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How many queens were there in European history?
Among the reigning kings of European monarchies, there are three queens: Queen Elizabeth II, beatrix wilhelmina armgard Bitrix and Danish Queen Margrethe II. None of them is the first queen in the history of their country. In the history of Europe, whether in ancient Greece, ancient Rome or medieval chivalry, the titles of "emperor" and "king" have always been the patent of men, and only the Eastern Roman Empire has produced several female emperors with little influence. But since the14th century, one queen (emperor) has appeared intermittently in one country after another, and up to now, there are thirty in total. (Statistically, there are six in Britain, four in Russia, three in the Netherlands, two in Luxembourg, three in Spain, two in Portugal, two in Sweden, two in Denmark, Austria 1, Poland 1, and Hungary 1. There were also merged countries, such as Scotland, Navarra and Naples, and there were queens, but some female emperors were strict. )

The following are more famous:

Byzantine Empire (that is, the Eastern Roman Empire, ***3)

Empress Irina (reigned from 797 to 802): Emperor Leo IV of Byzantine Isurian Dynasty, mother of Constantine VI, the first empress of Byzantine Empire and the last empress of Isurian Dynasty; In 780, after the death of her husband Leo IV, she made her son Constantine VI emperor and empress dowager, holding actual power. In 797, he abolished his son and became a queen. It was deposed in 802 and the Isurian dynasty ended. She is the only one in the history of Byzantine emperor who replaced the feminine (Greek: β α σ λ ε, English: empress) with masculine (Greek: β α σ? λ ι σ α, English: empress).

Macedonian Zoe (1042 ~ 1050 reigned): also known as "orthodox direct Zoe", the daughter of Macedonian emperor Constantine VIII and Byzantine empress Helena, Emperor Luo Menas III, and the second empress of Byzantine empire; Flo· Minas III succeeded to the throne after his father died. On 1034, she conspired with confidant eunuch John * * * to kill her husband. In the same year, she married Michelle from Pavre, Gogna, and helped her ascend to the throne, becoming Mikhail IV. 104 1 year, Mikhail iv died, and she made Mikhail v, her nephew and adopted son, emperor. Mikhail V tried to exclude her, but she won the support of the citizens of Constantinople, the capital loyal to the Macedonian dynasty, and abolished Mikhail V as the orthodox school of the Macedonian dynasty. She and her sister Tiodola were on the same footing in 1042. In the same year, he married Dante Of nine, who was in his sixties, and san huang ruled together.

Empress odola (reigned 1042- 1056): daughter of Macedonian emperors Constantine VIII and Helena, sister of Macedonian Zoe, the third and last queen of Byzantine Empire, and the last emperor of Macedonian dynasty; From 1042, his sister Zoe and brother-in-law Dante Of nine were the lords of the Byzantine Empire, and the three emperors were in power together; 1052, his sister Zoe, a Macedonian, died, and he took power with his brother-in-law Dante Of nine. 1054 Dante Of nine became a separate queen after her death; Without an heir, Mikhail VI was appointed to the throne before the death of 1056, and the Macedonian dynasty ended.

Romanov Dynasty of Russian Empire (***4)

Catherine I (reigned from 1725 to 1727): Catherine I? Alexevna, the second queen of Peter I, the first emperor of Russian Empire, the second emperor and the first queen of Russian Empire; Originally the daughter of a Lithuanian farmer, she was captured by the Russian army in the Northern War, loved by Peter I and became his mistress. 17 12 officially became Queen Peter I; 1725, her husband Peter I became the queen with the support of the praetorian guard. Short reign, no political achievements; She had two sons and five daughters with Peter I, two of whom died young, and the second daughter grew up with this woman, the later Queen Elizabeth. After his death, there was no male heir, and his stepson Peter Alekseyevich Romanov succeeded to the throne.

Anna I (reigned from 1730 to 1740): full name Anna? Ivanovna, daughter of Russian Tsar Ivano V, niece of Emperor Peter I of Russian Empire, aunt of Peter Alekseyevich Romanov, the fourth emperor and second queen of Russian Empire; 17 10 married the Duke of Kurland, but her husband died within three months, so she became the Duchess of Kurland and a widow, and never got married. /kloc-in 0/740, his nephew, Emperor Peter Alekseyevich Romanov, died without children, so he became a queen. During his reign, he used foreign troops for a long time. In the war of succession to the throne in Poland, he joined forces with the Habsburg holy Roman Emperor Carl V (that is, King Carlos I of Spain) to fight against Louis XV of French Bourbon family and won, but he was frustrated in the war of attacking the Ottoman Empire in the south (the fourth Russian-Turkish war). He is famous for his romantic life and inherited his nephew Ivan VI without a queen.

Elizabeth I (reign time 174 1- 1762): full name Elizabeth? Petrovna, daughter of Emperor Peter I and Empress Catherine I of the Russian Empire, and great-aunt of Ivan VI, the sixth emperor and third empress of the Russian Empire; 174 1 year, launched a palace coup, overthrew his nephew Ivan VI, became queen on his own, and claimed to be the legal heir of Peter the Great; During his administration, he encouraged business development and revitalized the Russian economy. Funding literary and artistic creation, establishing Moscow University and Art College; Participated in the seven-year war, allied with the French and Austrian empires, and defeated Prussia many times. However, she granted privileges to nobles, which made the situation of serfs more difficult; Also known for his debauchery, he never married and had no heir after his death, which made his nephew Peter III inherit the throne.

Catherine II (reigned from 1762 to 1796): namely, Catherine the Great, whose full name is Catherine II? Alexevna, Emperor Peter III of the Russian Empire, the eighth emperor of the Russian Empire, and the fourth and last queen; Originally the daughter of a German duke, 1745 married Peter III. Queen Elizabeth died in 1762, and her husband Peter III became queen. In the same year, a palace coup was launched, which deposed her husband Peter III and made herself queen. During his reign, he launched the fifth and sixth Russian-Turkish wars and won, defeated the Ottoman Empire, annexed the Crimean Khanate and gained access to the Black Sea. Divided Poland with Prussia and Austria for three times, which made Russia an unprecedented position and became the largest empire in the world across Eurasia. Therefore, it was honored as "the Great" and was one of only two "Great" in Russian history (the other was Peter the Great); He had close contacts with Voltaire, a French enlightenment thinker, but his thoughts were still conservative and opposed to the French Revolution. Toy Boy is also famous for her romantic life. She is numerous, and her two sons (including Paul I who later succeeded to the throne) may be her and Toy Boy's sons (because her husband Peter III is infertile).

Queen Elizabeth I (who promoted the rise of Britain) and Queen Victoria (where the empire never sets) finally appeared.

Note: Elizabeth in Britain only has the title of queen, but Victoria is also the emperor of India, so she can be called the emperor.