Keywords: Internet of Things, RFID
I. Concept
The concept of Internet of Things was first put forward by the Auto-ID Center of Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1999. The basic idea is to connect RFID with other sensors to form a distributed network with RFID architecture.
Council of Europe [1] proposed that "the Internet of Things is one of the components of the future Internet and can be defined as a dynamic global network foundation. Standards-based and interoperable communication protocols, whether physical or virtual "things", have identity, physical attributes and virtual characteristics, have self-configuration ability and use intelligent interfaces, which can be seamlessly integrated into the information network. "
This paper holds that the Internet of Things is essentially a process of mapping the real world to the virtual world: things in the real world collect certain data through sensors and form corresponding things in the virtual world. Related objects can be created in the virtual electronic space, which originates from the physical object space and is related to the objects in the physical space [2] The detail of the data collected by the sensor will affect the abstraction of this thing in the virtual world. In the virtual world, the simplest and most important description of this thing is that the object provides an ID for identification (such as using RFID tags), and the most detailed description is that all the attributes and states of this thing in the real world can be observed in the virtual world. Furthermore, if an object is controlled in the virtual world, the state of the object in the real world can be changed through the Internet of Things. For the real thing, it needs
This will bring great changes to the world: it is very expensive to monitor something in real time on the spot. Through the Internet of Things, everything will be found in the virtual world and monitored and controlled at a lower cost, thus achieving 4A (anytime, anywhere, anyone, anything) [3] connection. Virtual worlds offer the possibility of tracking everything in real time. All information is not isolated, which will provide the most basic and important information source for all kinds of massive operations and analysis. The real world exists at a certain moment, and when the Internet of Things develops to map everything in the real world to the virtual world, countless worlds at a certain moment will gather together to form a traceable history in the virtual world, just like the occurrence of paper historical events in the past, and the history of the future world will be stored in the form of holographic description of everything with electronic data.
Second, the structure.
At present, there is not a widely recognized Internet of Things architecture. The most representative architectures of the Internet of Things are EPCglobal supported by Europe and America and UID system of Japan. EPC system consists of three parts: EPC coding system, radio frequency identification system and information network system. The technical architecture of UID consists of Ubiquitous Identification Code (ucode), Ubiquitous Communicator, Information System Server and uCode Analysis Server. EPCglobal and UID are only RFID standardization groups, far from comprehensive "things".
In 2008, IBM Company of the United States put forward the concept of "smart earth", which is similar to the concept of networking, and proposed to realize the smart earth through three levels: instrumentation, interconnection and intelligence. On the basis of literature research, the architecture of the Internet of Things is proposed.
1. Intelligent object layer: the sensor captures and measures the relevant data of the object to realize the perception of the physical world. At the same time, it has local interactivity and needs certain storage and computing capabilities.
2. Data transmission layer: seamless, transparent and secure access is realized through wired or wireless, and management such as coding, cognition, authentication and billing is provided and realized.
3. Information association layer: store and manage massive data, and process and merge the data through cloud computing, thus shielding its heterogeneity and complexity and forming a virtual world corresponding to the real world.
4. Application service layer: extract information from the virtual world and provide rich service-oriented applications, such as intelligent transportation, smart grid, intelligent medical care, etc.
It should be pointed out that the data reaches the application service layer from the bottom sensor through the network, but in fact, in the service application layer, all centers and users can control the object reversely through the network.
In this architecture, all kinds of sensors and actuators in the sensing layer are concrete. With the development of technology, new equipment will be continuously upgraded and the Internet of Things will be introduced. At the same time, various requirements of the service application layer are constantly put forward, which is different. If each specific service application and sensing device form an independent network, many groups of private networks may eventually be formed. This is not conducive to promotion and maintenance. Therefore, it requires the network layer of the Internet of Things to be forward-looking, the object device layer can be changed, and the service application layer can also be changed, but they are all connected through a common network and remain stable for a certain period of time.
Third, the challenges we face.
1, unified standard
In fact, the Internet of Things (IOT) uses sensors and embedded chips on objects to transmit or receive material information, realizes local processing through sensor networks, and connects it to the Internet. Because it involves information interpretation between different sensor networks, it is necessary to have a unified set of technical protocols and standards, mainly focusing on interconnection, rather than the technical protocols of sensors themselves. Nowadays, many so-called IOT standards actually regard the Internet of Things as an independent industrial network, but
2. Security and privacy
In the Internet of Things, all "things" are connected to the global network and communicate with each other, which also brings new security and privacy issues, such as credibility, authentication and integration of data perceived or exchanged by things. The privacy of people and things should be effectively guaranteed to prevent unauthorized identification and attacks. Security and privacy are problems of human society, and the Internet of Things and other technologies are facing these two problems. Therefore, technologies such as the Internet of Things are facing these two problems.
refer to
1. Roadmap Committee for Strategic Research on the Internet of Things. 2009.
2.CASAGRAS Final Report: Inclusive Model of RFID and Internet of Things. . 20 10.
3. ITU Internet Report 2005: Internet of Things. In 2005, ITU.