Huizhou culture always has a charm! With a legend! How is Huizhou culture formed? How did it develop?
Unique cultural and geographical environment
hill
Huizhou is located among thousands of mountains, with rugged valleys and looming peaks. Although the mountains and rivers are beautiful and the scenery is excellent, "its land is narrow but not ocean, and its soil columns are rigid but not chemical." Known as "seven mountains, one water, one field, one road, one manor".
mankind
Huizhou people have been diligent in cutting mountains for generations, not afraid of hardships and dangers, and work hard. Huizhou people have more and more perseverance, cultivate temperament and create spirit.
water
The spirituality of Huizhou landscape is transformed into the character of Huizhou people. Zhu Yugui, the magistrate of Xiuning County in the Southern Song Dynasty, said, "The mountains are steep and sharp, and the water is clear and exciting. Therefore, people who cherish their own anger and eat their own soil in order to survive should not be too rigid in their emotional habits and be too eager for success. But a gentleman should regard this as a lofty festival, especially ashamed of injustice. "
"The geographical environment has many influences on Huizhou people's character, and the most prominent one is to give Huizhou people a rigid temperament. Or be arrogant and strive to be a long man; Or just like fighting, it is difficult to convince, but easy to win by reason. Its officials, upright and upright, are mostly suggestions; As a scholar, he relies on space, thinks independently and has many original opinions. It is the special geographical environment in mountainous areas that has created the bones of Huizhou people and their personalities.
The fusion of cultures has created Huizhou culture.
Before the Qin and Han Dynasties, the people living in Huizhou were mainly Shanyue people. Shanyue people take logging as their profession, slash and burn, and are brave and good at fighting, for the sake of Shan Ye farming culture. In a big way, it belongs to South Vietnamese culture, one of the sources of Chinese civilization. On the other hand, Huizhou has been divided into two counties since Qin Dynasty, and Chinese culture in the Central Plains began to infiltrate.
In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, families in the Central Plains migrated to Huizhou. In the history of China, whenever dynasties changed, there was always turmoil. People were forced to move their families. For example, the famous Yongjia Rebellion at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Huang Chao Rebellion at the end of the Tang Dynasty, and the Song and Jin Wars all caused these great disturbances, and a large number of northern scholars moved into Huizhou. After the emblem was moved, aristocratic families still lived together, attached importance to education and advocated elegance, which brought the civilization of the Central Plains.
With the population reproduction and ethnic expansion, the gentry who moved into Huizhou became the main residents of Huizhou.
During this period, some literati who served as county chiefs were famous ministers, such as Ren of Nanliang? P, where's Xu? See tenon? Hey? In other words, it is difficult for you to protect yourself. Noon? What about the little S? Sex? Curtains, what's wrong with you? 4. What is the burden? Sex? What wooden legs?
Lu Wen, a Tang Dynasty man, said, "There are many camels in the land, but it is difficult to count them.": Luo Ou refers to the Yue people; Difficult to manage refers to Huizhou people who are competitive in litigation. Huizhou is famous for its refractory treatment, and there were still such records until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This shows that the influence of Shanyue culture has always existed. In the intersection of two different cultures, collision and conflict are inevitable, but more are blending and convergence.
This integration is two-way. The Central Plains culture strongly influences Shanyue culture and urges it to be refined. Shanyue culture also deeply penetrated into the Central Plains culture, making it tend to be vigorous.
In the basic spirit of Huizhou culture, the Confucian tradition of attaching importance to education, advocating refined social atmosphere and maintaining ethnic clan concept obviously has the characteristics of Central Plains culture. Its vigorous and enterprising consciousness, the fighting spirit of Anhui camels and the open atmosphere of outward expansion all reflect the elements of Shanyue culture.
Huizhou culture not only embodies the elegance of Central Plains culture, but also permeates the strong temperament of Shanyue culture. Central Plains culture and Shanyue culture complement each other. From Qin and Han Dynasties to Sui and Tang Dynasties, after a long period of cross-integration, the unique Huizhou culture was formed as a result.
Large-scale immigration activities and the cultural integration promoted by the unique geographical environment in mountainous areas have given birth to a unique Huizhou culture. Its basic spirit, such as Confucian tradition of worshipping and attaching importance to education, vigorous and enterprising consciousness, open atmosphere of outward expansion, hard-working Huizhou camel spirit, etc., constitutes the main body and core of Huizhou culture.
These cultural factors have had a great and far-reaching impact on the development of Huizhou, making Huizhou stand out from a high starting point.
