I'll tell you a few stories first, and then tell you why I chose Pudong to tell you.
The first story is how Pudong won the opportunity of reform and opening up.
In fact, Shanghai is not in the first four special economic zones of New China. From 65438 to 0979, chief designer Deng Xiaoping designated Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen as special economic zones for reform and opening up. At that time, it was mainly considered from the aspects of geographical conditions and resource matching. Shenzhen is adjacent to Hongkong, Zhuhai is close to Macau, Shantou is because there are many chaozhou people in Southeast Asian countries, and Xiamen is because there are many Minnan people doing business overseas. When these cities are open, it is easy to attract China businessmen to invest in their hometown. From the perspective of attracting foreign investment, Shanghai has no obvious advantage.
However, also on 1979, a special person returned to Shanghai, that is, Lin Tongyan, a Chinese bridge engineering expert, who returned to China from the United States for the first time on 1979. From 65438 to 0985, Lin Tongyan recommended himself to Wang Daohan, who had just stepped down as mayor of Shanghai, and proposed "developing Pudong". Lin Tongyan told Wang Daohan at that time: "I am willing to help the motherland get rich and benefit the people of the motherland".
At that time, Pudong had not yet obtained the opportunity of national policy. But Lin Tongyan has put forward his own ideas. He said: Shanghai can first develop a piece of land in Pudong, build bridges and roads, and then sell or rent the land after the land price rises. In this way, the country can recover a modern Pudong without spending a penny, and the size of Shanghai can be doubled.
Looking back today, he directly pointed out a key idea of Pudong's future development: land leasing. But in China at that time, no one had done it yet, and it was very thoughtful. Starting from 1988, nanpu bridge, the first bridge of Huangpu River, was built in Shanghai according to Lin Tongyan's idea and with the promotion of then Shanghai Mayor Zhu Rongji.
This was an innovation in Shanghai at that time. By the end of 1990, the opportunity came to Pudong, which is also a historic opportunity. This year, it is the third consecutive year that Deng Xiaoping has spent the New Year in Shanghai. On New Year's Eve, he asked the leaders of Shanghai a question: What big moves can be taken to set up the banner of our more reform and opening up internationally?
Upon hearing this, Shanghai officials quickly reported to Deng Xiaoping the idea of developing Pudong. Deng Xiaoping said happily that this is a good thing. Later, when he and Zhu Rongji talked about the details of developing Pudong, he said regretfully and encouragingly, "You are late. But it will be soon now. Conditions in Shanghai are better than those in Guangdong. Your starting point can be higher. 」
How to calculate "higher starting point"? Deng Xiaoping later said that he was looking forward to Pudong. He said, "Shenzhen faces Hongkong, Zhuhai faces Macau and Xiamen faces Taiwan Province Province, but Pudong is different. Pudong faces the Pacific Ocean, Europe and America, and the whole world. Shanghai's advantages in attracting foreign investment at that time were not as clear as those of other special zones, but it was given a greater pattern mission.
This matter advanced rapidly, 18 1990. In April, Li Peng, then Prime Minister of the State Council, announced in Shanghai that he approved in principle the policy of implementing the economic and technological development zone and some special economic zones in Pudong, and made the development and opening up of Pudong the focus of China's work in the future 10.
Please pay attention to the word "development and opening up". In fact, in the plan submitted by Shanghai to the Central Committee at that time, only "developing Pudong" was mentioned, and the word "opening up" was added by Deng Xiaoping himself. In this way, the exploration of Pudong began.
So, how did you get the money? Let's talk about the second story, how to explore ways to attract funds.
After the decision to develop and open Pudong, three development companies, Lujiazui, Jinqiao and Waigaoqiao, were established in Pudong, responsible for starting the development of Pudong 10 square kilometers of land. However, Shanghai's financial resources were weak at that time, and the support that could be given to these three development companies was 30 million start-up funds each. However, if the development cost of one square kilometer is calculated according to 200 million, the development funds needed for this dozen square kilometers will be more than 2 billion.
Three 30 million people do more than 2 billion jobs, which is not enough. What should we do? At that time, when officials in Pudong were thinking hard, they remembered the train of thought that Lin Tongyan, a bridge expert, said: land lease. Exchange land for money.
At that time, it was already1990s, and the exploration of land leasing was already in Shenzhen, a special economic zone, and it had already crossed the road. Pudong New Area decided to take the lead in Shenzhen: idle funds and real land transfer.
This sentence sounds a bit professional. What does this mean? For a piece of land, the Municipal Finance Bureau will first write a check to three development companies in Pudong as capital investment according to its transfer price, and the Industrial and Commercial Bureau will verify the capital; The three development companies then handed over the checks received to the Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources and signed a contract for the transfer of land use rights; The Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources will turn over all the checks to the Finance Bureau. You see, the check has not been cashed yet, and the land transfer has been completed, realizing "idle funds, real land transfer", and then the development company will cooperate with external capital to develop this land.
The biggest difference between the land sold in this way and the general allocated land is that the general allocated land cannot be transferred, leased or mortgaged, but the land with idle funds can enter the secondary land market and become a capital factor after being developed by state-owned companies, which not only attracts capital, but also enables the government platform to enjoy the appreciation income of this land in the future.
