Brick carving Supai brick carving
Supai brick carving
Supai brick carving is one of the typical representatives of brick carving art in southern China. The Ming Dynasty was typical and simple, but in the Qing Dynasty, especially after Kangxi and Qianlong, it had great development and improvement, and formed its own fine and elegant decorative style, which was known as "South Show". It is worth mentioning that most of the stone tablets of Suzhou Brick Carved Gatehouse are inscribed by celebrities. Exquisite calligraphy and elegant brick carving often complement each other, making Suzhou brick carving more bookish. There used to be more than 200 brick-carved gatehouses in Suzhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but most of them were annihilated. With the return of modern people's aesthetic taste to ancient art, the brick carving of the gatehouse is loved by people again, and many modern buildings and houses also like to decorate the gatehouse with brick carving.
Brick carving Tianjin brick carving
Tianjin brick carving
Brick carvings of ancient buildings in Tianjin are rich in themes and well-carved, with towers, houses, halls and houses in Jixian and Tianjin as the representatives, which have strong local characteristics. The early brick carving in Tianjin was first carved on the brick blank, then burned into carved bricks in the kiln, and then slightly processed, which can be used for veneer decoration of buildings. Now three Liao pagodas, such as Baita in Jixian County, are decorated in this way. Due to the complex technology and low output, products are gradually made in firing and carved on finished bricks instead. In the early Qing Dynasty, Tianjin was promoted from Wei to a rich country, and its local economy developed rapidly. Some salt merchants, grain merchants and transporters with deep pockets have opened gardens to build villas. During Jiaqing and Daoguang years, Tianjin's "Eight Masters" built luxury houses in succession, but due to the restrictions of the Qing court on the grades and specifications of residential buildings at that time, they could not be as glamorous as Beijing Palace and Wang Fu. I don't want to learn the elegant gardens of Jiangnan literati. In order to enliven the atmosphere of buildings and show their wealth, most houses are decorated with exquisite brick carvings, thus promoting the development of Tianjin brick carving industry.
The content of Tianjin brick carving can be divided into ten categories: auspicious patterns, pavilions, fairy tales, folklore, secular life, flowers and birds, Bo Gu, baby play, classical novels, characters and patterns. The theme content of brick carving varies according to the place where it is placed. For example, the gatehouse and the screen wall are engraved with "Three Stars shine high" and "Wei Tuo makes money". On the roof, patterns such as "leveling three layers" are often used.
Tianjin brick carving is famous for its complete, beautiful, solemn and generous artistic style. Many difficult carving techniques, such as relief, through carving and shallow carving, are often used in brick carving works. Among the ancient buildings in Tianjin, some existing brick carvings are well preserved, including Muslim temples, Guangdong guildhall, urban areas and Yangliuqing dwellings. Among them, the brick carvings of Yangliuqing residential buildings are famous for their unique features, such as octagonal convex carvings-gossip patterns are only found in Tianjin brick carvings.
Tianjin brick carving flourished after Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty. There are exquisite brick carvings on the screen wall, lampstand, wooden door and window profile and lintel of the "Eight Lords" residence. In order to decorate the large plane of gables and back eaves walls, brick carvings are sometimes decorated, which are extremely gorgeous. Technically, Tianjin Ma Shunqing and Ma also invented the "tiling method" to increase the thickness of bricks and enhance the depth of field and slicing after carving. Tianjin brick carving is very distinctive. In addition to traditional auspicious patterns, there are some local landscapes, such as towers, drum towers, bridges and pavilions.
Brick carving Shanxi brick carving
Shanxi brick carving
The characteristics of Shanxi brick carving are: 1. Excellent soil quality and durability; Second, there are many patterns and routines; Third, the painter is fine and the knife method is unique; Fourth, the pedigree is accurate and orderly.
Since the Sui, Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, carving traces can be seen on the bricks and tiles of many temples in Shanxi. Especially in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, with the rise of Shanxi merchants, temples were built in villages and cooperatives in China, and quadrangles with a seal were everywhere, and brick streets reappeared. Brick carving crafts such as ridge collar, shadow wall and flower wall gatehouse are in great demand in the market. This objectively promoted the development of Shanxi brick carving skills. Folklore, to the middle and late Qing Dynasty. On average, there is a small brick kiln in four villages in the territory, and each brick kiln can burn "flowers (that is, brick carvings)". At that time, there were many kinds of brick carvings in Yaowangbao, Xiaowangcun, Dachang Village and Dongmuzhuang, with rich output and far-reaching sales.
Brick carving Huizhou brick carving
Huizhou brick carving
Brick carvings in Huizhou, Anhui Province (now Shexian County, Anhui Province) are mainly used for gatehouses, door covers, cornices and column foundations. Most of the ancient brick carvings were mainly in relief, and a few were also carved with wire. Huizhou architecture mostly adopts blue-gray ridges and roofs, white walls, door covers, gatehouses and cornices are made of water-mill blue bricks, and the thresholds and feet (one or two feet from the ground) of houses are made of bluestone or granite. Some people also use water mill green bricks to stick bricks, and then fix them on the surface of wooden door panels with round rivets. The whole building like this, with brick carvings embedded in it, is very harmonious and coordinated. Huizhou brick carving patterns include flowers and birds, figures, dramas, life scenes and auspicious patterns. Fine workmanship, neat carving, smooth transportation, prominent theme and distinct layers. The Anhui Provincial Museum has Guo Ziyi Shoushang and Baizitu, both of which are representative works of Huizhou brick carving, showing superb skills. The history of Huizhou brick carving originated in Song Dynasty and reached its peak in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Sculptures in the Ming Dynasty are rough and simple, generally only flat carvings and bas-reliefs. With the help of line modeling, they lack perspective changes, but emphasize symmetry and are rich in decorative interest. Sculpture in Qing Dynasty was exquisite and complicated, and its composition and layout absorbed the expression techniques of Xin 'an Painting School, paying attention to artistic beauty, and promoting hollowing-out effect with deep relief and round carving. Some hollowed out layers are as many as ten layers, pavilions, trees, animals, flowers, birds, insects and fish, all in the same picture.
