The basic contradictions and main tasks faced by modern China: (1) Basic contradictions: the contradiction between imperialism and the Chinese nation; The contradiction between feudalism and the masses of the people (2) Main tasks: strive for national independence and people's liberation; Realize the prosperity of the country and the prosperity of the people.
Capitalist imperialism invaded China; Military aggression; Launch a war of aggression; Slaughtering the people of China; Occupy the territory of China and divide the sphere of influence; Blackmail compensation, plunder wealth. Political control: control China's internal affairs and diplomacy; Suppress the resistance of the people of China; Train and buy agents. Economic plunder: controlling China's trading ports; Deprive China of its tariff autonomy; Dumping goods and exporting capital; Manipulate the economic lifeline of China. Cultural infiltration: aggression under the guise of religion; Create public opinion for invading China.
Significance and lessons of China people's anti-aggression struggle: (1) Significance: 1. It dealt a heavy blow to the imperialists' ambition to invade China and shattered their plot to carve up and destroy China. The heroic struggle of the Chinese nation is the most fundamental reason why imperialist powers can't carve up and destroy China. Educate the people of China, inspire the national spirit of the Chinese nation, arouse the fighting spirit of the people against imperialism and feudalism, and greatly improve the national awakening consciousness of the people of China. 3. It shows the indomitable and heroic spirit of China people. 2. Lessons: 1. The decadent rule of the Qing dynasty must be overthrown, the feudal system must be overthrown, and the national anti-imperialist struggle and the class anti-feudal struggle must be unified. We must strengthen our comprehensive national strength, and pay special attention to the improvement of economic and technological level and combat capability.
The second chapter is the early exploration of the country's way out.
The significance of the peasant war in Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the reasons and lessons of its failure: (1) Significance: 1. It dealt a heavy blow to the feudal ruling class, strongly impacted the ruling foundation of the Qing government and accelerated the decline of the Qing Dynasty. 4. It is the highest peak of the old peasant war and has new historical characteristics different from the previous peasant war. 3. It impacted the orthodox authority of Confucius and Confucian classics and weakened the spiritual pillar of feudal rule to some extent. It has effectively dealt a blow to foreign aggression. In the Asian national liberation movement in the middle of19th century, the Taiping Rebellion was the longest, largest and most influential. It merged with the national liberation movements of Asian countries and impacted the rule of western colonialists in Asia. (2) Reasons for failure: A. Subjectively, the class limitations of the peasant class itself: it is impossible to fundamentally put forward complete and correct politics. Unable to stop and overcome the growth of corruption in the leadership itself; It is impossible to maintain the unity of the leading bodies for a long time. 4. It is not a scientific theory to mobilize the masses by religious organizations, but to worship God. It not only failed to guide the war correctly, but also tried to replace the efforts of the peasant uprising army with illusory power, which brought harm to the peasant war. 3. We failed to treat Confucianism correctly, to distinguish the invaders from the masses in western countries, and to have a rational understanding of the western aggressors. B objectively speaking, Chinese and foreign reactionary forces colluded to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. (3) Lessons: In semi-colonial and semi-feudal China, farmers have great revolutionary potential. However, it can not shoulder the heavy responsibility of anti-imperialist and anti-feudal victory, and a simple peasant war can not complete the historical task of striving for national independence and people's liberation. The nature of Westernization Movement and the reasons and lessons of its failure: (1) Nature: Westernization Movement is a self-help reform movement implemented by Westernization School in order to safeguard the feudal rule of Qing Dynasty, which is both progressive and backward. (2) Failure reason: 1. The Westernization Movement was feudal, which was the defect of the guiding ideology of "Chinese style and western use". 4. External dependence. 3. The management of westernization enterprises is decadent-feudal management. (3) Lesson: The landlord class cannot shoulder the historical responsibility of China's modernization.
