In ancient times, people painted various colors and pigments on their faces and bodies to represent the incarnation of God, so as to exorcise evil spirits and show their status and existence. Later, this kind of clothing gradually became decorative. On the one hand, it is necessary to change the appearance and clothing in the process of drama performance to show the characters in the play; On the other hand, it is practical.
For example, the ancient Egyptians painted ink around their eyes, which could avoid the harm of direct sunlight; Apply sesame oil to your body to protect your skin from sunlight and insects. Nowadays, make-up has become a means to satisfy women's pursuit of their own beauty. Its main purpose is to use cosmetics and artificial skills to increase natural beauty.
We often talk about makeup, which is to use cosmetics and tools to render, draw and arrange people's faces, facial features and other parts, enhance the three-dimensional sense, adjust the color, cover up the defects and express the spirit, so as to achieve the purpose of beauty. Make-up can show women's unique natural beauty, glow and add charm.
Successful makeup can stimulate women's psychological and physiological potential vitality, enhance self-confidence, make people refreshed, and also help to eliminate fatigue and delay aging.
What is the development history of plastic surgery? The first person to apply the word "plastic" to medicine was Dr. Chase, who published a book "Handbook of Plastic Surgery" in 1838, using this word to describe the ability of surgeons to repair or transform body parts damaged by diseases or injuries.
Although the term "plastic surgery" only appeared in the19th century, the concept of plastic surgery began to develop thousands of years ago. The earliest operation-10000b.
C. Peruvians in South America made a hole in the cheekbone, and new bone formed next to the hole, indicating that the patient was still alive afterwards.
Although we don't know the purpose of the operation, this technique is very similar to the way modern neurosurgeons treat subdural hematoma. The earliest plastic surgery-1,000 b.
C. India began to record the reconstruction of the external ear or nose injured in the war.
Around 400 BC.
During this period, Indian surgeon Susruta described the practice of reconstructing nasal tip and external ear with cheek tissue. These surgical attempts even predate the invention of surgical sutures.
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How did ancient women beautify themselves? The word beauty comes from the ancient Greek word "ko *** etikos", which means "decoration".
No matter how it is named, beauty activities have existed for a long time in ancient times. Archaeologists confirmed from the cultural relics excavated during that period that dyes and perfumes had been used in different places at that time.
By 5000 BC, black antimony powder was used to paint and dye eyebrows, lead was used to paint eyeliner, and green malachite was used to paint eye shadow. Surprisingly, the makeup of ancient women is strikingly similar to that of modern women, such as touching fingers, painting toenails, painting lips, painting eyebrows and dyeing hair. In ancient Egypt, in order to moisturize the skin and prevent the sun, people applied various drugs and ointments to the skin.
Women in ancient Egypt like to draw the outline of their eyes with black pigments. Green pigment made of malachite powder was painted on their eyelids, eyebrows were painted as slender as willow leaves with black-gray antimony powder, and ivory grease was painted on their bodies. Their lips and cheeks are painted with red pigment, and even the nails on their hands and feet are dyed orange, which is very eye-catching.
The Historical Development of Beauty Makeup in China There is no accurate record about the history of cosmetics.
From the funerary objects, murals, sculptures and living relics found in archaeological work, it is speculated that as early as 2000 BC, human beings knew about makeup and beauty. The use of cosmetics by human beings began with the use of spices.
Gradually combined with medicine, beauty and treatment. According to legend, cosmetics used abroad originated in ancient Egypt.
In the 5th century BC, I knew how to smear the whole body with oil with aromatic substances for pilgrimage, to show piety, or to smear the corpse for antisepsis. The source of spices is simple processing, such as mashing or soaking natural aromatic plants.
After thousands of years of evolution, he began to know how to process aromatic substances by distillation in the 10 century. By the15th century, Europe entered the Renaissance, with unprecedented cultural prosperity and great improvement in human spiritual and material civilization.
Cosmetics also began to separate from the medical system, forming an independent industry. In the19th century, due to the development of organic chemistry, organic synthesis has achieved unprecedented development.
With the processing of oils and fats, the extraction and synthesis of spices, and the synthesis of dyes, dyes and surfactants, rich raw materials have been provided for the great development of cosmetics industry. The mid-20th century (after World War II) is a period of great development of international cosmetics, and industrial and commercial enterprises are constantly emerging, among which about 500 enterprises have strong competitiveness.