Brick carving Guangdong brick carving
Guangdong brick carving
Guangdong brick carving can be divided into bas-relief, high relief and general carving according to techniques, and divided into combined brick carving (single injection molding first, then combined into a complete pattern) and single brick carving in proportion. Combined brick carvings are generally used for large-scale decoration such as wall heads, stigma and zhaobi, and large ones need hundreds of brick carvings. A single brick carving is often embedded in the border of the shrine or in the place of phase decoration, seat decoration, etc. Guangdong selected first-class blue brick carvings, carved one by one according to the design requirements, and then the parts were spliced and embedded in the wall. Guangdong brick carving is a part of architecture and an indoor and outdoor decoration. Brick carvings can be seen everywhere in the houses in the Pearl River Valley of Guangdong Province, or they stand alone, or they are decorated with colored paintings, gray sculptures and pottery sculptures on the upper walls of gables, walls on both sides of gates, gatehouses and eaves. Techniques include high and low relief, through carving and line carving. The content includes flowers, people and animals.
Compared with the thick brick carvings in the north, the brick carvings in Guangdong are exquisite and delicate. Using refined water mill blue bricks as materials, they are often carved as fine as silk. It used to be called "hanging line brick carving". The carving techniques are mostly intaglio, bas-relief, high-relief, and through-carving, and the fine ones can reach seven or eight layers, which has a far-reaching impact on the scenery. Carved flowers are luxuriant in foliage and beautiful in shape. Opera characters have clear armor. Under the sunlight irradiation at different times, it can also show different colors such as black, white and cyan, and the highlights are smoky and the picture is ups and downs.
Brick carving Linxia brick carving
Linxia brick carving
Linxia brick carving is a traditional folk art in Linxia, Gansu Province, which originated in the Northern Song Dynasty and matured in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It also absorbs the artistic characteristics of painting and wood carving, making this folk art closely integrated with architecture more perfect and exquisite. The technology of brick carving in Linxia can be divided into "kneading" and "carving". "Squeezing" is to knead the processed clay sculpture into patterns such as dragons, phoenixes, lions and various flowers, birds, insects and fish with a manual mold, and then bake it.
Linxia brick carving is a traditional architectural decoration carving in Linxia County. Brick carving ornaments unearthed in Linxia, Gansu Province, from the brick tomb of Wang Ji, a captain of Dading in the 15th year of Jin Dynasty, are made from the blue bricks of earth kilns. According to this, it can be judged that brick carving in Linxia actually originated in Qin and Han Dynasties, which was an extension of folk wood carving skills at that time.
According to archaeological excavations, the brick carving art in Linxia was quite mature in the Song Dynasty. By the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, brick carving technology had been widely used in various buildings. The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the prosperous period of brick carving in Linxia. The dragon and phoenix shadow wall in front of the Bafang Muslim North Temple in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties can be regarded as the best brick sculpture in Hezhou. Brick carving in Linxia absorbed the advantages of modern painting and woodcut, and got greater development. Widely used in temples, gardens and residential buildings, the decorative parts include screen walls, barriers, gatehouses, ticket gates, stilts, walls, roofs and mountain flowers. Brick carving has a wide range of genres, mostly with good wishes as the content, including pine, cypress, plum, bamboo, flowers and so on; There are pine cranes, magpies, birds, squirrels and deer; More are wood-like arches, sparrows, purlins, grass rolls, patterns and so on. The forms of expression are colorful, some are magnificent, some are elegant and generous, and the paintings are intentional.
Brick carving products are mainly used to decorate temples, temples, temples and deep houses in residential buildings. They are usually used for patios, gables, shadow walls, gallery walls, danlou, steps, low thresholds, Liu Mi left, roofs, etc. Sculpture themes can be divided into natural scenery, social life and decorative patterns with national characteristics. Brick carving in Linxia absorbed carving techniques such as wood carving, stone carving and jade carving, and at the same time paid attention to the integration of artistic expressions such as Chinese painting, calligraphy, seal cutting and poetry with brick carving techniques to form diversified artistic characteristics, which not only retained the simplicity and simplicity of unique materials, but also presented diversified artistic characteristics.
Brick carving in Linxia can be divided into kneading and carving from the production process. The so-called kneading, first of all, is to knead the carefully prepared mud into various shapes with hands and molds, and then put it into a kiln for firing. Most of these works are independently shaped, such as dragons, phoenixes and unicorns. , mostly used for roofs, commonly known as "Echinoceros". The so-called carving is to carve various patterns on the selected and fired blue bricks with a carving knife, which is much more complicated than kneading. A pattern is often made up of dozens or even dozens of blue bricks, carved on the mud kiln cotton bricks and carved with a knife. This method is often used for wall decoration and steps of buildings. The carving process includes eight processes: grinding, composition, carving, fine grinding, watering, numbering, splicing and installation, and decoration. Making tools include folding ruler, saw, planer, shovel, chisel and carving knife, among which shovel, chisel and carving knife are divided into several types according to the technological requirements such as weight, size, length and blade width.