The excavation and evolution of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal can be roughly divided into three stages:
① Canal 1. The embryonic period of the canal. In the 10th year of the Spring and Autumn Period (486 BC), Fu Cha, the king of Wu, dug a ditch in Yangzhou to connect the Yangtze River and Huaihe River. In the Warring States period, large ditches (from Yuanyang County, Henan Province, from north to south, into Putian, east of Zhengzhou City) and gaps were dug one after another, thus connecting the Yangtze River, Huaihe River and four rivers in the economic zone.
(2) The second canal. Mainly refers to the canal system of Sui Dynasty. Taking Luoyang in the east as the center, Tongji Canal was dug in the first year of Daye (605) to directly communicate with Huanghuai traffic. Renovation of Hangou and Jiangnan Canal. In three years, Yongji Canal was dug again, leading to Zhuo Jun in the north. Coupled with the Guangtong Canal dug in 584 AD, a number of canal systems were formed.
When I arrived in (Yang Guang), it was said that in order to visit Qionghua, the city flower of Yangzhou, and to transport grain from the south to the north, a canal was dug from the Jinghuai section to the south of the Yangtze River, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers. In the Yuan Dynasty, most of the capital of the Yuan Dynasty (now Beijing) had to dig canals to transport grain from the south to the north. For this reason, three sections of rivers have been dug successively, and the horizontal canal of the Sui Dynasty with Luoyang as the center has been built into a vertical grand canal with Dadu as the center and Hangzhou as the south. The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is divided into seven sections according to its geographical location: from Beijing to Tongzhou District, it is called Tonghui River, which is 82 kilometers long; Tongzhou District to Tianjin is called the North Canal, which is 186 km long. Tianjin to Linqing is called the South Canal, which is 400 kilometers long. Linqing to Taierzhuang is called Lu Canal, which is about 500 kilometers long. Taierzhuang to Huaiyin is called the Central Canal, with a total length of 186 km. Huaiyin to Guazhou is called the Li Canal, which is about180km long. Zhenjiang to Hangzhou is called Jiangnan Canal, which is about 330 kilometers long. Yangzhou is a famous Li Canal city. When Yang Di dug a canal in Yangzhou, Yangzhou became the hub of north-south traffic. Thanks to grain transportation, it has become one of the most prosperous areas in China.
The Sui Dynasty was divided into four sections: (1) Yongji Canal (2) Tongji Canal (3) Hangou (4) Jiangnan River.
③ The third canal. Mainly refers to the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The key areas excavated in Yuan Dynasty are Sishui to Weihe and Dadu to Tongzhou in Shandong. In 18 (128 1), Jeju River was opened, with a total length of 75km from Rencheng (Jining) to Anshan (Dongping). In 26 AD (1289), Tonghe was held, with a total length of 125km, from Nankai Canal in Shanxi, from northwest Shouzhang to Linqing. In 29 AD (1292), the Huihe River was opened, introducing Pingzhushui from Xichang, Beijing to Dadoucheng, and flowing eastward to Tongzhou to join the Baihe River, with a total length of 25 kilometers. In the 30th year of Yuan Dynasty (1293), the Grand Canal was fully navigable in Yuan Dynasty, and the waterwheel could go directly from Hangzhou to Dadu, becoming the predecessor of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the whole process can be divided into seven parts:
(1) Tonghui River; (2) North Canal; (3) South Canal; (4) Lu Canal; (5) the middle canal; (6) Li Yunhe; (7) Jiangnan Canal.
The Ming and Qing dynasties maintained the foundation of the Yuan Canal, and dredged the abandoned reach in Shandong in the late Yuan Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty. From the mid-Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, canal projects such as Kaikoukou Canal, Tongji New River and Zhonghe River were carried out between Xiazhen (now Weishan County) and Qingjiangpu (now Huaiyin) in Weishan Lake, Shandong Province, and the Yuehe River was excavated between Jianghuai and realized the separation of lakes.
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, as the main artery of north-south traffic, has played a great role in history. The navigation of the canal has promoted the rapid development of coastal cities.
At present, the navigation mileage of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal is 1442 km, of which the annual navigation mileage is 877 km, mainly distributed in Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces south of the Yellow River.
Hangzhou Grand Canal, like the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, starts from Beijing in the north and reaches Hangzhou in the south, and flows through six provinces and cities: Beijing, Hebei, Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang. With a total length of 1764 km, it is ten times longer than Suez Canal and twenty times longer than Panama Canal, making it the longest artificial canal in the world.
End point, into Qiantang River.
