The real economy refers to economic activities such as the production and circulation of material and spiritual products and services. Including agriculture, industry, communications, commercial services, construction and other material production and service departments, but also including education, culture, knowledge, information, art, sports and other spiritual products production and service departments. The real economy has always been the foundation for the survival and development of human society.
Basic relationship between real economy and virtual economy
In economic operation, the real economy is a concept used to describe the economic activities formed by the production and sale of material materials and the direct provision of services for this purpose. Mainly including agriculture, industry, transportation, commerce, construction, post and telecommunications and other industrial sectors.
Virtual economy is a concept used to describe the economic activities of holding and trading rights and interests in the form of tickets. In modern economy, it mainly refers to the financial industry. Virtual economy has not yet become a common concept in academic circles, and people use virtual capital more. In Marx's theory, virtual capital refers to the capital held by the capital owner in the form of equity (or stock) on the basis of the separation of capital ownership and management right. In the New palgrave Dictionary of Economics, fictitious capital refers to financing production activities through credit (the second coupon, page 340). From this perspective, virtual economy includes not only securities industry and capital market, but also money market, banking industry and foreign exchange market, which is a concept covering financial industry. In the historical process, the fictitious economy originates from the internal needs of the development of the real economy, and its fundamental purpose is to promote the development of the real economy. In this regard, the virtual economy has two main functions:
First, through the issuance and trading of relevant information of enterprises such as relevant tickets and transparent financial information, we will guide the flow of funds, promote and adjust the allocation of economic resources among various real economic departments and enterprises, and improve economic efficiency;
Second, promote the improvement of enterprise organization system (for example, without the decentralization of equity and stock trading, there would be no modern joint-stock company and its internal governance structure). At the same time, by providing various financial instruments, the operational risks of the real economic sector are dispersed.
In modern economy, money is no longer a precious metal such as gold. Paper money, electronic money, etc. As a credit currency, it is virtual in itself; Compared with the real economy, the process of operating and creating money by banks and other financial institutions also belongs to the virtual category. Money, capital and other financial instruments penetrate into all aspects of the national economy like blood, and the normal operation of the real economy cannot be separated from the virtual economy. A typical example is that as soon as monetary policy is tightened, the real economic sector will immediately reflect it. Throughout the world, it can be said that there is no modern economy without virtual economy.
In the past 50 years, especially since 1980s, a striking phenomenon in virtual economy is the rapid development of financial derivatives in financial innovation. The main function of financial derivatives is to disperse and prevent financial risks, and promote the effective allocation of economic resources by promoting capital flows (including international flows). In the mid-1980s, with the signing of the Plaza Accord, the yen appreciated sharply (the exchange rate of the yen against the US dollar rose sharply from 240: 1), which led to a serious loss of the value of China's yen foreign debt (some enterprises that used the yen foreign debt are still difficult to turn over). If we can use some operating methods in foreign exchange futures in time when borrowing foreign debts, there are countless examples of using financial derivatives to prevent financial risks internationally. Undoubtedly, like other things in the world, financial derivatives have their negative effects, but these negative effects can be controlled and prevented by strict financial rule of law and strengthening financial supervision.
Question 2: What is the "real economy"? There are many understandings about the real economy. Among them, the more popular view is that it is inaccurate to regard the real economy as an industrial economy or even a manufacturing industry.
The so-called "real economy" generally refers to economic activities involving the production and circulation of material products, spiritual products and services. The real economy includes agriculture, industry, transportation, commercial logistics, construction and other departments that provide real material products and services, and manufacturing is certainly included. In addition, it also includes education, culture, information, art and other departments that produce and serve spiritual products.
The real economy is a concept corresponding to the virtual economy. We can understand the real economy from the concept of virtual economy.
