Second Republic of Poland
In the critical period of the First World War (19 16), in order to win over the Poles and reverse the decline of their two-front operations, the German government promised to establish an "independent Polish state" in June1.At the end of February, Germany and Austria established the "Provisional Polish State Council" and began to work in Poland. By 19 17, the October Revolution broke out in Russia, and the new Soviet regime withdrew from the war. 19 18 On August 29th, the Soviet government issued a decree announcing the abrogation of all treaties signed by Russia, Poland and Austria on the partition of Poland and recognizing the Polish people's right to independence and reunification. 19 18, 10,10/In June, the First World War came to an end, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Germany tended to disintegrate, thus forming favorable international conditions for Poland's revival, and the Polish revival movement was in full swing everywhere. 101On October 23rd, the Polish government was established in Warsaw.1kloc-0/On October 28th, Polish patriots in the occupied area established the Polish liquidation committee (Polska Komisja Likwidacyjna) in Krakow. 1October 7th, 165438+ The Social Democratic Party established the Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland (Tymczasowy Rz? Party of the Republic of Poland.165438+1October 1 1, and the Polish government is led by Pierre Suskie. The government of lublin and the liquidation committee of Krakow also announced their acceptance of Pierre Suskie's leadership. 1 18 10 18, Pierre Suskie formed a coalition government in Warsaw, and he became the head of state of the Polish Republic. In this way, since 1795, Poland has been 123 and 19 18 1 to restore its independence and rebuild its country.
Polish poster during the Soviet-Polish War, which reads in Polish: Down with the Bolsheviks!
19 19 12.8 The Supreme Council of the Allies passed a resolution at the Paris Peace Conference, agreeing to rebuild the Polish state and recognize the Republic of Poland, and suggesting that a temporary dividing line be drawn between Russia and Poland, that is, along the line of Grodno, Brest, Khrushchev, Przemeidel and Carpathian. However, the Polish government tried to restore the Russian-Polish border line of 1772, so the newly established Republic of Poland launched a war against the newly born socialist country Soviet Russia, known as the Soviet-Polish War in history. 1920 In April, Polish troops invaded vast areas of Ukraine and Belarus. The Soviet Union-Russell Red Army counterattacked, expelled the Polish troops involved in the intervention, and set fire to Warsaw, the capital of Poland. But in the end, the Soviet army was defeated by the Polish army in Warsaw. Although the Polish army won the final military victory, the people were poor and rich because of the incompetence of the war. Finally, the two sides agreed to make peace. On July 12, British Foreign Secretary Cousin called the Soviet Union and Russia to propose a ceasefire on behalf of the allies. The ceasefire line is roughly the dividing line stipulated in the Paris Peace Conference resolution, so it is called "curzon line". On July 22nd, Poland called for a truce.
1921March 18, Poland and Soviet Russia formally signed a peace treaty between Poland, Russia and Ukraine, namely Riga Treaty. The main contents are as follows: the contracting parties recognized the independence of Ukraine and Belarus (but in 1922, Belarus and Ukraine, as republics of the Soviet Union, jointly established the Soviet Union with Russia), and demarcated the eastern border of Poland (the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus were transferred to Poland). At this time, the Polish-Russian border is about 150 miles east of curzon line. According to this treaty, Poland gained a part of western Ukraine, western Belarus and Lithuania, and the Soviet Union and Russia lost a large area of territory in this war, which also paved the way for the Soviet Union and Germany to carve up Poland in World War II. The border between Poland and Russia (Soviet Union) determined by Riga Treaty has been maintained until1September 939 17. In addition, according to the resolution of 19 19 Paris Peace Conference, Poland obtained East Pomeroy and Poznan from Germany, but Danzig (later changed to Gdansk) became an international Danzig free city under the supervision of the League of Nations, and most of Silesia still belonged to Germany, with a total territory area of 388,000 square kilometers, making Poland a big European country with a vast territory and complex ethnic composition. 1921March, the parliament passed the constitution, and Poland became a parliamentary republic, known as the second republic of Poland in history.