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal flows through Tongzhou District of Beijing, wuqing district City of Tianjin, Cangzhou City, Hengshui City and Xingtai City of Hebei Province, Dezhou City, Tai 'an City, Liaocheng City, Jining City and Zaozhuang City of Shandong Province, Xuzhou City, Suqian City, Huai 'an City, Yangzhou City, Zhenjiang City, Changzhou City, Wuxi City and Suzhou City of Jiangsu Province, Jiaxing City and Hangzhou City of Zhejiang Province, and urban area/kloc-0.
Tongzhou ancient poem goes: A tower shadow recognizes Tongzhou. The burning lighthouse stands at the northern end of the Grand Canal and is a landmark building in Jingmen Tongzhou. Tianjin North Canal and South Canal meet in Tianjin, where they are sent from Haihe River to Bohai Sea. According to records, during the developed period of water transportation, the North Canal from Tianjin to Tongzhou carried 20,000 grain ships every year, with officers and men 1.2 million, including 30,000 merchant ships. The opening of the waterway has enabled the small Zhigu village to rapidly develop into a well-known "Tianjinwei".
The intersection of Zhenjiang, Yangzhou Yangtze River and Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. Liaocheng Lake and its rivers account for 1/3 of the urban area, and are called "Venice in the north of China", which is very rare in northern cities, among which the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is indispensable. Suzhou "Suzhou Lake is ripe and the world is full". The opening of the canal made Suzhou rich in water and food. At present, there are passenger routes to and from Suzhou-Hangzhou section of Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. The entrance of Huai 'an Grand Canal, under the pier of Guzhen on the east bank of the Canal, is the former residence of The Journey to the West author Wu Cheng'en.
Second, the detailed history of the Grand Canal in Hangzhou. In the past, the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal was just an artificial canal along the route. In the Sui Dynasty, because Emperor Yang Di wanted to visit the south of the Yangtze River, it was excavated and became the longest canal in the world.
Although it was originally built to satisfy the emperor's personal desires, it also objectively communicated the economic development and cultural exchanges between the north and the south.
There are many famous ancient bridges on the Canal, including Chen Gong Bridge and Guangji Bridge, which are also good tourist resources.
In the era of underdeveloped air transportation, high land transportation cost and small volume, the water transportation of the canal played a very important role, but later, many northern sections of the canal gave up the shipping function, and some places were still blocked due to age.
In recent years, the state attaches great importance to the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and the protection of canals, and has begun to organize cities along the route to declare the world cultural heritage to the United Nations, so as to clear the blocked rivers.
Our city * * * has also made great efforts to protect the canal, built a canal park along the river in the urban area, opened the water bus, built the Canal Culture Square and the Canal Museum next to the Chen Gong Bridge, and moved the district * * * there. Rebuild Shuibei Street in Tangqi in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and protect Guangji Bridge, Qianlong Imperial Monument, Water Conservancy Governor's Office, Guopujing and other historical sites.
In addition, in order to better protect the ancient canal in Hangzhou, provinces and cities. Investment has been made to open a new canal waterway from Tongxiang, and then enter Qiantang River through Linping Jiubao for freight transportation, so that the river in the urban area can be developed and protected as pure tourism, and the water quality of the canal will be improved.
3. What is the history of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal? The excavation and evolution of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal can be roughly divided into three periods: During the Spring and Autumn Period, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, dug a ditch in Yangzhou in 486 BC to connect the Yangtze River and Huaihe River.
During the Warring States period, big ditches and big gaps were dug successively, connecting the Yangtze River, Huaihe River and Economic River, but this was only the embryonic form of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. The development period of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal mainly refers to the canal system in Sui Dynasty.
Taking Luoyang in the east as the center, Tongji Canal was dug in the first year of Daye in 605 A.D., which directly communicated the traffic between Huanghuai and Jiangnan, and the Hangou and Jiangnan Canal were rebuilt. Three years later, Yongji Canal was dug, leading to Zhuo Jun in the north, and together with Guangtong Canal dug in 584 AD, a number of canal systems were formed.
The redevelopment period of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The key areas excavated in Yuan Dynasty: First, the section from Sishui to Weihe River in Shandong Province; First, most of them go to Tongzhou section.