In Song Dynasty, private ownership of land developed further, commodity economy was very prosperous, and overseas trade was quite prosperous. With the shift of economic center of gravity to the south, Huizhou's status has been greatly improved.
Although Huizhou is not in the core of Jiangnan Delta, it is not far from Hangzhou. "Its land is connected with Hangmu Xuanrao, and there is no way to go." After the Song Dynasty moved south, "Zhongxing was actually an auxiliary county, which was bred in the four dynasties, with more and more teeth, larger geographical location and more and more manpower." Auxiliary county, namely the county of Jifu. Huizhou undoubtedly belonged to the most developed economic and cultural circle in Jiangnan at that time. Subsequently, with the further development of economy and culture, Huizhou's position in the national economic and cultural development coordinates has become increasingly prominent and more important.
The formation and development of Huizhou culture is not limited to Huizhou. As Hu Shi said, for Hui people, there are so-called small Huizhou and big Huizhou. Small Huizhou refers to Huizhou native land, while big Huizhou refers to the vast space outside Huizhou in China and even overseas. Huizhou culture not only develops in Huizhou, but also is active in China. The narrowness of Huizhou native land has contributed to the outward expansion of Huizhou people.
At first, it was a last resort, and later it became a social fashion. Hui people have established extensive contacts and exchanges with the outside world through business, imperial examination, official career, study tour and immigration.
It reached its climax in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
This kind of communication influences and complements each other. In this exchange, Huizhou has gathered the wealth of the world economically and gained the ethos of five parties culturally. Huizhou merchants buy houses in all directions, ranking first in the world. Huizhou people go to all parts of the country for business and study. The distinctive and unique Huizhou culture has also spread all over the world and blossomed everywhere.
Huizhou became the gathering place and radiation center of economic and cultural development in that era. The formation, development and prosperity of Huizhou culture make full use of the vast stage of Great Huizhou, on which Great Huizhou depends.
The imperial examination system, which rose in Sui and Tang Dynasties, also entered the stage of all-round development in Song Dynasty. The rulers of the Song Dynasty made great efforts to recruit talents and talents, making it the main means of selecting officials. Huizhou people seized this historical opportunity in time with their cultural advantages, and the number of people entering the imperial examination increased greatly. The latest research results show that the total number of Hui people in the Song Dynasty was 86 1, while it was only 10 in the Tang and Five Dynasties. In the Song Dynasty, more than 30 Hui people held four or more official positions. The so-called "after Song Xing, many famous officials came forth in large numbers" is also true. Huizhou people first achieved political rise.
The prosperity of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty pushed Confucianism to a new stage, which was a milestone in the history of China's ideological and cultural development. Neo-Confucianism originated from Zhou Dunyi, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi and others in the Northern Song Dynasty, and was concentrated in Zhu in the Southern Song Dynasty. Zhu's Neo-Confucianism even influenced East Asia and spread widely in Europe. Zhu, whose ancestral home is Huizhou, has a far-reaching influence on Huizhou.
After the development of Yuan Dynasty, Xin 'an Neo-Confucianism School was formed. "Zhu Xi's learning is all over the world, but the people of Xin 'an are familiar with it, detailed and solid. "Huizhou people have become a model of practicing Neo-Confucianism. Huizhou was originally "the state of mulberry in Zhu Cheng", "Wuyuan has Zhuzi, Youzhou has Mencius and Qufu has Confucius". Huizhou has been called "Queli, Zhu Cheng" and "Southeast Zou Lu" since the Southern Song Dynasty, when it was given the title of "Duke Queli, Wuyuan" in the fifth year of the Spring Festival (1269). That is to say, Huizhou is the birthplace of Confucian representatives in the late feudal society of China, and its status is self-evident.
After the Song Dynasty, Huizhou ushered in another historical development opportunity, that is, the prosperity of commodity economy. Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, especially after the middle of Ming Dynasty, the commodity economy has developed remarkably. This is a new peak in the development of ancient commodity economy in China. Its remarkable characteristics are: the commercialization of major livelihood products has increased; Developing long-distance trafficking trade; The increase of commercial roads and new commercial towns; The rise of big commercial capital, and so on. To sum up, it is the formation of a national market. The development of commodity economy and the formation of national market in Ming and Qing Dynasties provided a broad stage for the rise of Huizhou merchants. However, the development of commodity economy was only an objective condition, and people had roughly the same opportunities at that time.