The significance of the Reform Movement of 1898 and the reasons and lessons of its failure: (1) Significance: 1. This is a patriotic national salvation movement. At the critical moment of national peril, the reformists held high the banner of saving the nation from extinction and demanded the development of capitalism through political reform. The political practice and ideological theory of the reformists not only run through the strong spirit of patriotism, but also promote the awakening of the Chinese nation. ⒉? It is a bourgeois political reform movement and enlightenment thought. 13. The Reform Movement of 1898 not only created a new situation in ideological enlightenment and cultural education, but also put forward many new viewpoints in social customs. (2) Reasons for failure: mainly due to the limitations of the reformists themselves and the opposition of the powerful conservative forces headed by Empress Dowager Cixi. The limitations of the reformists themselves are highlighted as follows: First, they dare not deny feudalism. Politically, they dare not fundamentally deny the feudal monarchy. Economically, although they demanded the development of capitalism, they did not touch the feudal economic base-feudal land ownership. Secondly, I have illusions about imperialist newspapers. Third, fear the people. They are not only divorced from the people, but also afraid and even hostile to them. Therefore, the movement failed to win the support of the people. (3) Lessons: 1. Exposed the weakness of the national bourgeoisie in China. 4. Explain that in semi-colonial and semi-feudal old China, it is not feasible to try to improve the top-down road by rule. In order to strive for national independence, democracy and prosperity, we must overthrow the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social system under the joint rule of imperialism and feudalism by revolutionary means.
Chapter three: The Revolution of 1911 and the end of absolute monarchy.
Necessity, Justice and Progressiveness of China Revolution: (Debate between Revolutionaries and Reformers) (1) Necessity: 1. China's feudal forces were deeply rooted, and the Qing government became a tool for imperialism to rule China. Therefore, only through revolution can national independence and social progress be achieved. The imperialist aggression against China was too tight and too deep. They don't want China to be rich and strong, and they don't want China to change the status quo through improvement. 3. The weakness of improvement itself and the mistakes in the process of improvement. (2) Justice: People's efforts and even sacrifices in the revolutionary process have been compensated, in exchange for historical progress. Destruction and construction are two aspects of revolution. (3) Progressiveness: It has liberated people's minds and promoted positive changes in society, economy and ideological habits. The theory of the Three People's Principles mainly includes nationalism, civil rights and people's livelihood. Nationalism includes "expelling the Tatars and restoring China", demanding the national liberation of China, equality of all ethnic groups and opposing the imperialist colonial policy. The content of civil rights (political revolution) is to "establish the Republic of China", demanding the overthrow of feudal monarchy and the establishment of a bourgeois democratic Republic. People's livelihood (social revolution) requires equal land rights, land to the tiller and capital constraints.
Significance, failure reasons and lessons of the Revolution of 1911: (1) Significance: The Revolution of 1911 was a great bourgeois-democratic revolution in China's modern history, with far-reaching historical significance. (1) overthrew the feudal monarchy, established a bourgeois republic, and made the concept of democratic republic deeply rooted in people's hearts. (2) Overthrow the Qing Dynasty and deal a heavy blow to imperialist aggression. ③ It has created favorable conditions for the development of national capitalism. ④ It had a wide influence on the national liberation movement in modern Asian countries. (5) bring people ideological liberation. ⑥ New positive changes have taken place in social economy, ideological habits and social customs. (2) Reasons for failure: A, Fundamentally speaking, it is because in the imperialist era, in semi-colonial and semi-feudal China, the capitalist plan for nation-building was not feasible. Imperialism colluded with big landlords, comprador, old bureaucrats and constitutionalists represented by Yuan Shikai to stifle the revolution from outside and inside. B, its leader, the bourgeois revolutionary faction, has many weaknesses and mistakes subjectively: it has not put forward a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary program; Can not fully mobilize and rely on the people; It is impossible to establish a powerful revolutionary party as a powerful core to unite all revolutionary forces. (3) Lesson: The plan of the bourgeois republic failed to save China, and the advanced China people need to make new explorations and seek a new way out for China. The great changes in the modern history of China caused by the Revolution of 1911 = the significance of the Revolution of 1911.