Ethnic composition of the Second Republic of Poland: green is Polish, yellow is Belarusian, orange is Ukrainian, dark blue is German, purple is Lithuanian, light blue is Slovak, reddish brown is Czech, brown is Romanian and gray is Hungarian. In addition, 65,438+00% Jews live in Poland.
After gaining rare independence and the war with the Soviet Union, Poland began to be founded. Although Poland suffered huge losses in World War I and Soviet War, it still put its economic construction on the right track. From 65438 to 0924, Poland began to promote its own currency, the zloty, which became one of the most stable currencies in Central Europe at that time. Poland's economy is slowly recovering from the trauma of war. Before the outbreak of World War II, Poland became an important country in Europe in politics, economy and culture. Poland also established its own armed forces shortly after the founding of the People's Republic of China and participated in the Soviet-Polish War. Polish cavalry used their own advantages to defeat the powerful Soviet Russia at the gates of Warsaw and won the final victory. Before World War II, the Polish army ranked fifth in Europe.
However, between the two world wars, Poland had a fatal weakness. As the territory of Poland is formed by the merger of German-occupied areas, Austrian-occupied areas and Russian-occupied areas, ethnic issues have become very prominent. The eastern ethnic groups such as Ukraine and Belarus always tend to split their minds, and the economic level in the east is obviously behind that in the west, which forms the economic gap between the east and the west, making the eastern ethnic groups more dissatisfied with the Polish regime. In addition, since 1926, when Pizdesky staged a military coup in May, Poland practiced dictatorship, arrested those who opposed him in parliament and propagated fascism. Externally, he pursued a two-faced strategy and struck a balance between Germany and the Soviet Union, two powerful neighbors. 1932 signed a non-aggression treaty between Poland and the Soviet union, 1934 signed a non-aggression treaty between Potter and the Soviet union. 1938, Poland * * * was dissolved and its party leader * * * was also killed.
From 1933, the cloud of war began to cover Europe, and Hitler, the head of the German Nazi, began his aggressive offensive. At the present time of the great enemy, Polish nationalism is in high spirits, rejecting the proposal of the Soviet Union to conclude a collective security treaty, and is determined to rely on the help of western countries to achieve national independence and security. Poland also naively believes that when Poland is attacked by Germany, the western countries will definitely go to war with Germany for themselves. Facts have proved that this excessive dependence on the west has seriously hampered Poland's own national defense construction and eventually destroyed its own country. Territorial changes in Poland after World War II
Polish Campaign and Polish History _ (1939–1945)
1938 to 10, Hitler raised the issue of Polish Corridor with Poland and threatened Poland with war. 1939 On August 23rd, the Soviet Union and Germany signed a secret protocol of non-aggression and division of spheres of influence (the Soviet Union has always denied the existence of this secret protocol). On September 1939, 1, the German Blitzkrieg raided Poland and launched the Polish campaign, marking the full-scale outbreak of World War II. The Germans soon occupied most of Poland's territory, and Polish soldiers and civilians fought bravely. /kloc-in September, 0/7, the Polish government fled abroad, and first set up a government in exile headed by General Vadisvaw Sicorschi in Paris. After the defeat of France, the government in exile moved to Britain on 1940. At the same time, in September of 17, Stalin of the Soviet Union began to fulfill his obligations in the Soviet-German Non-Aggression Treaty. At the same time, for the benefit of the Soviet Union, he established the "East Line" as a buffer zone against Germany, and ordered 600,000 Soviet Red Army to cross the Soviet-Polish border, enter eastern Poland, and occupy western Ukraine and western Belarus. /Kloc-In September, 2008, the Soviet Union and the German army joined forces in Brest-Litovsk, and the German Soviet army divided Poland with Pisa River-Nalev River-Viswa River-Sang River as the boundary. On September 28th, the Germans captured Warsaw, and Poland fell again. The Polish people started the national liberation war against fascism. /kloc-At the beginning of 0/0, the Polish Corridor and Danzig occupied by Germany were incorporated into the German territory by the Nazi government, and the southern part of Poland was established as the "Polish Governor's Office".