Therefore, the idea of "idle funds, real land transfer" has become a classic handwriting of Pudong's development and opening up. By the end of 200 1, Pudong lost 88.6 square kilometers of land, and the government invested 6 1 billion, inciting 70 billion. This plan has also become a model for the development of all parts of China, where urban investment platforms have been established one after another, so the infrastructure construction in China can be greatly accelerated.
In the third story, Pudong chose to develop the electronics industry.
If there is money to develop land, which industry should be developed first in Pudong? At that time, Shanghai decided to put finance first. We can see the financial climate in Pudong very clearly today. But why didn't Pudong become a pure financial center? At that time, Pudong developers also experienced an important unconventional thinking.
During the development of Pudong, Zhu Rongji reported to Deng Xiaoping that Pudong's complete development strategy is "finance first, trade prospers the city, lays the foundation, and industrial linkage". Please pay attention to the last "industrial linkage". In Pudong at that time, the most important industry was identified as the integrated circuit industry, which is the electronic industry we are familiar with today.
The decision to develop the electronics industry was promoted by Jiang Shangzhou, then deputy director of the Shanghai Economic Commission.
1997, 50-year-old Dr. Jiang Shangzhou became the deputy director of Shanghai Economic Commission. When he arrived in Shanghai, his first task was to investigate the future industrial direction of Pudong. After inspecting the high-tech industries all over the world, he made a judgment: the integrated circuit industry is a must-do industry in China, and if Shanghai wants to do this industry, Zhangjiang will become the Silicon Valley of China.
How did this judgment come from? Jiang Shangzhou has a survey sample of Hsinchu Industrial Park in Taiwan Province Province. Hsinchu is a successful practice in Taiwan Province Province to explore the upgrading of industrial structure. By 1998, there were nearly 300 enterprises in Hsinchu Park with 73,000 employees, and the annual output value exceeded1500 million US dollars. In the process of industrial upgrading, Taiwan Province Province became the "Four Little Dragons of Asia" with rapid economic growth at that time.
If Pudong also wants to explore Chinese mainland's industrial upgrading, it is a very feasible way to switch from export processing industry to semiconductor and information industry like Hsinchu. Moreover, Jiang Shangzhou has a judgment that based on Shanghai's financing capacity and the market size of China, Shanghai will definitely surpass Taiwan Province Province in the future, and Zhangjiang will definitely surpass Hsinchu.
Now we look back at this judgment made by Jiang Shangzhou more than 20 years ago and fully realize how far-sighted and weighty it is.
65.438 billion US dollars, 22 square kilometers of development zone, this appetite was very big at that time. You know, at that time, Shanghai pushed 17, and the total foreign direct investment of the whole 17 Shanghai industry was less than 20 billion US dollars.
However, Jiang Shangzhou not only brought this plan to the Shanghai Municipal Government, but also to the National Symposium on the Tenth Five-Year Strategic Planning of Integrated Circuits. The logic of his speech at the national conference is this:
There are two criteria for choosing industries worthy of development. At first glance, what matters is not the essence; The second is to see if it is superior and doing well. If there is no problem with both, you have to work hard; If we grow bigger, no one can do it.
The world integrated circuit industry follows Moore's first law. Integrated circuit/kloc-new technology in October/August; 24-month generation of new products; 1 August, the integration will increase by1times, and the chip price will decrease by 1/3. According to this pace and scale, it is impossible to build the world's largest integrated circuit production base with a rolling investment of $ kloc-0/0 billion in Shanghai in the next five years and the first 10 year of the new century. His subtext is 65.438+000 billion, no problem.
This logic persuaded the decision makers. After this matter was finalized, in 2000, Pudong welcomed the "third person" in the semiconductor industry in the Chinese world, from Zhang Rujing, Taiwan Province. This year, with the ambition of building a world-class chip factory, Zhang Rujing established SMIC in Zhangjiang, Pudong. Behind this, Jiang Shangzhou helped him quickly get through all government processes.
SMIC is also a legendary company. We will tell the story of SMIC and Zhang Rujing later.
That's what I want to share with you. In the process of reform and opening up, the developers of Pudong New Area answered the story of "How Pudong develops and opens up" with unconventional thinking.
Of course, as the forefront of reform and opening up, Shenzhen also has many shocking stories in the process of exploration and development. Then why not say Shenzhen and Pudong first? This is because Pudong was actually a latecomer and chaser in the opening tide of that year. As mentioned earlier, the development and opening up of Pudong was actually finalized at 1990, which was more than ten years later than that of Shenzhen.
But today, Pudong even has a time difference of more than ten years. In 20 19, the per capita GDP of Pudong New Area was nearly 230,000 yuan, which was already higher than that of Shenzhen.
Moreover, in today's China, where the core science and technology supply chain is stuck, have you found that the electronic industry layout in Pudong ten or twenty years ago is becoming an advanced manufacturing base in China? Now, in Zhangjiang, Pudong alone, there are 9 wafer manufacturing enterprises, 19 production lines and 239 chip design enterprises. In addition to the electronics industry, the large aircraft base and Tesla factory are also located in Pudong, which is also based on the basic resources such as industries and talents laid by Pudong in the past 30 years.
The characters in these stories are well-known in the industrial history of China today, but in those years, when faced with huge uncertainty and the existing market framework, they were only green novices. Therefore, whether we talk about Pudong or Shenzhen in the future, I especially want to ask you how reformers think outside the framework and serve the ultimate goal.