Tang Fan's Covenant of Clear Water
The Tang Dynasty was often defeated by Tubo, and even the capital was captured by Tubo. In October 763 (the first year of Guangde), the Tubo army occupied Fengtian (now Ganxian County, Shaanxi Province) and arrived at the gate of Chang 'an, so that Daizong fled to Shaanxi for refuge. As a result, Chang 'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, was not only captured by the Tubo, but also set up a pseudo-emperor by the Tubo people, taking Li Chenghong, the emperor of Guangwu Emperor of the Tang Dynasty, as their ruling tool. Hexi, Longyou and other large areas have become Tibetan territories. Since then, millions of Han people have been conquered by Tubo. Tubo took advantage of the chaos to seize fifty counties, six towns, fourteen armies and descendants of the Tang Dynasty. "Tubo took advantage of the deficiency to take Hexi and Longyou, and millions of China people were trapped in Tubo." The Tang Dynasty was afraid from the heart that Tubo and Tubo had signed the first treaty of cession and betrayal in the history of China. In 783 AD, the Tang government was forced to sign the Qingshui Covenant with Tubo. The incompetent government in the Tang Dynasty shamelessly recognized the counties and counties occupied by Tubo in the Tang Dynasty as Tubo territory on the grounds that "the country cares about the border people, abandons its homeland, abandons its interests and forgets its righteousness" and expressed its support for the alliance. The Covenant stipulates: "The capital of the Tang Dynasty fought on the right of Zhengxia, Longzhou left, Fengzhou west, Xishan and Dadu south, Tubo fought on the town of Lan, Wei, Yuan and Hui, Lintao west and Chengzhou east, grinding some barbarians, mostly in the southwest." Since then, all counties and counties in Longnan, Wuwu, Chengcheng, Dies, Dang and Min have become the territory of Tubo. This is the first cession treaty in China's history in which the ruler of the Tang Dynasty betrayed his country for a living. The incompetent Tang Dynasty brought too much shame to the Han nationality. People in Hexi and Longyou were later barbarians.
Great lakes alliance
Chán's deep alliance was an agreement between the Northern Song Dynasty and Liao after many wars. Xiao Taihou, Liao, autumn 1004. Sheng Zong personally led 200,000 troops south, approaching the gate of Zhou (now Puyang County, Henan Province) on the bank of the Yellow River, threatening the capital of song dynasty. The alarm reached Tokyo five times a night, and Zhao Heng asked his ministers. Deputy Prime Ministers Wang Qinruo and Chen Yaocuo advocated fleeing. Kou Biao, the prime minister who took office only one month ago, sternly objected: "Whoever came up with this idea should be beheaded!" He said that if you give up Bianjing and flee south, it will shake people's hearts, the enemy will take advantage of it and the country will be difficult to preserve; The emperor himself, morale, can beat back the enemy soldiers. Zhao Heng agreed to use personal expedition, accompanied by Kou Zhun command. When I arrived in Weicheng (now southeast of hua county), I heard that the Liao army was strong and wanted to withdraw. Kou Zhun said seriously: "Now the enemy is approaching and the situation is critical. We can only advance one foot, not one inch. Our army in Hebei is looking forward to your arrival day and night. Marching will boost the morale of our army in Hebei. Retreat will make the army lose confidence and disappoint the people. The enemy will take the opportunity to attack, and your majesty may not be able to hold Jinling. " Zhao reluctantly agreed to continue marching and cross the river into Zhoucheng. When Song Jun from all walks of life saw the emperor's yellow dragon flag, they all cheered and shouted "Long live", which greatly boosted their morale. Kou Zhun commanded Song Jun to attack, and all fought bravely, destroying thousands of Liao troops and shooting Xiao Dalan, commander-in-chief of Liao army. Xiao Taihou saw the Liao army in a passive position and demanded peace. After Kou Zhun's insistence and repeated representations by the envoy Cao Liyong in Liao Ying, it was formally agreed in June+February 5438 AD that Liao Yi was given 65,438+200,000 silver and 200,000 silk in the Song Dynasty in exchange for the withdrawal of the Liao army. This is the "Yuan Dynasty Alliance" in history. The alliance of one source is not a completely equal treaty, but the limited compromise in the Song Dynasty is the wise best choice, which basically conforms to the practice of the Central Plains dynasty's communication with nomadic friends in feudal history. Moreover, the signing of the convention meets the requirements of historical development, and its progressive significance is worthy of recognition. No wonder Xi Chen Shi, a bibliophile and historian in the Qing Dynasty, said when commenting on the National Records of the Khitan: "As for the turn of the Song Dynasty and Liao Dynasty, there are details, such as the Covenant of the Yuan Dynasty, the Covenant of Guannan, the boundary discussion, and the number given." In fact, the original text has preserved very important historical materials for later generations, and its value has been highly praised by later scholars.