In the Battle of Poland, 66,300 Polish troops were killed and injured133,700, 694,000 were captured by the Germans, 217,000 were captured or surrendered by the Soviets, and 100 fled to neighboring countries, resulting in heavy casualties among Polish residents. About 250,000 people died and countless others were injured in Warsaw alone. In the face of the heroic resistance of the Polish army, 1600 people died, 30,300 people were injured and 3,400 people were missing. 1940 In the spring, half a year later, the Soviet Union killed 20,000 to 30,000 Polish officers and men in the Katyn forest near Smolensk, which triggered the Katyn forest incident.
194 1 year, Nazi Germany began to use the Polish territory occupied by Germany as a base to attack the Soviet Union on a large scale. At the beginning of the war, the Soviet Union was caught off guard and lost ground. The Germans all occupied the territory owned by the second Republic of Poland, and most of the territory of the western Soviet Union was also occupied by the Germans. Subsequently, the Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with the Polish government in exile. 1942, the government in exile established a national army in China. In the same year, the Polish Workers' Party and the Polish People's Army, with the support of the Soviet Union, launched a struggle against the Nazi occupation forces. 1943, because Germany discovered the remains of the victims in the Katyn forest incident and made it public, the Soviet Union chose to deny it in the face of a large amount of evidence. In this case, it went into exile and broke off diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union again.
With the development of the war situation, the Germans quickly turned to attack, and the Soviet counterattack gradually pushed the front into Poland. On New Year's Day from 65438 to 0944, the National People's Congress was established at the initiative of the Workers' Party, with Beirut as its chairman. 1On July 22nd, 944, the National People's Congress formed the Polish National Liberation Committee (PKWN) in higham, and promulgated the historic Manifesto of the Polish National Liberation Committee (also known as the Manifest PKWN, Manifest Lipcowy), announcing the birth of a new Polish state and its demise in Poland.
In Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland, countless Poles, Jews and people of other nationalities died under the knife of Nazi Germany.
1In August, 944, the Soviet Red Army advanced to the outskirts of Warsaw, and the Polish underground army wanted to liberate the German-occupied area before the Soviet Red Army arrived in Warsaw to avoid being controlled by the Soviet Union. This is the famous Warsaw Uprising. However, due to practical considerations such as balancing the interests of the West and itself, Stalin thought that this irresponsible practice should not be sympathized with, so the Soviet Union did not give much support to the Warsaw insurgents. Under the bloody suppression of Nazi Germans, the uprising failed. Hitler ordered Warsaw to be razed to the ground, many precious cultural relics were destroyed, and most Warsaw people were sent to death camps. 1945 65438+1October 17, Soviet troops liberated devastated Warsaw. In April, Poland and the Soviet Union signed a treaty of friendship, mutual assistance and economic cooperation. In June, the Polish National Liberation Committee was reorganized into a temporary national unity government.
According to the decision of Yalta and Potsdam Conference, the eastern and western borders of Poland were determined, with curzon line as the Bosu border in the east, Bode border in the west moving westward to the Ode-Nice River, and Szczecin and Schvinovis were included in the Polish side of the border. In this way, the whole territory of Poland moved more than 200 kilometers to the west, and the area was reduced by about 76,000 square kilometers compared with that before the war, accounting for about 20% of the lost territory.
In World War II, the Polish people made great sacrifices for the anti-fascist war, and about 6 million Polish soldiers and civilians were killed in this war. Many concentration camps where Nazis slaughtered Jews and other civilians were found in Poland, the most famous of which was Auschwitz. Of all the participating countries, Poland suffered the most casualties in terms of population proportion. People's Republic of Poland
July Declaration, announcing the establishment of the Polish People's Republic with the support of the Soviet Union.