Then, why did history choose Huizhou people, and finally Huizhou merchants dominated the world? This is closely related to Huizhou culture. In the era of agriculture-oriented and relocation, we must first overcome the concept of sticking to our hometown when going out to do business. It is not easy for Huizhou people to achieve "thirteen fourteen, forget it" and dare to go out to do business and become a fashion. This open spirit of outward expansion shows the characteristics of Huizhou culture. Of course, Huizhou people have the geographical conditions to go out to do business, but also to make a living because of the mountains and fields. But in the Ming dynasty, many people fled because of famine and corvee. These people are beggars, helpers and slaves, and more people are wandering around, which is difficult to control. They were called "refugees" in history.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, refugees were always a major social problem that could not be solved. Huizhou people mainly engage in business activities when they go out, and have achieved great success. This is because Huizhou culture emphasizes education, which is very developed. "Ten households and one village, study is not wasted", and there is a teacher-student relationship.
It is the popularization of education that prepares the necessary conditions for doing business. Needless to say, it is difficult to go out to do business without literacy. Even small and medium-sized businessmen should have certain cultural knowledge. As for those wealthy businessmen and tycoons who engage in commercial activities and manage large-scale commercial capital in the national market environment, they need higher cultural literacy. Many Huizhou merchants were originally Confucianists. They are called Confucian businessmen because they are good at Confucianism. As Dai Zhen said, the Hui people "are good people, but they are salty and close to the scholar style".
Undoubtedly, the unique culture of Huizhou merchants played an important role in the rise of Huizhou merchants. Huizhou clans also have an open side, which provides strong support for the commercial activities of Huizhou merchants. They raised funds to provide capital for Huizhou merchants to start businesses; Transport manpower to establish the monopoly of Huizhou merchants on the industry; Using patriarchal clan system to strengthen the commercial organization of Huizhou merchants. Huizhou clan has become a reliable guarantee and strong backing for Huizhou people to go out to do business.
Huizhou merchants recorded in history
Xie, a scholar of the Ming Dynasty, said: "Whoever is the head of the rich family will push Xin 'an in the south of the Yangtze River and the right in the south of the Yangtze River. Xin' an Dajia, fish and salt are the industry, Tibet has a population of one million, and the remaining 200,000 to 300,000 are in Jiaer. "
Huizhou merchants, who were active in Ming and Qing dynasties, traveled in the government many times, from distant deserts to mysterious islands and even overseas. Its capital is abundant, it has accumulated huge wealth and hidden millions and tens of millions of money; They hold the monopoly rights of some industries, such as salt industry and pawn industry. They hold the position of leader of every business gang; They rose in the middle of Ming Dynasty, prospered in Jiajing and Wanli, and developed greatly in Qing Dynasty, dominating the national business circles for hundreds of years.
The significance of Huizhou merchants' activities far exceeded the business itself, which had an important role and influence on the economy and culture at that time and promoted social change.
The development of commodity economy after the middle of Ming Dynasty is not only another peak of the development of ancient commodity economy in China, but also some new factors, such as the formation of national market and the germination of new production relations. It shows the dawn from tradition to modernity and is of great significance to the transformation of the times. In the trend of the transformation of this era, the role of Huizhou merchants is not only the beneficiary, but also the promoter; Not only participants, but also pioneers. That is, the development of commodity production, the formation of national market and the rise of merchant groups in Ming and Qing Dynasties are also an interactive process, rather than the development of commodity production, the formation of national market and the rise of human groups. At that time, the business scope of Huizhou merchants was very large, the region was extremely wide and the influence was far-reaching.
"Its goods have nowhere to live, its land is everywhere, and it was everywhere at that time. It is all-inclusive, its interests are all-inclusive, and its power is all-inclusive. "
The prosperity of commerce has also promoted the development of commodity production and the formation of the national market. In this regard, merchants such as Huizhou merchants have contributed greatly. Huizhou merchants are the leaders of this commodity economy development tide, but they are ahead of the times.
Huizhou merchants developed under the unique cultural background of Huizhou, and their economic success in turn affected the cultural development of Huizhou in all aspects, thus creating the prosperity of Huizhou culture in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The interaction between economy and culture has been vividly interpreted in Huizhou history. The wealth gained by Huizhou merchants has become the material basis for the prosperity of Huizhou culture. Huizhou merchants have invested a lot of wealth in education, imperial examinations, culture and art, architecture and gardens, and public welfare undertakings. It also cultivated a large number of talents for Huizhou with its strong economic strength, including a number of outstanding cultural talents, thus casting the glory of Huizhou culture.