Jeju River was opened in 128 1 year, with a total length of 75 kilometers from Rencheng (Jining City) to procedural Anshan (Dongping County). A.D. 1289 held a meeting to connect the river, from the Nankai Canal of Anshan Road, from the northwest of Shouzhang to Linqing, with a length of 125 km; The Tonghui River was opened in A.D. 1292, with water diversion from Xichang, Beijing to Dadoucheng, and from Tongzhou to Baihe in the east, with a total length of 25 kilometers. By A.D. 1293, the Grand Canal was opened to traffic in the Yuan Dynasty, and the waterwheel could reach the metropolis directly from Hangzhou, becoming the predecessor of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal.
Four. The history of Hangzhou Canal The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is the longest and largest ancient canal in the world, and it is also one of the oldest canals. Together with the Great Wall and Karez, it is also known as the three major projects in ancient China. It is a great project created by the working people in ancient China and one of the symbols of China's cultural status. The Grand Canal starts from Yuhang (now Hangzhou) in the south and ends in Zhuo Jun (now Beijing) in the north. It runs through Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shandong and Hebei provinces, Tianjin and Beijing, and runs through five major water systems, namely Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River, with a total length of about 1.797 km. The canal has played a great role in the economic and cultural development and communication between the north and the south of China, especially in the development of industrial and agricultural economy along the route. [ 1-2]
During the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Wu dug for the purpose of cutting Qi, which was greatly expanded in the Sui Dynasty and repaired to Luoyang, the capital, and even Zhuo Jun. When the Yuan Dynasty was rebuilt, it abandoned Luoyang and took Beijing. It has been dug for more than 2500 years now. In 2002, the Grand Canal was incorporated into the East Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project. 20 14 On June 22nd, the 38th World Heritage Conference announced that China's Grand Canal Project was successfully selected into the World Cultural Heritage List, becoming the 46th World Heritage Project in China.
20/kloc-in September, 2004, the water departments of Tongzhou, Wuqing and Xianghe signed a strategic cooperation agreement, and the Tongzhou-Xianghe-Wuqing section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is expected to resume navigation. It is planned to realize the initial navigation in 20 17, and officially open to navigation in 2020.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) History of Wuxi Ancient Canal Overview of Wuxi Ancient Canal Section of Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, with a total length of 1.794 km, runs through six provinces and cities including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and flows through five major water systems: Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River. The current mileage is only 83 kilometers.
2500 years ago, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, dug ditches to cut Qi.
1400 years ago, Yang Di dug the Jiangnan Canal.
1292, Yuan Shizu completed the entire line of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal.
The ancient canal section of Wuxi once crossed the urban area of Wuxi in a straight line.
1958 dig a new river from Xiadian Bridge to Laoyabang.
1976 Newly excavated river course from Laoyabang to Huangbudun.
1983 all the new rivers are open to traffic.
The section from Wuxi Wumu to Wang Ting is 40 kilometers long.
Wuxi Shuanghejian-Xiadian Bridge is 12.4km long.
Wuqiao-Ren Minqiao-Qingming Bridge in Jinghua District is about 6 kilometers long.
In the northern section of Wuxi ancient canal essence area, the river is smooth, and the rice market still exists in Sanliqiao area.
The southern section of the quintessence area of Wuxi ancient canal retains antique waterfront houses and water town customs.
Is the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal in Suzhou its present position in history? Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is one of the longest, largest and oldest canals in the world. It starts from Beijing (Zhuo Jun) in the north and ends in Hangzhou (Yuhang) in the south. It runs through Beijing and Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and runs through five major water systems, namely Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River, with a total length of about 1794 km. It has been excavated for more than 2500 years.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the canal was rectified on a large scale, which made it play a variety of roles in shipping, irrigation, flood control and drainage. /kloc-the communication project between the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal and Qiantang River, which was completed at the end of 1988, connected the rivers and seas, and formed a water transport network with Hangzhou as the center, and the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal connected the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, the Huaihe River, the Haihe River and the Qiantang River.
It has been repeatedly demonstrated that the second passage project of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal has finally started for nearly 20 years. 65438+February 18, the foundation stone was laid for the approach channel project of Babeo Lock, the second channel of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal, which means that the "second channel" has entered the construction stage from the blueprint on paper.
The transportation department said, "This second passage, with a total length of 39 kilometers and an estimated total investment of 7.75 billion yuan, is a' killer' to solve the existing traffic congestion, environmental protection and traffic function reduction of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal (Hangzhou section)."
From 1989 to 18, the "second passage" scheme of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal was put forward, and it was repeatedly demonstrated for nearly 20 years. During this long time, the transportation, port and shipping departments of Hangzhou have carried out a lot of work, such as comprehensive analysis and demonstration of the location of the "second channel" line, pre-examination, preliminary determination of the location of the line, coordination with relevant counties and cities, submission of project proposals, organization of feasibility studies and so on. There are always three schemes for the location of the "second passage": East, Middle and West.
