Capitalist countries
National system
administrative power
President People's Republic of China (PRC) is the head of state, elected by universal suffrage for a term of seven years. The president promulgates laws and has the right to introduce bills and call for a referendum. He also has the right to announce the dissolution of the National Assembly after talks with the Prime Minister, the Speaker of the National Assembly and the Speaker of the Senate.
The President appoints the Prime Minister and appoints members of the government nominated by the Prime Minister.
The government should answer the questions of the National Assembly.
legislative power
Parliament consists of two houses: the National Assembly, which is elected by universal suffrage every five years; The term of office of members of the Senate is nine years, and one-third of the seats are reelected every three years.
Parliament voted to decide whether to pass laws, ratify international treaties and exercise the right to amend the Constitution granted by President People's Republic of China (PRC).
judicial power
The judiciary is independent of the executive and legislative powers.
473 courts of first instance and 186 courts of first instance are responsible for law enforcement. There are 35 courts of appeal. The Court of Final Appeal is responsible for judging whether the law has been correctly implemented. Criminal offences are tried by a felony court composed of judges and juries.
In the field of administrative justice, there are administrative courts and the highest administrative court of the country. The audit court is responsible for auditing public expenditure.
Other organizations stipulated by the Constitution.
-Constitutional Committee: Members of the Committee are appointed by President People's Republic of China (PRC), the Speaker of the National Assembly and the Speaker of the Senate respectively. The function of the Constitutional Council is to supervise elections and review the constitutionality of laws.
Economic and Social Committee: Its members are representatives of different social strata (trade unions, businessmen, various associations) or people with specific qualifications designated by the government. When bills, decrees or related plans are of an economic and social nature, the opinions of the Economic and Social Committee shall be sought.
Supreme administrative court: the highest administrative authority. The government must consult with it before drafting bills and implementing decrees.
Supreme Council of Magistrates: It is composed of magistrates and persons with specific qualifications. Chairman and Vice-Chairman of the Committee are respectively Chairman People's Republic of China (PRC) and Minister of Justice. It appoints and nominates senior judicial officials and is responsible for the disciplinary action of judicial officials.
-* * * Judicial Court of the Republic of China: Formerly the High Court, it consists of fifteen judges, who are either members of the National Assembly (65,438+02 are members of the National Assembly) or magistrates (3). The court is responsible for hearing the official acts of government members who are considered as crimes. Any individual who thinks that he has been injured by a crime or illegal act of a member of the government can file a lawsuit with the Special Appeal Board.
administration management
Pergana
France is divided into 2 1 region and Corsica. The region is governed by a regional committee, whose chairman and members are elected by universal suffrage.
province
There are 96 provinces in mainland France, in addition to four overseas provinces: GuaTrop, Martinique, Reunion and French Guiana in South America. The overseas territories include Polynesia, New Catalonia, Mayotte, Saint Pierre and Macron, Wallis and Futuna Islands, and Tel? Attlee, Coglan, crowther and Sao Paulo.
The province is governed by the General Committee, and its chairman and members are elected by universal suffrage. The governor is the representative sent by the central government to local governments. Provinces are divided into districts (including 339 overseas provinces), communities (3995) and cities (36560).
municipal authorities
Municipal management is the responsibility of the mayor with the assistance of the Municipal Committee, whose members are elected by universal suffrage.
Competitive economic system
1945— 196 1
Although France was a victorious country in the Second World War, it faced enormous economic difficulties at the end of the war: the population was only 40 million (the same as 1900), and the total industrial output value was only half of that before the war. Raw materials are extremely scarce and inflation is unprecedented.
The first three economic plans are to rebuild basic industries, promote production and prepare for international economic competition.
1962- 1975
During this period, under the supervision of the state, the economy has achieved amazing sustainable development and reached the expected plan. During this period, France's economic growth rate set an unprecedented record (the annual growth rate reached 5-6%), which brought full employment, improved living standards, consumption growth and rapid wage growth.
The next economic plan will focus on regional economic development, investment policy and social organization (reforming social insurance system and establishing universal pension).
Since 1976
Three consecutive oil crises (197, 1979, 1980) and persistent world economic turmoil have made France emphasize economic restructuring and modernization in the past two decades, resulting in a high unemployment rate (more than three million jobs have been lost in the past two decades).
Tightening government expenditure and emphasizing reducing energy consumption and developing competitive industries, research and vocational training have given France new vitality, enabling it to face the challenges of international competition, European integration and next year.
A highly diversified economic system
The French economy covers all important economic sectors: agriculture (the third largest exporter in the world and the first largest exporter in Europe), industry (the fourth largest exporter in the world and the second largest exporter in Europe) and fisheries (the fourth largest catch in Europe).
France's export trade ranks fifth in the world, and five French enterprises rank among the top 100 in the world.
agriculture
French agriculture is a modern mechanized and high-productivity production department. France's agricultural production area accounts for nearly one-third of the total area of the EU, and agricultural products account for 23% of the EU's output, half of which are livestock products (meat, milk and cheese), and the rest are cereals, sugar and processing industries.
industry
French industry includes not only a large number of traditional industrial sectors (steel, metallurgy, machinery, automobile and textile industries) that are being reorganized and automated, but also some emerging and developing technology industries (food processing, precision chemistry, aerospace industry and new materials).
French industrial production mainly depends on imported raw materials and energy, except electricity. 25% of electricity comes from domestic nuclear power plants.
service industry
The service sector (for collective and individual consumers) is playing an increasingly important role in the national economy.
Major service sectors, such as transportation, electronic communication, postal services, electricity and water, are equipped with advanced technologies in this field (micro-phones, high-speed trains and subway systems enjoy international reputation). France's tourism ranks first in Europe, which is of great significance to maintaining the balance of payments. In fact, France ranks second in the world after the United States in this "intangible export industry".
How does France view itself?
In terms of area, population and gross national product, China is not a "superpower". But France still occupies a very important position. Due to the vigorous development of high-tech enterprises, she is one of the important economic powers in the world, ranking fourth or fifth in the world in terms of exports. She is one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council with veto power and one of the permanent members of the International Monetary Fund. UNESCO is located in Paris.
From other angles, France also has a decisive influence:
-One of the Latin countries (by the year 2000, one sixth of the people in the world will be of Latin descent).
-One of the French-speaking countries. The French-speaking population in the world is10.05 billion. French has been used in some parts of America and Africa for hundreds of years.
-One of the European countries. France has good political, trade and cultural exchanges with many countries in Central and Eastern Europe. 1990- 199 1 After the political changes in the Soviet Union, these countries became stronger and stronger. More importantly, the future of France is closely linked to the fate of other 15 member countries of the Western European Union. With the establishment of the European Council and the European Parliament (elected by universal suffrage), the French people actively participated in European political life.