Huizhou culture in Ming and Qing Dynasties was colorful. For example, Huizhou Education, Xin 'an Neo-Confucianism, Hui-style Pu Xue, Xin 'an Painting School, Hui-style Seal Carving, Hui-style Prints, Hui-style Carving, Hui-style Three Sculptures, Hui-style Architecture, Hui-style Gardens, Xin 'an Medicine, as well as natural science, mathematics, Hui opera, Hui cuisine and so on. Brilliant achievements have been made in almost all cultural fields, and some areas have reached the extreme, which is beyond the reach of future generations. Its high level and great contribution are universally recognized. They are not only the characteristics of local culture, but also the representatives of mainstream culture at that time, or occupy a place in the cultural history of China and become one of the treasures of splendid Chinese culture, which is typical and universal.
With the prosperity of commodity economy and the success of Huizhou merchants, people's ideas have also undergone profound changes. Daokun Wang, a literary leader and Huizhou native in the late Ming Dynasty, said: "To the south of the great river, the new capital is a cultural relic. Its vulgarity is better if it is not timid, and more if it is done. If so, why did Liang Jia deny Confucianism! Then it is obvious. " He also said: "Businessmen and farmers" have their own positions. Why should business lose to agriculture? Yu Ye, a Huizhou scholar in Qing Dynasty, said: "Businessmen are the people's industry." . "They not only questioned" why businessmen are not as good as agriculture ",but also positively affirmed that businessmen are legitimate businesses of the people and that businessmen and agriculture are equal, which fundamentally refuted the traditional concept that businessmen are not as good as agriculture.
This kind of cultural consciousness is obviously a denial of the traditional policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, a criticism of the concept that commerce is the last of the four people, and a challenge to the deep-rooted tradition for thousands of years. Its significance is not limited to the category of regional culture, but the first sound of the times.
Negative effects of transformation
Huizhou merchants lost their leading position in modern times, and also faltered in the transformation of Huizhou society.
Nevertheless, in the process of Huizhou culture's transformation to modernity, there are still some bright spots worthy of our attention. As a materialist philosopher in China in the18th century, Dai Zhen, a master of Hui-style park studies, revealed a modern flavor in his thoughts, which was of early enlightenment significance and was well known.
Before the Opium War, Yu inherited the Hui people's resolute temperament and realistic spirit, published many deviant theories and bravely declared war on traditional ideas. He is known as one of the three sages in China's ideological circle, especially his many expositions on safeguarding women's rights and promoting equality between men and women, which also show his simple view of human rights and equality. After Xian's death, Huizhou scholar Wang Shiduo criticized many bad habits such as early marriage and expounded his early population thought. He also criticized the Confucian policy of benevolence and advocated learning from western science and technology.
At the same time, the monetary theory and fiscal policy put forward by Wang Maoyin, the minister of Hui nationality, were to the point, with outstanding opinions and profound explanations, which occupied an important position in the history of modern economic thought in China and became the only China person mentioned by Marx in Das Kapital. As a representative figure of modern Xin 'an Painting School, Huang, on the basis of summing up his predecessors, pioneered and innovated, becoming unique and becoming another peak after Jianjiang. The entry of Huiban into Beijing is recognized as one of the sources of the development of Peking Opera.
In natural science, Huizhou mathematician Wang Lai has made great achievements, and his P-ary theory is the first in modern computer principles. As for Hu Shi, a Hui nationality, there is no need to say much about his position and role as a new culture standard bearer during the May 4th Movement. Although it refutes and sublates traditional culture, its critical spirit is in the same strain as Huizhou sages such as Zhu and Dai Zhen. All these people who shine in the cultural changes in Huizhou are inseparable from the fertile soil of Huizhou culture.
Looking back on the development of Huizhou's history and culture, it is intertwined with the running-in between man and nature, the integration of different cultures and the interaction between economy and culture. Through the wind and rain, high-quality Huizhou people have been created. Huizhou culture is the product of the development of the times. After the Song Dynasty, the economic and cultural center of gravity moved south, and the development of commodity economy provided unprecedented opportunities for the rise of Huizhou. Develop Huizhou culture by using the vast stage outside the big Huizhou. In the final analysis, Huizhou culture was created by high-quality Huizhou people, who seized the opportunity of the development of the times in time and made full use of the vast stage of big Huizhou to create brilliant Huizhou culture.
The extensive and profound Huizhou culture constitutes the profound foundation of Huizhou studies. The exploration of Huizhou's cultural history is undoubtedly an important topic in Huizhou research. Following the publication of the large-scale academic series "Huizhou Cultural Encyclopedia", the multi-volume "Huizhou Cultural History" came out in Fu Zi, which is a well-deserved event in Huizhou research.
(Article source: Huizhou Portal)