The strength of these companies is also changing at any time. China is an ancient civilization with a long history and splendid culture, and it is also one of the earliest nations to know and use cosmetics.
As early as the end of Shang Dynasty, more than 0/000 years before BC, there was a beauty product "Yan Zhi", which is today's "slimming". At that time, the red and blue leaves of Yan real estate were mashed into juice and condensed into fat for decoration.
The use of cosmetics, initially in the palace, gradually expanded to the private sector. The form is from self-production and self-use, and gradually develops into a small workshop with centralized production.
Famous cosmetic workshops in Chinese history include Xie Fuchun in Yangzhou and Kong in Kangzhou, both of which have a history of more than 100 years. They were developed by collecting and refining aromatic substances for the palace, and now they have been transformed into modern cosmetics factories. China Modern Cosmetics Factory was founded at the end of 19 and the beginning of 20th century.
Widely popular, the first factory in Hong Kong. 1905 "Shuangmei" brand toilet water and cream were produced, which was only later than 1895 "Ponzi" cream 10 years.
However, due to the unstable political situation, until the eve of liberation in 1949, only a few big cities in China produced cosmetics, with small quantity, low grade and poor quality. After liberation, the cosmetics industry formed an independent industrial system under the leadership of the Ministry of Light Industry.
Because of the ideological connection between makeup and bourgeois lifestyle, the cosmetics industry has been wandering for another 30 years. By the 1970s and early 1980s, since the reform and opening up, people's material life and cultural life have generally improved, and their understanding of Xiang Mei is also changing.
Dressing neatly and beautifully is not a bourgeois patent, and the consumption of cosmetics is increasing day by day. In recent 10 years, China's cosmetics industry has taken shape by absorbing foreign advanced experience and transforming branches and trees.
At present, there are more than 2,000 large and small production enterprises with complete varieties and colors, and the quality has been greatly improved. The output value of 199 1 has reached 4.5 billion yuan, an increase of 28% compared with 1990, with profits and taxes of about 654,380.4 billion yuan, and foreign exchange earned by export1500,000 dollars.
The development speed is quite fast.
What is the historical classification of plastic surgery? Plastic surgery can be traced back hundreds of years, but the rapid development is only in recent years. Breast augmentation surgery has developed rapidly in recent years, especially in China, but its safety has been questioned.
At present, the products produced in the United States are still controversial about silicone breast augmentation, but they are boldly used in China and other countries in the world. In 1980s, the diseases of women with prostheses were suspected to be related to the rupture of prostheses, but this situation could not be prevented.
In 1982, the surface of the prosthesis is coated with polyhexaester plastic to prevent cystic contracture. 1992 The complications of silicone prosthesis are endless, and FDA requires manufacturers to produce evidence that the products are safe and effective.
Dow Corning Company has published a report of more than 3,000 pages, but the information is not complete enough. Therefore, FDA decided that silicone prosthesis is in the experimental stage, and it is not allowed to be used with some exceptions.
The Committee found that many reported diseases were not the direct result of prosthesis implantation. Silicone prosthesis can be applied to patients with breast cancer or patients in monitoring experimental research.
1。 Breast augmentation surgery is a subject that people explore.
As early as 1895, Cherny was an actress who had bilateral mammary glands removed due to chronic cyst and underwent breast augmentation through autologous abdominal wall fat free transplantation. Although the fat was absorbed, this move made a bold exploration for breast augmentation. Sun Ge (1899) was the first to inject liquid paraffin into * * * to increase the size of * * * room. The short-term effect was good, but a series of serious complications such as embolism, paraffin granuloma, ulcer and fibroplasia soon appeared.
Later, some people used dermal transplantation and local flap transfer to increase the room volume. In 1950s, Pangman in America used a porous sponge with polyethylene bag to prevent fibrous tissue from growing into the sponge, but this led to serious complications.
Cronin and Gerow( 1963) designed an artificial prosthesis containing liquid silica gel in silica gel capsules, which was once popular because of its good shape and feel. In 1992, FDA advised patients to choose carefully because silicone prosthesis may have complications. As a representative, Brody( 1988), the former chairman of the Education Foundation of the American Society of Plastic Surgery, is conducting extensive and in-depth research and publicity for this purpose, and holds different opinions that silicone prosthesis will not cause serious complications.