Chapter iv epoch-making events
Why and how China's advanced elements chose Marxism: (1) Struggle Practice-China's choice of Marxism is the inevitable result of the historical development of China's advanced people's exploration of the truth of saving the country and the people from the west in modern times. The efforts of the peasant class, the Westernization School, the reformists and the revolutionaries failed one after another. (2) Ideological enlightenment-the result of the ideological enlightenment of the May 4th New Culture Movement; Three debates finally established the guiding ideology position of Marxism in China Revolution. (3) Class foundation-The growth and struggle of the working class around the May 4th Movement provided class foundation and realistic demand for China to choose Marxism. (4) External influence-the influence of "World War I": "World War I" fully exposed the internal contradictions of the capitalist system, and Chinese people had doubts about the capitalist plan; (5) The promotion of the October Revolution in Russia: The October Revolution showed the people of China lost in hesitation and depression a new ideal goal and a plan for the founding of the country, that is, taking the Russian road and building socialism. The founding of China is an epoch-making event: (1) The China Revolution has a strong leadership core, and the people of China have a reliable organizer and leader. Since then, the revolution in China has continued to develop, from the democratic revolution to the socialist revolution. ? (2) The China Revolution has scientific guiding ideology. China * * * combined Marxism with the concrete practice of China revolution, formulated the correct revolutionary program and struggle strategy, and pointed out the goal of struggle and the road to victory. (3) The China Revolution was endowed with a new revolutionary method, which linked the China Revolution with the world proletarian revolution and provided an objective possibility for the China Revolution to obtain extensive international assistance and avoid capitalism.
May 4th Movement: It is a patriotic movement of China people against imperialism and feudalism, which broke out on May 4th 19 19. The May 4th Movement was the end of the old democratic revolution and the beginning of the new democratic revolution in China. (1) Historical characteristics: it is characterized by the thoroughness of anti-imperialism and feudalism; This is a real mass movement; It promoted the spread of Marxism in China and its combination with the workers' movement in China. This is a resolute anti-imperialist and anti-feudal people's movement initiated by students and expanded by workers. (2) Background: the spread of new ideas and the development of associations; Anti-Japanese and national humiliation since the early years of the Republic of China; The development of the industrial and commercial class during the First World War; Strong opposition from the people.
After the founding of China, China's revolution took on a new look: (1) The anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolutionary program was put forward for the first time, which pointed out a clear goal for the people of China. (2) Mobilizing the workers and peasants to carry out revolutionary struggle, which set off the first climax of the workers' movement in China. At the same time, China began to mobilize farmers, and the peasant movement flourished. (3) The cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party played a leading role in the cooperation, which set off the climax of the Great Revolution and overthrew the rule of the Northern Warlords.
Significance, causes and lessons of the Great Revolution: (1) Significance: basically overthrew the reactionary rule of Beiyang warlords and dealt a heavy blow to imperialist aggression; Propaganda * * * program, expand the influence of the party among the masses; The party began to master some revolutionary armed forces; After being baptized by a revolution, the broad masses of the people laid the foundation for the development of the China revolution. (2) Reasons for failure: the reactionary forces at home and abroad were too strong, the Kuomintang Rightists rebelled against the revolution, and the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was destroyed; * * * gave up the leadership of the revolution. (3) Lesson: If the Party wants the people to win the revolution, it must uphold the leadership of the proletariat over the revolution, master the armed forces of the revolution and persist in armed struggle.
Chapter V The New Road of China Revolution
The political nature of the famous party: a political party controlled by the reactionary clique representing the interests of the landlord class and the comprador big bourgeoisie.