Celebrate calendars and negotiations.
During the period from the first year of Kangding in Song Renzong to the second year of Li Qing (1040 ~ 1042), Emperor Li Yuanhao of Xixia launched many large-scale military attacks on the Song Party, which caused heavy losses for both sides. As a result, a peace treaty was concluded in 1044 (the fourth year of Li Qing), which was called "Li Qing Peace Talks" in history. According to the provisions of the peace talks, Yuan Hao canceled the title of emperor and accepted the knighthood of the Song Dynasty, calling the Northern Song Dynasty the so-called "elder brother". In Song Dynasty, Yuan Hao was appointed as the Lord, and the relationship between Song and Xia was nominally between monarch and minister. In the name of "reward", Song gave Yan Xia 52,000 horses, silk130,000 horses and 20,000 Jin of tea every year.
Guannan affidavit
Song Renzong's Guannan Oath in the fifth year of Qing Dynasty (1045) was a continuation of the agreement between Song and Liao Dynasties, and the annual coin was increased to 202,000 silver and 302,000 silk in Song Dynasty.
Shaoxing peace talks
The Peace Treaty between China and Jin in the Southern Song Dynasty. Song Jun won a certain victory in fighting back against the Jin invasion, but he and the Prime Minister were afraid of obstructing the Jin peace talks, relieved Han Shizhong, Zhang Jun and Yue Fei of military power, and even created Yue Fei's unjust imprisonment, which made it impossible for the anti-Japanese side to oppose the surrender peace talks. In the eleventh year of Shaoxing (1 14 1), the two sides reached a peace treaty: ① Song was a vassal and Jin Shukang was the emperor. (2) Draw a boundary, with the middle reaches of Huaihe River as the boundary in the east, Dasanguan (southwest of Baoji, Shaanxi) as the boundary in the west, Song as the boundary in the south and Jin as the boundary in the north. Song Dynasty attacked Tang Dynasty (now Tanghe, Henan Province), Deng (now Dengzhou, Henan Province), Shang (now Shangxian County, Shaanxi Province) and Qin (now Tianshui, Gansu Province) gave gold. (3) Song paid Jinna 252,000 silver and 252,000 silk every year. Since the twelfth year of Shaoxing, it has been moved to Sizhou every spring to pay. Shaoxing Peace Talks confirmed the political inequality between Song and Jin Dynasties, ended the state of war of 10 years, and formed a confrontation between the north and the south.
The historical background of Shaoxing peace talks. This surrender treaty was signed at a time when the nomads were losing ground in the War of Resistance Against Gold. In A.D. 1 140, Shanxi Jinbing once again invaded the south on a large scale, but all the armies lost one after another. In the battle of Shunchang (now Fuyang, Anhui Province), Song Jun defeated the Nomads with fewer troops. Later, Yue Fei led Yue Jiajun to win a great victory in Yancheng, defeated the main force of 8 Jin Army, and successively recovered Zhengzhou, Luoyang and other cities. At this point, the nomads from northern China plan to withdraw to Hebei. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there was a great demand for the recovery of the north, and the situation of resisting gold was excellent. However, Song Gaozong, whose national policy was compromise, was afraid that Song Jun's victory would affect his peace, and that Yue Jiajun would return to the emperor Qin Hui from Jin Ying, threatening his mercy. So, the emperor and Qin Gui agreed to order the whole army to move, and even won twelve gold medals in one day, forcing Yue Fei to withdraw. Yue Fei said indignantly: "Ten years of hard work, one go. "... the withdrawal of troops from Song Jun is equivalent to handing over the recovered land to Xu Jinguo. In A.D. 1 14 1 year, in order to show sincerity, Yue Fei, Han Shizhong and Zhang Jun were relieved of their military power, and the specialized military institutions fighting against Jin were cancelled. Later, the envoys of the high sects went to the state of Jin for peace. At the pleading of the envoy, Xu Jin agreed to make peace on the condition that Yue Fei was killed. After some transactions, the two sides signed the Shaoxing peace talks agreement. This year, Yue Fei was killed. When Jin learned that Yue Fei was dead, he repeatedly put out wine to celebrate. Subsequently, Jin Feng was named Emperor of the Song Dynasty. From then on, the small court in the Southern Song Dynasty began a peaceful day of 1 half century.
The influence of peace talks on song finance.