East Line: It starts from Bolu Line in Yuhang District, Shen Hang, passes through National Highway 320, Shanghai-Hangzhou Railway, Shanghai-Hangzhou Expressway, Provincial Highway 0 1 and Hangpu Expressway, passes through Ring Expressway, Desheng Road and Xiasha Road, and enters Qiantang River near Babao.
Midline: the existing passage from Sanbao to Qiantang River through the main city of Hangzhou. Starting from Beixing Bridge, passing through Chen Gong Bridge, crossing Wulinmen Zhongshan North Road Bridge and Genshan Railway Bridge, and leaving Qiantang River from Sanbao Ship Lock;
West Line: It starts from Beixing Bridge, passes through Gouyun Road and National Road 104 in the west, passes through Sandun Ring Road and Tianmushan Road, passes through Feng Ping, and is changed to Huapailou Ring Road, and exits Longwu, Wangjiangshan and Xinpu along Fuchun River.
Seven. Pishihang Canal is the floorboard of the three adjacent irrigation areas of Pishihe River, Shihe River and Hangbu River in China.
Located in the central and western Anhui Province and the south-central Henan Province, it is located in the hilly area of Dabie Mountain, spanning the Yangtze River and Huaihe River basins, with a total area of 1.3 1.000 square kilometers. The water source of the irrigation area comes from Foziling Reservoir, xianghongdian reservoir, Mozitan Reservoir and Meishan Reservoir.
The total storage capacity is 6.6 billion cubic meters. The irrigation area started construction on 1958, irrigated farmland on 1959, and continued to build supporting facilities year by year. The project above the main canal 1987 was completed, and the project below the branch canal is still in progress.
Irrigation is the main part of this project, and there are also comprehensive utilization projects for power generation, shipping, aquaculture and urban water use, including three sources of Pi River, Shihe River and Hangbu River, two main canals of seven-level channels, 1 1 main canal, and 19 sub-main canal for cribs to squeeze out streams. Branch canal, bucket canal and agricultural canal 1.3 million, with a total length of 22,600 kilometers; There are more than 20,000 large and small canal systems; Small and medium-sized regulating reservoirs 1.066 and ponds1.000, with an effective storage capacity of 654.38+0.23 billion cubic meters; The total installed capacity of the pumping station and water replenishment station is 14 1 10,000 kilowatts. The project has realized gravity irrigation of 400,000 hectares of farmland, and the actual irrigation area has reached 580,000 hectares, which has alleviated the floods in the lower reaches of Pi River and Shihe River and the floods in the main stream of Huaihe River.
8. What are the historical sites in Hangzhou section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal? The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal gave birth to the "Eight Scenes of Hushu Villa" in Hangzhou: jathyapple in Jiacheng, Zhang Chun in Tumen, Chunhong halfway, Cui Ying in Xishan, singing in the garden, snow in Gaoting, dusk rain on Jiangqiao and baiyang village. Some old traces can still be found.
Ji Xiang Temple Stone Pagoda is the only remaining Buddhist Pagoda in Qing Dynasty in Hangzhou.
Chen Gong Bridge, a municipal cultural protection unit, is the last ancient bridge on the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. It was built in the fourth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (163 1). The bridge is 92 meters long and is a three-hole stone arch bridge. After ups and downs, its momentum is still magnificent.
There are also two municipal-level cultural protection points next to Chen Gong Bridge, and the "Customs Building" in the east is a Japanese concession after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, with a customs dock. To the west is the well-preserved private garden "Gaojiayuan" in Qing Dynasty, with pools, curved bridges and rockeries. Among them,1.200m2 "South China Building" is a two-story pavilion resting on the top of the mountain. The pavilion is beautifully carved and colorful, which is a masterpiece of private gardens in Hangzhou in the Qing Dynasty.
The Shuitianfan site was discovered in August, 1958, located in the mid-mountain area of Gongshu District, which provided valuable information for studying the economy and culture of Zhejiang in Neolithic age. 1990, the crystal cup unearthed from the Warring States Tomb in Shitang Village, Mid-Levels is the only national treasure cultural relic in Hangzhou. Due to the convenient waterway transportation, there used to be more than 30 temples in the Mid-Levels, where pilgrims from Jiangsu and Zhejiang went by boat and burned incense all the year round. Among them, the large sites of Xianning Temple and Niangniang Temple are clearly visible, with towering old trees and winding stone steps, which are fascinating.