During the reign of Kangxi, Wu Sangui and other San Francisco forces were eliminated (1673), Taiwan Province Province was unified (1684), the rebellion of Junggar Khan and galdan was put down (1688-1697), and the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Treaty was signed. In the Battle of Jacques, Kangxi sent a general from Heilongjiang, Sabusu, and successfully expelled the Russian invasion of the Heilongjiang River Basin (in this battle, more than 3,000 Qing soldiers fought hundreds of Cossacks of Russian troops in the northeast of China, but the war did not last long. Finally, the siege tactics forced the tsar to agree to peace talks, indicating that the Qing Dynasty was far behind the West in military science and technology, and recovered Jacques (now Skovorodino in the Russian Federation) and Nebuchadnezzar. He built a summer resort in Chengde, which was used as a place for the nobles of Mongolia, Tibet and Kazakhstan, but it also created a precedent for the large-scale construction of royal gardens in the Qing Dynasty, which increased people's suffering.
Re-focus on writing books
He held many well-read courses, established the system of studying in South China, and visited the Confucius Temple in Qufu. Emperor Kangxi also organized the editing and publication of books, calendars and maps such as Kangxi Dictionary, Integration of Ancient and Modern Books, Examination of Calendar Images, Essentials of Mathematics, Emperor Kangxi Calendar in Yongnian and Panorama of Emperor Kangxi. Emperor Kangxi also praised Changyue Wang, the abbot of Baiyun Temple, and obeyed him.
Learning culture requires extraordinary strength.
Kangxi had a lot to say when he studied algebra, geometry, astronomy and medicine from missionaries in China. He also likes Christianity very much. Later, Kangxi gradually discovered that the Vatican tried to interfere too much in the politics of the Qing Dynasty. After the prince converted to Christianity, he used it as a tool to fight for power and profit, so he began to boycott the Christianity in Kangxi stills (15). However, Kangxi did nothing to promote western learning, which made China's science and technology lag far behind the West. Kangxi practiced martial arts since childhood and was good at riding and shooting. Duolun formed an alliance. He hit a long-range target with a hard bow, which shocked the Mongolian princes present. Kangxi always got a lot of wild animals when hunting in the paddock. I was still doing geometry proof the night before, and I had a good time the next morning, even killing two or three horses, which shows that Kangxi is full of energy. Kangxi once claimed to kill 300 rabbits a day, which shows his confidence in his own force (people today also doubt whether it is possible to kill so many rabbits a day with bows and arrows).
Personal expedition to Shuomo, kindness to Mongolia
Mongolia was once divided into three parts (Monan Mongolia, Moxi Mongolia and Mobei Mongolia). After two generations' efforts, Nurhachi and Huang Taiji of Monan Mongolia completely surrendered to Monan Mongolia, that is, Inner Mongolia. Moxi Mongolia is Junggar Mongolia. Junggar Galdin led troops south, threatening the central dynasty. Kangxi decided to personally expedition and defeated Galdin. Mobei Mongolia and Kangxi completely solved the problem of Khalkha Mongolia, that is, outer Mongolia, through a series of netting measures. Therefore, Kangxi said: "In those days, the earthwork construction in Qin was developed, and I was kind to Kerkha to keep the north better than the Great Wall." China From the Huns in Qin and Han Dynasties to the Ming Dynasty, the historical problems of Mongolia have not been solved for two thousand years. Kangxi solved this problem, which is a historic contribution.
Attach importance to agriculture to harness rivers and build water conservancy projects.
After a long period of war in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, agricultural production was seriously damaged, and Kangxi took a series of measures to restore and develop agricultural production. He ordered the enclosure to stop. He visited the Yellow River and Jiangnan Water Conservancy six times and built the Yellow River, Huaihe River and Yongding River. Kangxi attached importance to agriculture and water conservancy, and achieved certain results.
Move heaven and shrink land, build a garden
Kangxi built Changchun Garden, chengde mountain resort and Jehol Mulan paddock, and his grandson Gan Long continued to build three mountains and five gardens (three mountains: Xiangshan Mountain, Yuquan Mountain, Wanshou Mountain: Changchun Garden, Yuanmingyuan Garden, Jingyi Garden and Qingyi Garden, also known as the Summer Palace), thus pushing the classical garden art in China to a peak. Garden architecture in Qing Dynasty is a precious heritage of the Chinese nation. Chengde mountain resort, a royal garden twice the size of the Summer Palace, is more than just a rest place. Like Mulan paddock, it is a vital piece on Kangxi's political chessboard. The more important significance of these palaces and temples built according to the Mongolian and Tibetan national styles is that all kinds of elites like Mongolia and Tibet can feel at home as soon as they enter the villa. Through these quiet and elegant landscapes, people seem to have returned to more than 200 years ago. The Sixth Panchen Lama celebrated Gan Long's birthday here, sent ministers to Tibet, and made it clear that the reincarnation of the soul boy and the system of drawing lots for the golden urn were also here. Kings and gentlemen of Mongolia lived here and met the emperor, who also met foreign historians here. The voluminous "Siku Quanshu" was stored here, and two emperors, Jiaqing and Xianfeng, died here successively, witnessing the ups and downs experienced by the Qing Dynasty.
Promoting literature and attaching importance to education, compiling classics
Kangxi attached importance to cultural education. He personally presided over the compilation of many important classics, such as Kangxi Dictionary, Pei Yunwen Fu, Wen Qingjian, Panorama of Kangxi and Integration of Ancient and Modern Books. There are more than 60 kinds of classics compiled by Kangxi, about 20 thousand volumes, which are important spiritual wealth in Chinese culture. The Kangxi Dynasty made the Qing Empire stand in the east of the world. At that time, there was Peter the Great in Russia and Louis XIV in France, and Kangxi was great compared with them. Kangxi had the largest population, the richest economy, the most prosperous culture, the most open territory and the strongest national strength. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, the territory of the Qing Dynasty extended from the sea in the east, to Qingshan in the west, to Zengmu shoal in the south, to Xing 'an Mountains in the north, to Balkhash Lake in the northwest and to Sakhalin Island in the northeast, with a total area of about13 million square kilometers.