From 65438 to 0947, Poland held parliamentary elections, in which Beirut, supported by the Soviet Union, was elected president and the socialist Cyrankiewicz served as prime minister. Poland embarked on the road of socialist development, and the western government in exile was basically excluded from the power center. 1948 12, Polish Workers' Party and Polish Socialist Party merged to form Polish United Workers' Party. Beirut is the general secretary. The people's government nationalized large and medium-sized industries, transportation and banks, carried out land reform, mobilized the people to complete the three-year plan to restore the national economy (1947 ~ 1949), improved the national economic situation and people's life, and established diplomatic relations with People's Republic of China (PRC) on June 7, 1949. Starting from 1950, Poland began to implement the six-year plan for developing the national economy (1950 ~ 1955).
1952, Poland changed its name to the People's Republic of Poland and adopted the Constitution of the People's Republic of Poland. Alexander Zawadzki was elected as the Chairman of the State Council and Beirut was appointed as the Chairman of the Council of Ministers. 1956 In March, Beirut died in Moscow, and Ochab succeeded as the first secretary.
However, Poland's social structure, political and cultural traditions, religious beliefs and the development of capitalist economy all show that the establishment of socialism in Poland has congenital defects. However, the dogmatists of the Polish government headed by Beirut totally accepted the socialist model of the Soviet Union. Poland has formulated an economic development strategy of giving priority to the development of heavy industry and industrialization according to the Soviet model and the order of "emphasizing-neglecting-agriculture". This has led to a serious imbalance in the proportion of the national economy, one-sided development of heavy industry, long-term backwardness of agriculture, soaring prices, devaluation of the currency and a decline in people's living standards.
The serious defects of the Soviet model, the deep-rooted anti-Russian rebellious psychology of Poles, the traditions of religion and liberalism, the mistakes of the Polish ruling party, the prevalence of bureaucratic corruption and other comprehensive factors made it extremely difficult to promote socialism in Poland, which led Poland to become the most unstable country in the Eastern European bloc after World War II.
Poznan event monument
1956, the "non-Stalinization" of Khrushchev, the Supreme Soviet, brought great impact to the whole socialist eastern camp, and the famous Poznan incident occurred in Poland at that time. In June of that year, the workers of Stalin Locomotive Works in Poznan, an industrial city in western Poland, were rejected by the authorities after their economic demands for higher wages and lower taxes, so a demonstration of100000 people broke out in Poznan on June 28th. 1956. Later, it turned into a gun battle between the police and the workers. Tanks and security forces also participated in the suppression of workers. According to statistics, 54 people were killed, more than 2,000 people were injured and more than 300 people were arrested in just one day of conflict and riots. In order to calm the already serious situation, the authorities adopted a compromise position. On June 30, the government took some measures to ease the contradiction: the former minister of machinery industry was demoted; The tax collected from Stalin Locomotive and Rolling Stock Factory will be returned to the factory workers in stages; A funeral was held for the victims of the incident and the riots subsided.
1On August 4th, 1956, the Polish United Workers' Party decided to cancel the criticism and condemnation of GorMulka, the former leader of Polish communist party, in June of1949+0/kloc-0, and released them from prison. In June 65438+1October 65438+September of the same year, Gomer Kadang was elected as a member of the Central Committee. During the Soviet-Polish talks, Mulka opposed the Soviet Union's interference and pressure on Poland's internal affairs and insisted on "Poland's own way". 101October 2 1 day, was elected as the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. At the Eighth Plenary Session of the Second Central Committee of the Party held in June 65438+ 10 of the same year, Gomel Kadang was elected as the first secretary. 1956 ~ 1960 the five-year plan takes the development of consumer goods production and agriculture and the improvement of people's living standards as its main tasks. The meeting criticized the previous principles and policies and put forward a new policy of overcoming "bureaucracy and dogmatism", "strengthening the democratization of the legal system and political life", developing the economy and "improving people's lives faster". However, due to the serious defects of the Soviet model, during the next two five-year plans (196 1 ~ 1970), the proportion of the national economy is still seriously unbalanced.