Necessity and possibility of seizing political power by encircling cities from rural areas: (1) Necessity: The revolutionary road of encircling cities from rural areas and seizing political power by armed forces is determined by the specific characteristics of the China revolution. The enemies of the China Revolution have occupied the developed big cities in China, holding political power and wealth, and holding a huge reactionary army. On the other hand, our revolutionary ranks are relatively weak, we have no political power, and we don't have enough armed forces to oppose the reactionaries. These decide that we can't seize power by urban riots like the October Revolution of the Soviet Union, and we must find our own revolutionary road. (2) possibility: 1. Political and economic development is unbalanced; (2) considerable strength; (3) The firm organization and correct policies of the Red Army; (4) the influence of the first revolutionary civil war; (5) The continuous development of the national revolutionary situation; (1) Zunyi Conference was the turning point of life and death of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and China revolutions; (1) criticized the mistakes of Bo Gu Kailai and Li De in military command, and actually ended the "Left" dogmatism and adventurism represented by Wang Ming. (2) Reorganized the central leading body, established Mao Zedong's leading position in the Red Army and the CPC Central Committee, and began to form the correct leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Mao Zedong at the core. (3) This is the first time that China has independently applied the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism to solve his own line, principles and policies. This marks the beginning of China's political maturity. Zunyi Conference established the correct leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Mao Zedong at the core, saved the Red Army, the Party and the China Revolution, and was a turning point in the history of China. (Significance) The connotation of the Long March spirit: put the fundamental interests of the people of the whole country and the Chinese nation above all else, strengthen the ideals and beliefs of the revolution, and firmly believe that the just cause will surely win; In order to save the country and the people, I am not afraid of any difficulties and obstacles, and I will spare no effort; Adhere to the spirit of independence, seeking truth from facts and proceeding from reality; The spirit of taking the overall situation into consideration, strict discipline and close unity; Rely on the masses closely, live and die with the people, share weal and woe, and work hard.
Setbacks in the Agrarian Revolutionary War: Reasons: Not good at combining Marxism-Leninism with China comprehensively and correctly; Comintern challenged and misled China's internal affairs; After the August 7th meeting, there has always been a strong "Left" sentiment in the Party, which has never been seriously cleaned up. Left-leaning cadres have mastered the leadership.
Chapter VI War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression of the Chinese nation
Serious crimes committed by the Japanese invaders: creating a terrible massacre ("Nanjing Massacre", "Three Lights" policy, bacterial ejectors, vivisection, comfort women); Crazy plundering of China's resources and wealth; Implement slavery education.
All-round Anti-Japanese War Line and Protracted War Policy: (1) Line: All-round National Anti-Japanese War Line, that is, People's War Line. (Farmers are the main force of the democratic revolution) (2) Policy:1From May to June, 938, Mao Zedong published "On protracted war", refuting the theory of national subjugation and the theory of quick victory. From resources and the nature of war.
The strategic position and role of guerrilla warfare: 1. In the stage of strategic defense, from the overall point of view, the regular war on the front battlefield of the Kuomintang is the main one, and guerrilla warfare behind the enemy lines is the auxiliary one. In the stage of strategic stalemate, guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines became the main mode of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. 2. The extensive development of guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines has played a key role in stopping the Japanese attack, reducing the pressure on the frontal battlefield, making the war enter a stalemate stage, and also preparing conditions for the People's Army to carry out strategic counterattacks.
China people's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's position in the world anti-fascist war: War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and China are important parts of the world anti-fascist war and the main battlefields in the East. China persisted in the protracted war, resisted and contained the main force of the Japanese army, greatly reducing the pressure on other anti-fascist battlefields. It provided a large number of strategic materials for the allies.
The significance, reasons and basic experience of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory: (1) Significance: 1. The victory of China people's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression completely defeated the Japanese invaders, defended China's national sovereignty and territorial integrity, and saved the Chinese nation from colonial slavery. 2. The victory of China people's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression promoted the awakening of the Chinese nation, and made the spiritual progress and organizational progress of China people reach an unprecedented height. The victory of China people's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression promoted the great unity of the Chinese nation and carried forward the great spirit of the Chinese nation. 4. The victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the people of China, had a great influence on the great cause of winning the anti-fascist war and safeguarding world peace. (2) Reasons for victory: 1 and China * * * played a mainstay role in the national war of resistance. 2. China people's great national awakening, unprecedented national unity and heroic national struggle were the decisive factors for China people's victory in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. 3. The victory of China people's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression cannot be separated from the sympathy and support of all peace-loving and justice-loving countries and peoples, international organizations and various anti-fascist forces. (3) Basic experience: 1. The great unity of the people of all ethnic groups in China is the source of strength for the people of China to overcome all difficulties and achieve their goals. 2. The great national spirit with patriotism as the core is the spiritual driving force for the Chinese nation to forge ahead in unity. 3. Improving the comprehensive national strength is the basic guarantee for the Chinese nation to stand among the nations in the world. 4. China people love peace and oppose aggressive war, but at the same time they are not afraid of war. Only by adhering to the leadership of China can the Chinese nation defend its right to subsistence and development and create a bright future.