Learn from yourself, be diligent in politics, and be cautious in politics.
He can say that among the emperors, he is the most diligent one, but his childhood misfortune inspired him to study hard. Kangxi's father died when he was eight, and his mother died when he was 10. His parents died two years later. It's pathetic that orphans are inseparable. His grandmother is responsible for raising him. Kangxi has three lineages, three cultures and three personalities. Kangxi's three lineages, father is Manchu, grandmother is Mongolian and mother is Han, are influenced by three cultures. His Manchu teacher spoke Manchu to him, wrote more Manchu than him, and taught him to ride and shoot. His Han Bishop, with four books and five classics, was educated by Confucian culture. Kangxi was diligent and prudent. Kangxi's personal rule began at the age of 14. At that time, pro-government was called "listening to politics at the imperial gate." What do you mean, listen to politics? That is, the emperor personally presided over court meetings, discussed affairs and decided on military affairs. In front of Gan Qing, the ministers of Nine big noble (ceremony, official, household, soldier, criminal, and worker), an imperial envoy from Zuodu, the General Political Department, the secretary of Dali Temple, and the university students attended the Imperial Hearing, and the Juzhu official also attended the Imperial Hearing. When does it start? That is, at 8: 00 in the morning (7: 00-9: 00), every morning, the stills of Kangxi in the duke of mount deer (1 1) began to discuss some important military affairs with ministers, whether it was cold or hot. It is very cold in winter in Beijing. It's really not easy to hold a meeting of the Supreme Court in front of Gan Qing. Moreover, the Qing emperor began to listen to politics from Kangxi until Guangxu persisted. At this time, Kangxi was diligent, and the following is said at the bottom. Kangxi's second "cautious". Kangxi was very cautious in handling military affairs. It can be said that he is very cautious, not just made of a row of boards. That's not true. I want to give an example to illustrate Kangxi's prudent politics. Let me give an example of river management. What did Kangxi write on the pillars of his court in his early years? He wrote three major events: San Francisco, river affairs and water transportation. Kangxi personally sent people to guard the Yellow River and went to Wan Li, the source of the Yellow River, to draw the whole map of the Yellow River. This is the first time in the history of China. After actual reconnaissance, he drew a map of the Yellow River, which made the ins and outs of the Yellow River clear. He appointed talented officials to manage the river, but he was still corrupt if he couldn't manage the river! He appointed two important officials, one named Jin Fu and the other named Huang Chen. He appointed Jin Fu as the river governor, and Jin Fu wrote eight letters to Kangxi every day, stating his opinions on river management. There were two main problems at that time. First of all, after the Yellow River regulation, more land was released. Jin Fu's opinion is that the land should be reclaimed, and the money earned will continue to harness rivers. The extra land was given to Hao Kun at that time. Second, the Yellow River estuary is not smooth into the sea. Jin Fu's opinion is to raise the embankment, so that the river can wash away the sand and the mud river can rush into the sea. On the other hand, Yu Chenglong disagreed. Dig the Yellow River into the sea, and the sand will not flow down. Jin Fu said no, if you say so, the sea will flow backwards. Yu Chenglong said you can't do this. If the river bank is high, the house is under the river bank, and people will run into the fish when the river bank overflows. What should Kangxi do? Let the two of them debate in front of the court, hold a meeting in front of Kangxi, express their opinions and refute each other's difficulties. Kangxi still can't decide. He does not support one side, but opposes one side to brainstorm. Ordered the minister in Beijing, your hometown is in a place related to the Yellow River, and each of you should write an opinion, which was made by Kangxi. After reading the opinions from all sides, Kangxi supported Yu Chenglong's opinion and removed Jin Fu from the post of river chief.
Open the sea ban and abolish enclosure.
In the eighth year of Kangxi, Kangxi killed Ao Bai, thus abolishing all the disadvantages of Ao Bai, such as forbidding the sea and enclosure. On March 8, the eighth year of Kangxi (1669), Emperor Kangxi issued a letter to stop enclosure forever and open the sea ban. In the early Qing dynasty, in order to curb the maritime combat effectiveness in the late Ming dynasty, the sea ban was implemented. After the Qing rulers entered the customs, in order to satisfy the Qing nobles' rule over the land and win over the soldiers of the Eight Banners, they sent officials to the fields of the Han people to race horses. This was a serious malpractice in the Qing Dynasty, which was abolished in the eighth year of Kangxi. Note: The famous "closed door" policy of Qing Dynasty originated from the sea ban promulgated by Qianlong in 1757, which ordered Xiamen, Ningbo and other ports to stop foreign trade except Guangzhou. This is the so-called "one-stop trade" policy. Kangxi was the longest-serving emperor in history of qing dynasty. He is both civil and military, proficient in traditional culture and dabbling in western science; He can not only mount a horse and draw a bow from left to right, but also repel Galdin by personal expedition, so he is good at governing the country. He strategized and won thousands of miles, won the wars against San Francisco and Russia in Beijing, and recovered Taiwan Province Province, which showed Kangxi's outstanding military command ability. On the other hand, Kangxi had extraordinary political vision and skills. Kangxi founded "Duolun Meng Hui" to replace the war and contact Mongolian ministries; The treaty guarantees that the territory of the country in Heilongjiang is inviolable; Kangxi also paid special attention to education, including his own children, and laid a "prosperous age" that lasted for more than 100 years.