Virtual capital is the concept that is most closely related to virtual economy, and it is also the foundation of the development of virtual economy. Virtual capital was first put forward by Marx. When discussing the issues of credit and virtual capital in the third volume of Das Kapital, he pointed out that virtual capital is produced on the basis of loan capital and bank credit system, including stocks, bonds, real estate mortgage bills and other forms, and it has no value in itself, which is the fundamental difference between it and actual capital. Virtual capital is a "paper copy of real capital", which represents the ownership of real capital, but it can't control the operation of real capital, and can only be used as a certificate to obtain corresponding benefits in the future. Virtual capital, as a special commodity, can be bought and sold in the market, and its price change only shows the market's expectation of future returns of securities, which has nothing to do with the value change of the real capital it represents. The movement of virtual capital embodies the essence of capital chasing profits. The production of virtual capital is based on real capital, and the profits obtained also come from the production of real capital. The excessive development of virtual capital beyond real capital will cause asset bubbles.
Virtual capital mainly takes the form of securities, but not all securities are virtual capital, such as commercial paper that can only be cashed at maturity; Virtual capital is also different from loan capital, because virtual capital takes securities as interest-bearing capital, while loan capital takes real capital with real value as interest-bearing capital. The circulation of virtual capital constitutes a virtual economy.
In the modern sense, the virtual economy mainly refers to the economic activities related to the virtual capital circulation movement, which mainly depends on the financial market, that is, the economic activities directly based on Qian Shengqian. Virtual economy can also be explained as an economy in which capital moves independently of the value form of the real economy. Then, the real economy, as opposed to these virtual economy concepts, refers to economic activities based on providing realistic and valuable products or services. The essential difference between it and virtual economy lies in whether capital has created new use value or value in circular movement. With the development of economy and society, the real economy can not only be understood as a department that produces material products. The production of intangible products such as service industry and cultural industry has become a necessary labor department for human survival and development, and its labor creates use value and value. Therefore, the spiritual product production industry and service industry are also important components of the real economy.
Some scholars also distinguish the real economy and the virtual economy from another angle, and think that the standard for dividing the real economy and the virtual economy should be "leverage ratio". The so-called real economy refers to economic activities with low leverage ratio, so financial activities that provide low debt support for commodity production and services should be regarded as real economy, while speculative activities such as real estate and durable goods collection should be regarded as virtual economy.
Question 3: Ask experts to help me answer what is the virtual economy in economics? What does that mean? What does the corresponding real economy mean? In fact, it can be understood literally.
The real economy mainly refers to the construction industry, manufacturing industry, processing industry and other economies that profit from the construction and processing of entities;
Virtual economy, also known as secondary capital market, is an economy that operates through equity and other forms on the basis of the profit of the real economy.
Question 4: What is the real real economy? The real economy is a concept corresponding to the virtual economy. The so-called real economy refers to the economic activities formed by producing and selling material materials and providing services directly for this purpose. Its main components include agriculture, industry, transportation, commerce, construction, post and telecommunications and other industrial sectors. The virtual economy refers to the economic activities related to the virtual capital circulation movement, that is, the holding and trading activities of virtual capital.
Question 5: What is the relationship between finance and real economy? The relationship between finance and real economy can be summarized as follows: real economy depends on financial market, and the development of financial market depends on real economy.
Mainly manifested in the following mutually promoting and reinforcing relationships:
The real economy depends on the development of financial industry, which affects the external macro-management environment of the real economy and increases its stamina. The development of real economy needs the support of funds and the injection of financial blood at any time, and the development of financial industry restricts the development of real economy.
The financial market depends on the real economy, which provides a material basis for the development of the financial market. Financial development cannot exist independently without the real economy, which provides blood and possibility for the development of the financial industry. The real economy has put forward new requirements for the financial market. With the progress of the overall economy, the real economy must also develop to a higher level. In the process of its development, the real economy has put forward new requirements for the financial market. It is these requirements that make the financial market come into being, especially develop. Otherwise, the financial market will become rootless. The real economy is a sign to test the development degree of the financial market.
Finance is the core of modern economy, and the foundation of financial development is the real economy. Without the real economy, finance will become passive water and rootless wood. However, the financial industry must face the real economy, because finance does not come from the real economy, and the financial industry promotes the development of the real economy while serving the real economy. And economic development will rely on finance to promote the development of finance.
Reference: wenku.baidu/...Cp1rqy
Question 6: What does the real economy contain? For example, what fields and forms are different from the network economy? The characteristic of the real economy is that the raw materials purchased by enterprises have physical characteristics, and the goods finally sold also have physical forms. For example, computer manufacturing enterprises are typical real economy enterprises. The raw materials such as hard disk, CPU, memory, graphics card and chassis power supply are "physical objects", while the whole computer sold is "physical objects".
