gongquan's calligraphy is vigorous and powerful, and his masterpiece is Mysterious Pagoda. The world calls Yan Liu's calligraphy "Yan Liu Jin Gu". Zhang Xu and Huai Su are masters of cursive writing.
religion
The religious policy in the early Tang Dynasty was relatively tolerant, and the two traditional religions in China, Buddhism and Taoism, both developed greatly. In the Tang Dynasty, Taoism was the state religion, and princes and nobles were all proud of Taoist priests, taking Laozi, Zhuangzi, Wen Zi, Liezi and other Taoist classics as themes.
In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, monk Xuanzang went to Tianzhu (now India) to study 657 Buddhist scriptures, so the Tang Dynasty built the Wild Goose Pagoda to preserve these Buddhist scriptures. Xuanzang absorbed a lot of Taoist terms in order to conform to the national conditions of the Tang Dynasty at that time. A large number of Buddhist classics were translated and introduced, and China monks' own ideological system gradually matured, which made China Buddhism develop steadily during this period, and most major sects of China Buddhism were formed or matured during this period.
Other religions, such as Islam, Nestorianism (Christian nestorius) and Zoroastrianism, were also introduced into China with international exchanges. When Tang Wuzong adopted a high-handed policy towards Buddhism, it was known in history that Huichang destroyed Buddhism, which made other Buddhist sects, except a few sects such as Zen, never recover.
science and technology
Astronomer Monk and his party measured the length of meridian for the first time in the world. Sun Simiao's Qian Jin Fang is a rare medical work. In 868, the printing of Diamond Sutra in China was the earliest block printing known in the world. China's papermaking, textile and other technologies spread to West Asia and Europe through the Arab region.
Chang 'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, and Luoyang, the eastern capital, were well planned. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the population of Chang 'an reached 6.5438+0 million. It was not only one of the first-class metropolises in the world at that time, but also left a model of urban planning for later generations.
At that time, the capitals of neighboring countries, such as Pinganjing in Nara, Japan, Kyoto, Silla Jincheng, Koguryo Pyongyang, and Longquan House in Bohai Sea and Beijing, were all modeled after Chang 'an.
The wooden structures in the Tang Dynasty were large in scale and magnificent in spirit. The form of the stupa also combines the shapes of China and India, which is ever-changing and changeable.
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