Looking at the financial situation of the Northern Song Dynasty, during the Zhenzong period, the income always exceeded the expenditure (which is why there is capital to pay the annual currency). The same was true in the early and middle period of Injong, but it began to deteriorate afterwards. In Song Yingzong Zhiping (1065) for two years, the income1.1.60 million yuan, the total expenditure1.31.50 million yuan, and the overspending1.50 million yuan. In this case, it can't be said that it is easy to pay a lot of old coins. By the time Song Shenzong ascended the throne, the national finance had run out of money, the national treasury had dried up, the national economy was in deficit year after year, and Song Shenzong had to give his father a "simple funeral" with empty hands. Therefore, we can't understand his motivation to support Wang Anshi's political reform and why political reform is mostly an "emergency measure" to increase the central government's fiscal revenue. Even the future dispute between the old and new parties and Cai Jing's coming to power will revolve around solving the central financial problems. Therefore, because lucky money is given every year, there is no feeling when the country is peaceful and rich. Once the finances are tight, it will become a noose around the neck.
The following is a list of treaties that the China government or most people in China consider unequal.
1. China-Russia-Mongolia agreement (June 7, 2004 (19 15), China and Russia, signing place: outer Mongolia, Chaktu) 2. Treaty of Mingxi (Article 2 1) (May 2004 (19 15)). Signing place: Beijing) 3. Manzhouli Border Agreement (191year (Xuan Tong 3 years) 65438+February 20th, China and Russia, place of signing: Manzhouli) 4. China and Britain renewed the Tibet-India Treaty (1906 (Guangxu 32 years). Signing place: Beijing) 5. Sino-Japanese meeting in the three northeastern provinces (1905 (Guangxu 31) 65438+February 22nd, signing place: Beijing) 6. The Treaty of Hate and Ugliness (1901) was dated September 7, 2007 (the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu).
7. Guangzhou Bay Concession Treaty (or Guangzhou Bay Concession Treaty signed by China and France) (time: 1899 (the 25th year of Guangxu) 165438+ 10/6); Signing place: Guangzhou Bay; Note: Guangzhou Bay is now Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province. 8. Book a special article for Ahava (time: 1898 (Guangxu 24th year) July1; Signing place: Beijing; China and Britain) Note: ahava is now Weihai City, Shandong Province. 9. Special article on Hong Kong's border development (time: 1898 (Guangxu 24th year) June 9th; Signing place: Beijing; Chinese and English) 10. The Sino-Russian Land Lease Treaty (1898 (the 24th year of Guangxu reign)) was signed in Beijing on March 27th. French soldiers who invaded Guangzhou Bay in Russia on May 7, 1898.
Petersburg signed the land lease renewal treaty of Luda. Sino-German Jiaoao Concession Treaty (1898 (Guangxu 24th year)), March 6th, Beijing; China and Germany) 12. Sino-Japanese Treaty on Commerce and Navigation (1896 (22nd year of Guangxu reign) was signed in Beijing on July 2 1) 13. Sino-Russian secret treaty (1896 (Guangxu, June 3rd, 22nd, Moscow) 14. Treaty of shimonoseki (1895 (Guangxu 21) April 17, Shimonoseki and Japan) 15. Supplementary amendments to the Chinese-English conference (1890 (Guangxu 16):1893 65438+February 5, Darjeeling) 16. Sino-Portuguese Reconciliation Trade Treaty (1887 (Guangxu 13)65438+ February 6th, with Portugal, Beijing) 18. Sino-Japanese Beijing Special (1874 (Tongzhi13)1kloc-0/October 3 1) 19. Sino-Russian Northwest Border Agreement (1864 (Tongzhi 3 years) Talbahatai) Notes 20. Sino-German Trade Treaty (186 1 year (Xianfeng 1 1 year) September 2, Tianjin) 2 1. Beijing Treaty A) Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty (1860 (Xianfeng 65438) Beijing) B) Sino-French Beijing Treaty (1860 (Xianfeng10) 65438+1October 25th, Beijing) C) China-UK Beijing. Tianjin Treaty A) Sino-French Tianjin Treaty (1858 (eighth year of Xianfeng) June 27th, Tianjin) B) Sino-British Tianjin Treaty (1858 (eighth year of Xianfeng) June 26th, Tianjin) C) Sino-US Tianjin Treaty (1858 (eighth year of Xianfeng). Tianjin) d) Sino-Russian Tianjin Treaty (1858 (8 years of Xianfeng) June 13, Tianjin) 23. Sino-Russian Aihui Treaty (1858 (Aihui, Xianfeng, May 28th, 8th) 24. Charter of British, French and American Concessions (Shanghai) 25. Sino-Russian Talbahatai Trade Charter (185 1 year (the first year of Xianfeng), August 6th, Yili) 26. Huangpu Treaty (1844 (twenty-four years of Daoguang), 65438+1October 24th, with France, Huangpu) 27. Wang Xia) 28. Humen Treaty (1843 (23rd year of Daoguang) 65438+8 October, with Britain, Humen) 29. Treaty of nanking (Daoguang1August 29th, 842), and Nanjing, England).