China is the mainstay of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the people of China 1. China * * * actively advocated, promoted and maintained the anti-Japanese United front, mobilized the military and civilians of the whole country to fight together, and became an outstanding organizer and inspiration to unite the anti-Japanese forces of the whole nation. 3. The people of China, led by Mao Zedong, combined the basic principles of Marxism–Leninism with the concrete practice of China, and founded and developed Mao Zedong Thought. He formulated and implemented a set of strategies and policies for War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, and put forward the strategic idea of lasting war of resistance, which played an important role in the victory of the war of resistance. [13] China * * * opened up the battlefield behind enemy lines through guerrilla warfare, established anti-Japanese base areas, contained and eliminated a large number of effective forces of the Japanese army, reduced the pressure on the frontal battlefield, and prepared conditions for War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's strategic counterattack. 4. China * * people supported the hope of saving the nation with their most dedicated patriotism and exemplary actions without fear of bloodshed and sacrifice, and became national pioneers to win the victory of the Anti-Japanese War.
Fight for the new China.
The reasons why the Kuomintang regime was surrounded were: (1) autocratic rule and official corruption, which caused great losses to the country and seriously lost the people's hearts. (2) implement the civil war policy against the people and oppose the people's urgent desire for rest and peaceful nation-building. The reason and basic experience of the victory of China revolution: (1) reason: it has profound social roots and solid mass base: workers, peasants and urban petty bourgeoisie are the main forces of the democratic revolution; Democratic parties and Democrats without party affiliation, patriotic intellectuals of ethnic minorities and overseas Chinese have all played an active role in this struggle; Have the leadership of China, the vanguard of the working class in China; The support of the international proletariat and people. (2) Basic experience: establishing a broad United front; Adhere to the revolutionary armed struggle; Strengthen * * * self-construction. The establishment of the People's Republic is the choice of history and people: (1) After the Opium War, the national salvation movements of the peasant class, the landlord class and the national bourgeoisie all failed. (2) Marxism was later combined with China's national conditions to form Mao Zedong Thought. Under the leadership of this guiding ideology, the people of China finally won national independence.
Chapter VIII Establishment of the Socialist System in China
The institutional choice of modernization after the founding of New China: simultaneous socialist industrialization and socialist transformation; agricultural cooperative movement; Implement a redemption policy for capitalist industry and commerce; Establish the basic socialist system in an all-round way;
The inevitability of the general line in the transitional period is put forward: ① the socialist state-owned economy is relatively strong, which is the main basis for realizing national industrialization. The capitalist economy is weak and difficult to develop, and it can't be the basis of China's industrial take-off. (3) Socialist transformation of individual agriculture is a necessary condition to ensure industrial development and realize national industrialization. (4) The international environment at that time also prompted China to choose the socialist road. (The general line in the transitional period means: "The general line and task of the Party in this transitional period is to gradually realize the socialist industrialization of the country and the socialist transformation of agriculture, rival industries and capitalist industry and commerce.". )
The objective inevitability of 1 1. China * * and its influence on China revolution.
Objective inevitability: the rise of China is the objective requirement of China's revolutionary development;
First, the enemies of the China Revolution are extremely powerful. In order to defeat this enemy, the revolutionary camp needs strong leaders and organizers.
Second, in the face of an extremely powerful enemy, the weak China national bourgeoisie and its political party cannot lead the China revolution to victory.
It is precisely because the national bourgeoisie in China and its political parties can't work that China's revolution can win and China's society can have a bright future. Therefore, we cannot rely on the leadership of the bourgeoisie and its political parties, but must rely on the leadership of the new revolutionary class and its political parties. China's working-class political party, China, was founded to meet the requirements of the China Revolution.