The real economy includes agriculture, manufacturing, coal mining and other extractive industries, petroleum, chemicals, electric power, electronics, metallurgy, construction, military industry, ships, aerospace, aviation, weapons and many other industries and enterprises. The experience of Germany and other developed countries proves that the real economy is an indispensable foundation of a big country.
At present, the output value of China's real economy still exceeds that of virtual economy.
At that time, Iceland, because the virtual economy far exceeded the real economy, suffered a financial crisis and appeared "national bankruptcy".
The characteristic of virtual economy is that there is no "real object" in the whole process of buying and selling, and it is easy to produce "bubbles". For example, although stock trading may also produce huge trading volume, as well as taxes and profits, both parties to the transaction never involve any "real object", which belongs to the category of "virtual economy" and sometimes has great risks.
Network economy is the intermediary between virtual economy and real economy.
For example, Taobao, which uses e-commerce to sell physical goods, is not a typical virtual economy, but it is not a complete real economy. More special.
Question 7: What is the real economy? What is the opposite? Compared with the virtual economy, the real economy is an economy that is mainly based on material production and closely related to national life, which has a substantial impact on people's lives.
Virtual economy refers to the virtual capital activities that mainly rely on the financial system and directly rely on Qian Shengqian.
Question 8: What is the essence of the relationship between the stock market and the real economy? The issue compensation market is related to the direct interests of listed companies.
After listing, it is not interested in the company, but only in the bookmakers.
Why does a company's share price affect its operation?
Wrong question, only the change of controlling right will affect the operation, and the other is that the operation will affect the stock price.
At this time, listed companies do not serve small investors, but provide news and speculation services for the speculation of large funds.
The stock price has no direct influence on the company, but it has indirect influence, such as the company's image and controlling stake.
Question 9: What is the real economy and what is the virtual economy? The real economy refers to economic activities such as the production and circulation of material and spiritual products and services. Including agriculture, industry, communications, commercial services, construction and other material production and service departments, but also including education, culture, knowledge, information, art, sports and other spiritual products production and service departments. The real economy has always been the foundation for the survival and development of human society.
"Virtual economy" is a new word that has only appeared in recent years. At present, the research on virtual economy in China is in the ascendant, and it is still in the stage of a hundred schools of thought contending. At present, the formulation of' virtual economy' is rather confusing. "Generally speaking, it can be summarized into four statements.
The first understanding: Cheng Siwei's definition.
Cheng Siwei's definition is: "Virtual economy refers to the economic activities related to circular movement in which virtual capital mainly relies on the financial system, which is simply based on Qian Shengqian".
The second understanding: covering the concept of financial industry.
Wang Guogang, the financial research center of China Academy of Social Sciences, believes that in economic operation, "virtual economy" is a concept used to describe economic activities formed by holding and trading rights and interests in the form of tickets. In modern economy, it mainly refers to the financial industry. Virtual economy includes not only securities industry, capital market and money market, but also banking industry and foreign exchange market, which is a concept covering financial industry.
The third understanding: the economy of capital independence movement
The fundamental difference between this understanding and the first understanding is that it pays attention to capital and avoids "virtual capital".
Chen Huai, deputy director of the Institute of Market Economy of the State Council Development Research Center, believes that the virtual economy is the economy of capital independence movement. Capital moves independently in the form of value divorced from the real economy, which is the fundamental embodiment of the virtual attribute of the virtual economy. The foundation of the existence and development of virtual economy is property right transaction. The symbol of the high development of market economy is that property rights themselves have become the object of market transactions.
The fourth understanding: the new economy is a "virtual economy"
The reason for this view is that the starting point of the new economy is virtual space and virtual society. Television is not only a virtual living space, but also a representation of real space. In the network era, this space will not only become an important space for human survival, but also a great wealth of human society.
Question 10: What is the concept of "real economy"? Who can talk about it in a popular way? Corresponding to the virtual economy
The real economy mainly refers to the economy related to the production of tangible goods.
Virtual economy mainly refers to the monetary economy related to finance. Its products are mostly invisible services, such as bank loans.