After the Gdansk agreement, the memorial to the shipyard workers killed in the 1970 crackdown was also completed and unveiled on 1980, 12 and 16.
In February, Poland faced another crisis. Workers, students and citizens in coastal cities such as Gdansk (formerly Danzig) protested against the government's increase in food and daily necessities prices and went on strike, which triggered serious social unrest and later developed into bloody conflicts. On February 20th, 65438, at the Seventh Plenary Session of the Fifth Central Committee, Ge Mulka was dismissed from his post as the first secretary of the Party, and Ji Zeke succeeded him as the first secretary of the Party. Cyrankiewicz was appointed chairman of the State Council and Jaroszewicz was appointed chairman of the Council of Ministers.
The period of 1970 was the fastest period of Poland's post-war economic development. The government of Gillek implemented the so-called "three high policies" known for its "high speed, high accumulation and high consumption", introduced a large amount of foreign capital and built a large number of projects, which greatly improved people's living standards. Poland is thriving. However, haste makes waste. Behind the apparent prosperity, in the late 1970s, various government subsidies reached 40% of the budget, and foreign debts reached 26 billion US dollars.
Poland has always been a country where citizens believe in Catholicism in history, but after World War II, the socialist government carried out extensive atheism propaganda and education and persecuted the church. 197810 June 16, Archbishop Vojtila of Polish descent was elected Pope John Paul II. A year later, when he visited Poland, he was not only received by the Polish authorities, but was greeted everywhere. Thousands of Christians fell at his feet and listened to his teachings devoutly. For a time, unprecedented religious fanaticism pervaded Poland. In fact, the Pope's trip to Poland is not only a review of the strength of the Polish church, but also a political demonstration against the Polish authorities. It can be seen that religious tradition is deeply rooted in Poland, and it also reflects the failure of atheism education in Poland from one side.
/kloc-in the 1980s, the government had to take measures to freeze wages and raise the prices of some commodities to avoid the crisis, and the Poles, who had long been used to planned prices, were caught off guard. When the government announced in July 1980 that the price of meat in "bargain shops" would increase by 40-60%, the dissatisfaction of the masses triggered a nationwide strike. In September of the same year, the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party dismissed Girek as the first secretary and was succeeded by Stanislaw Kania. In June+10, 5438, a well-known trade union organization appeared at that time, and the first independent trade union organization in Eastern Europe. After Walesa was elected as the * * * of the United Trade Union at that time, he began to emerge in Polish politics. The strike movement led by the Solidarity Union initially adopted a peaceful way, recognizing socialism as the political foundation of Poland and unifying the leadership role of the Workers' Party and its alliance with the Soviet Union. 198/kloc-0 held the first national congress in Gdansk in, decided to set up a national committee to replace the National Consultative Committee, and adopted a new political program, calling on Poland to diversify and establish an "autonomous republic". It is said that solidarity trade union is the main force of Poland's reform, and the leading role of socialism and the United Workers' Party is not mentioned in the trade union program. In the strike movement, the trade union proposed to have its own newspaper, have the right to publish freely and "seize power from the bottom up". The trade union is competing with the government.
John Paul II first visited Poland as Pope in 1979, which was welcomed by millions of people.
At the fourth plenary session of the 9th Central Committee of the United Labor Party (KLOC-0/981), Kania resigned and Jaruzelski was elected as the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. 19811213 Poland declared a state of war, the solidarity trade union was banned, Walesa and other trade unions were detained, and some trade union backbones went underground. The trade union is divided into two factions, and the moderates headed by Walesa advocate avoiding confrontation with the government and advocating consultation and dialogue; Radicals advocate overthrowing the government by violence. Subsequently, there was a major division in society, and those who originally supported the Solidarity Union turned to support the government. 1982 in February, the parliament passed a new trade union law, demanding the reconstruction of new trade unions. The wartime state ended in July 1983. 1984, Poland declared an amnesty, while Walesa and others tried to legalize solidarity. The situation in Poland has entered a short period of stability.