Influence on China Revolution:
(1) Formulate a revolutionary program and launch the workers and peasants movement;
(2) The cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party set off the climax of the Great Revolution and prepared the necessary conditions for pushing the China Revolution to a new stage-the Agrarian Revolutionary War.
12. Mao Zedong Thought has formed a symbol.
10, Mao Zedong wrote an article "A single spark can start a prairie fire". It marks the basic formation of the revolutionary road theory that rural areas surround cities and seize political power by armed forces. The theory of encircling cities from rural areas and seizing political power by armed forces was put forward, which marked the initial formation of Mao Zedong Thought.
14. the road to the new democratic revolution (enlightenment)
In the revolution, we must correct our ideological line, oppose dogmatism and implement the principle of combining Marxism-Leninism with China. We must realize the unity of subjectivity and objectivity, theory and practice, cognition and action in specific history, and oppose all "left" or "right" wrong ideas that leave specific history.
15.the causes of persistent left-leaning mistakes in the party in the 1920s and 1930s
(1) since the August 7th meeting, the strong "Left" sentiment in the Party has never been seriously cleaned up, and the Comintern dares to make mistakes in China's internal affairs.
(2) The Party's Marxist theory is not fully prepared, its theoretical accomplishment is not high, and its practical experience is also lacking. I don't understand the historical and social conditions in China, the characteristics and laws of the China revolution, and I don't have a unified understanding of the theory of Marxism-Leninism and the practice of the China revolution, that is, I am not good at comprehensively and correctly combining Marxism-Leninism with China.
(3) Wang Ming and others undermined the party's democratic centralism, suppressed inner-party democracy, engaged in sectarianism, and adopted the policy of "cruel struggle" and "ruthless attack" against comrades who insisted on correct opinions but did not agree, so that the "Left" dogmatism mistakes could not be corrected in time.
16. The route, principles and policies of the Communist Party of China (CPC)'s agrarian revolution during the democratic revolution.
Line: Resolutely rely on poor peasants and farm labourers, unite with middle peasants, restrict rich peasants, protect small and medium-sized enterprises and eliminate the landlord class.
Policy: Divide the land according to the average population based on the township, and on the basis of the original cultivated land, implement pumping more to make up for less and pumping fertilizer to make up for thinness.
Specific process: 1928- 12 years, Mao Zedong presided over the formulation of the first land law in the history of China, which affirmed farmers' right to acquire land through revolutionary means for the first time in the form of legislation. 1929 in April, Mao Zedong presided over the formulation of the second land law in Xingguo, which changed "confiscation of all land" to "confiscation of all public land and land of the landlord class", thus protecting the interests of middle peasants from infringement. 193 1 February, Mao Zedong further summed up the experience of the agrarian revolution in the base areas and asked the workers' and peasants' democratic governments at all levels to issue an announcement, clearly stipulating that the fields that farmers have already shared are privately owned by farmers and can be rented and bought independently, and others shall not infringe upon them; The products produced, except the land tax paid to the government, are privately owned by farmers and can be bought and sold freely.
17. the Communist Party of China (CPC)'s strategy towards the middle forces during the Anti-Japanese War.
The middle forces mainly refer to the national bourgeoisie, enlightened gentlemen and local power groups. The Communist Party of China (CPC) adopted the strategy of wooing local power groups. The specific ways are: (1) develop and expand * * * to make it have enough strength; (2) respect their interests; (3) We must resolutely fight against the die-hards and win gradually.
18. The positive role of the Kuomintang army in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression
From the Lugouqiao Incident in July 1937 to the fall of Wuhan in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression 1938/0/0, China was in the stage of strategic defense. At this stage, the frontal battlefield with the Kuomintang army as the main body took on the main task of resisting the Japanese strategic attack, and organized a series of major battles such as the Battle of Songhu, the Battle of Xinkou, the Battle of Xuzhou and the Battle of Wuhan. The Kuomintang's anti-Japanese war in the frontal battlefield was more active, which caused certain consumption to the Japanese aggressors.
In the stage of strategic stalemate, several major battles were fought, and the southwest and northwest rear areas were basically preserved.