Performance requirements of medical silica gel for breast augmentation: (1) It can retain many satisfactory properties in a wide temperature range, and its service life is infinite at moderate temperature. (2) Inert, non-toxic, odorless, no immune rejection, no carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects, no aging, chemical resistance, certain mechanical properties and good histocompatibility with the body.
(3) Silicone rubber is a kind of dielectric, and its surface is easy to carry static electricity, dust and sand, and it is easy to be adsorbed. If it is brought into the tissue, it can cause foreign body reaction, and B-ultrasound will not develop it. 2。
Breast reduction is to remove a certain amount of * * * volume, keep * * * and areola in the appropriate position, and make benign and hypertrophic * * * shrink and shape. Will Durston (1669) is famous for having too many breasts removed from the body of a 24-year-old woman. Biesenberger (1928) resected the redundant tissues on the lower and lateral sides of the breast, rotated the remaining tissues upward to make them contract, followed by Stromback (1960) and McKissock (65428).
3。 As early as 19 1 1 year, Kolle injected paraffin oil for rhinoplasty, and later Joseph used ivory for rhinoplasty, which also achieved good results.
John Orlando Poe of America (1887) completed the first rhinoplasty operation. Jacgues Joseph (1865 ~1934) in Paris, France, has done a lot of work in rhinoplasty and beauty. He has created a series of new methods by cutting off the hump, narrowing the back of the nose and transforming the lower part of the nose.
4。 Abdominal fat removal Kelly (1899) first put forward the viewpoint of abdominal fat removal and put it into clinical practice. He cut the lower abdomen horizontally to remove excess fat.
Schrade (1972) reported liposuction at the International Conference on Aesthetic Surgery, which developed into a popular liposuction in 1980s. 5。
It is the wish of every middle-aged and elderly person to remove wrinkles and smooth wrinkles and be young and beautiful. Eugen Hollander started facial rhytidectomy on 190 1
Joseph( 1928) and Lexer( 193 1) made an incision along the contour line of the ear from the hairline, which made this operation a step forward. Mitz and Peyronie( 1976) reported the application of SMAS technology in facial wrinkle removal, which made the wrinkle removal effect better.
Psillakis( 1988) introduced subperiosteal separation rhytidectomy to improve the effect of rhytidectomy. 1937, American Society of Plastic Surgery was founded.
194 1 year, the American College of Plastic Surgery was established and the Second World War broke out. 194 1- 1945, World War II, the war not only brought about plastic surgery and rhinoplasty, but this period was a prosperous period of plastic surgery, which improved its status and was popular.
From 65438 to 0950, plastic surgery developed rapidly, partly from the Korean battlefield hospital. Mainly used steel wire internal fixation and rotating skin flap to repair facial fractures.
196 1 year, the world's first silicone prosthesis breast augmentation appeared. 1963, Richard c Webster met with three members of the society of rhinology and told his experience. "I met a man for the first time, and he sincerely and unequivocally paid high tribute to plastic surgery."
From 65438 to 0964, the American Society of Plastic Surgery, the Society of Otolaryngology and the Society of Facial Plastic Surgery merged to form the American College of Facial Plastic Surgery. 1967, American Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery was founded.
1974, Giio Fisher, MD, an Italian and Roman gynecologist invented liposuction.
1980, Gerald Iruz, MD, pierre fournier m.
D, make liposuction popular in France. From 65438 to 0980, the rapid growth period of plastic surgery began.
There are 50,000 licensed plastic surgeons in the United States. Non-surgical treatments such as filler, laser and microcrystal grinding have become popular.
What are the records about grape beauty in history? In ancient Greek mythology, there was an eternal young goddess named Herb.
She is not only beautiful, lively and lovely, but also in charge of youth and the cupbearer of the gods. It is said that if you drink the wine she poured, you will have the right to be young forever.
Therefore, grapes are regarded as messengers of youth. This beautiful legend has brought people infinite reverie, but according to the latest scientific research, the saying that grapes are the messengers of youth has some truth.
In the eyes of scientists, grape itself is a kind of nutritious fruit. According to the University of California, grapes contain 20 known antioxidants, including vitamin C and vitamin E. ..
These antioxidants can resist diseases and aging caused by oxidative free radicals. At the same time, the brighter the grape color, the stronger its antioxidant capacity.
In addition, antioxidants in grapes can also prevent the oxidation of cholesterol and reduce the possibility of vascular danger. From this, we can easily see that grapes can really be called a veritable messenger of youth.