19. Anti-Japanese National United Front
When the national anti-Japanese national salvation movement was on the rise, China put forward the anti-Japanese national united front in time.
1936 in the first half of the year, China made a breakthrough in the United front work of the Northeast Army headed by Zhang Xueliang and the 17th Route Army headed by Yang Hucheng, and the two sides stopped hostilities. 1936 In May, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China released "Armistice and United Anti-Japanese War", abandoned the anti-Chiang anti-Japanese slogan, and publicly took Chiang Kai-shek as the joint object for the first time. In September, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued instructions within the Party, clearly stating that the Party's general policy is to "force Chiang Kai-shek to resist Japan".
After the peaceful settlement of the Xi Incident, Chiang Kai-shek made a speech, which actually recognized the legal status of * * * *. The anti-Japanese national United front based on the second cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was formally formed. Furthermore, people from all walks of life in China participated in the anti-Japanese national united front in different forms and participated in the national war of resistance.
China was convinced that only by mobilizing and relying on the masses can we persist in the war of resistance and make the victory of the war of resistance a victory for the people. Therefore, from the beginning, he advocated the people's war line of all-round resistance to Japan and emphasized the need to uphold the leading position of the proletariat in the United front.
In the United front, China adheres to the principle of independence, which is both unified and independent. In essence, the purpose of doing this is to win China's leadership over War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and make itself the backbone of uniting the whole nation in the war of resistance. This is the central link of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory.
In order to uphold, expand and consolidate the anti-Japanese national united front, China summed up the experience of the struggle against "friction" and formulated the general policy of "developing progressive forces, winning over the middle forces and isolating the die-hard forces".
The proposal and implementation of China's above-mentioned principles and policies is of great significance for the whole nation to persist in the war of resistance to the end.
2 1. Chongqing negotiation
In order to strive for peace and democracy, regardless of personal safety, Mao Zedong joined forces with Zhou Enlai and Wang Ruofei in August 1945 to negotiate with the Kuomintang authorities. 10/0/0 10, the two sides signed the minutes of talks between the government and representatives of the Chinese communist party, that is, the October 10 agreement, which defined the basic policy of peaceful nation-building and agreed to "long-term cooperation and resolutely avoid civil war." 1946 65438+1October 10, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party issued a truce order, which realized the truce between the two sides.
22. Reasons for the rapid collapse of the Kuomintang government after War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory.
(1) Before the war, the Kuomintang ruling clique destroyed the agreement of the China People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), stifled the people's eager desire for peaceful nation-building and put themselves on the opposite side of the people. At the same time, China's efforts for peace and democracy have enhanced people's understanding of China and won political victory. In addition, the people of China have won a temporary peace for nearly a year through their efforts. This also provides favorable conditions for expanding and consolidating the liberated areas and preparing for the war of self-defense.
(2) In wartime, the war of the People's Liberation Army has the nature of a patriotic and just revolution militarily, and it will surely win the support of the people of the whole country and have the political basis for defeating Chiang Kai-shek. In order to repel the Kuomintang's military attack on the liberated areas, our party has established the broadest United front politically and adopted the operational policy of concentrating superior forces and annihilating the enemy one by one militarily. Therefore, the war situation is developing in a direction that is more and more favorable to us and unfavorable to the enemy, gradually forming the overall situation of the People's Liberation Army's strategic offensive nationwide, and then launching a general attack to defeat the Kuomintang.
(3) In wartime, the land system reform carried out by China * * * made the peasants, the most important people in China, further realize that China * * * was a staunch defender of his own interests, thus consciously uniting around the party, laying a deep mass foundation for defeating Chiang Kai-shek and establishing a new China. On the contrary, the Kuomintang implemented a civil war policy against the people, which violated the people's urgent desire to recuperate and build a country peacefully. Imposing heavy taxes on the people and issuing paper money without restriction made people of all walks of life in trouble, forced people of all walks of life to unite, formed a people's democratic movement led by students, became the second front to cooperate with the people's liberation war, and accelerated the collapse of Kuomintang rule.